Durch die Integration mindestens eines weiteren Energiewandlers in den Antriebsstrang gewinnen parallele Hybridfahrzeuge einen zusätzlichen Freiheitsgrad gegenüber konventionellen Fahrzeugen. Neben der Auslegung und Effizienz der einzelnen Antriebskomponenten, ist vor allem die Nutzung dieses zusätzlichen Freiheitsgrades entscheidend dafür verantwortlich, inwiefern die beim Betrieb eines Hybridfahrzeugs erwünschten Ziele, wie die Minimierung des Kraftstoffverbrauchs oder der Abgasemissionen, erreicht werden können. Zuständig dafür sind sogenannte Betriebsstrategien. In einem ersten Schritt gibt die vorliegende Diplomarbeit einen Überblick aktueller Betriebsstrategieansätze für Fahrzeuge mit einer parallelen Hybridarchitektur und stellt ausgewählte Beiträge wertend gegenüber. Anschließend wird mit der optimierungsbasierten Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) ein vielversprechender Ansatz in ein MATLAB/Simulink-Längsdynamikmodell umgesetzt. Die für diesen Ansatz maßgebliche Bestimmung des Äquivalenzfaktors erfolgt dabei ohne Verwendung von Prädiktionsdaten. Eine Gegenüberstellung der erzielten Kraftstoffverbrauchswerte zu denen einer regelbasierten Betriebsstrategie, zeigt die Vorteile des implementierten ECMS-Ansatzes. Um den unterschiedlichen Ladezuständen am Fahrtende gerecht zu werden, wird eine ladungsabhängige Kraftstoffkorrektur vorgestellt.:Abbildungsverzeichnis VII Tabellenverzeichnis IX Abkürzungs- und Symbolverzeichnis X 1 Einleitung 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Zielstellung der Arbeit 1.3 Struktur der Arbeit 2 Energiemanagement paralleler Hybridfahrzeugarchitekturen 2.1 Hybridfahrzeuge 2.2 Hybridfahrzeugarchitekturen 2.3 Betriebsstrategien für parallele Hybridfahrzeugarchitekturen 2.3.1 Betriebsstrategie - Begriffsbestimmung und Einordnung in das Energiemanagement 2.3.2 Bewertungskriterien von Betriebsstrategien 2.3.3 Überblick Betriebsstrategien 3 Optimierungsbasierte Betriebsstrategien 3.1 Mathematischer Ansatz 3.1.1 Das parallele HEV als Anwendungsfall 3.1.2 Neben- und Randbedingungen 3.2 Globale optimierungsbasierte Betriebsstrategien 3.2.1 Dynamische Programmierung (DP) 3.2.2 PONTRJAGINsches Maximumsprinzip (PMP) 3.2.3 Approximation der Kennfelder 3.2.4 Suchheuristiken 3.3 Lokale optimierungsbasierte Betriebsstrategien 3.3.1 Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) 3.3.2 Gegenüberstellung ECMS und PMP 3.3.3 Bestimmung des Äquivalenzfaktors 3.4 Zusammenfassung der Vor- und Nachteile optimierungsbasierter Ansätze 4 Regelbasierte Betriebsstrategien 4.1 Deterministisch 4.1.1 Regeladaption mittels Suchheuristiken 4.1.2 Regeldefinition mittels PMP/ECMS 4.2 Fuzzy-Logik 4.3 Zusammenfassung der Vor- und Nachteile regelbasierter Ansätze 5 Auswahl eines zu implementierenden Strategieansatzes 6 Vorstellung des verwendeten Simulationsmodells 6.1 Betrachtete Fahrzyklen 6.2 Fahrzeugmodell 6.3 Implementierung der ECMS 6.3.1 Korrektur des Kraftstoffverbrauchs bei Ladungsabweichung 6.3.2 Auswahl der Strafkosten für den Gangwechsel und den VM- Betriebszustand 7 Simulation und Auswertung des implementierten Strategieansatzes. 7.1 Erweiterung der ECMS durch die nichtprädiktive Anpassung des Äquivalenzfaktors nach PEI 7.1.1 Auswahl des Skalierungsfaktors a - ohne Anpassung des Referenzwerts (λref = const) 7.1.2 Auswahl der Proportionalverstärkung Kp - Anpassung des Referenzwerts (λref ≠ const) 7.2 Vergleich der ECMS mit einer regelbasierten Betriebsstrategie 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Quellenverzeichnis Anhang / By integrating at least one additional energy converter into the drive train, parallel hybrid vehicles gain an additional degree of freedom compared to conventional vehicles. In addition to the design and efficiency of the individual drive train components, especially the use of this additional degree of freedom is the key responsible to achieve the desired goals in the operation of a hybrid vehicle, such as minimizing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. Responsible for this are so-called supervisory strategies. In a first step, the present thesis provides an overview of current supervisory control strategies for vehicles with a parallel hybrid architecture and compares selected approaches. In a second step, a promising Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) is chosen and implemented in a MATLAB/Simulink-longitudinal dynamics model. This approach relates on the determination of the equivalence factor which is carried out without the use of prediction data. A comparison of the fuel consumption, obtained for a rule-based supervisory strategy, shows the advantages of the implemented ECMS approach. To consider the different states of charge at the end of the trip, a charge-dependent fuel correction will be presented.:Abbildungsverzeichnis VII Tabellenverzeichnis IX Abkürzungs- und Symbolverzeichnis X 1 Einleitung 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Zielstellung der Arbeit 1.3 Struktur der Arbeit 2 Energiemanagement paralleler Hybridfahrzeugarchitekturen 2.1 Hybridfahrzeuge 2.2 Hybridfahrzeugarchitekturen 2.3 Betriebsstrategien für parallele Hybridfahrzeugarchitekturen 2.3.1 Betriebsstrategie - Begriffsbestimmung und Einordnung in das Energiemanagement 2.3.2 Bewertungskriterien von Betriebsstrategien 2.3.3 Überblick Betriebsstrategien 3 Optimierungsbasierte Betriebsstrategien 3.1 Mathematischer Ansatz 3.1.1 Das parallele HEV als Anwendungsfall 3.1.2 Neben- und Randbedingungen 3.2 Globale optimierungsbasierte Betriebsstrategien 3.2.1 Dynamische Programmierung (DP) 3.2.2 PONTRJAGINsches Maximumsprinzip (PMP) 3.2.3 Approximation der Kennfelder 3.2.4 Suchheuristiken 3.3 Lokale optimierungsbasierte Betriebsstrategien 3.3.1 Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) 3.3.2 Gegenüberstellung ECMS und PMP 3.3.3 Bestimmung des Äquivalenzfaktors 3.4 Zusammenfassung der Vor- und Nachteile optimierungsbasierter Ansätze 4 Regelbasierte Betriebsstrategien 4.1 Deterministisch 4.1.1 Regeladaption mittels Suchheuristiken 4.1.2 Regeldefinition mittels PMP/ECMS 4.2 Fuzzy-Logik 4.3 Zusammenfassung der Vor- und Nachteile regelbasierter Ansätze 5 Auswahl eines zu implementierenden Strategieansatzes 6 Vorstellung des verwendeten Simulationsmodells 6.1 Betrachtete Fahrzyklen 6.2 Fahrzeugmodell 6.3 Implementierung der ECMS 6.3.1 Korrektur des Kraftstoffverbrauchs bei Ladungsabweichung 6.3.2 Auswahl der Strafkosten für den Gangwechsel und den VM- Betriebszustand 7 Simulation und Auswertung des implementierten Strategieansatzes. 7.1 Erweiterung der ECMS durch die nichtprädiktive Anpassung des Äquivalenzfaktors nach PEI 7.1.1 Auswahl des Skalierungsfaktors a - ohne Anpassung des Referenzwerts (λref = const) 7.1.2 Auswahl der Proportionalverstärkung Kp - Anpassung des Referenzwerts (λref ≠ const) 7.2 Vergleich der ECMS mit einer regelbasierten Betriebsstrategie 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Quellenverzeichnis Anhang

An emerging technology is the hybridization of wheel loaders. Since wheel loaders commonly operate in repetitive cycles it should be possible to use this information to develop an efficient energy management strategy that decreases fuel consumption. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate if and how this can be done in a real-time online application. The strategy that is developed is based on pattern recognition and Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS), which together is called Adaptive ECMS (A-ECMS). Pattern recognition uses information about the repetitive cycles and predicts the operating cycle, which can be done with Neural Network or Rule-Based methods. The prediction is then used in ECMS to compute the optimal power distribution of fuel and battery power. For a robust system it is important with stability implementations in ECMS to protect the machine, which can be done by adjusting the cost function that is minimized. The result from these implementations in a quasistatic simulation environment is an improvement in fuel consumption by 7.59 % compared to not utilizing the battery at all.

Electricity is an essential good, which can hardly be replaced. It can be produced thanks to a wide rangeof sources, from coal to nuclear, not to mention renewables such as wind and solar. In order to meetdemand at the lowest cost, an optimisation is made on electricity markets between the differentproduction plants. This optimisation mainly relies on the electricity production cost of each technology.In order to include long-term constraints in the short-term optimisation, a so-called use value (oropportunity cost) can be computed and added to the production cost. One long-term constraint thatEDF, the main French electricity producer, is facing is that its gas plants cannot exceed a given numberof operation hours and starts between two maintenances. A specific software, DiMOI, computes usevalues for this double constraint but its parameters needs to be tested in order to improve thecomputation, as it is not thought to work properly.DiMOI relies on dynamic programming and more particularly on an algorithm called Bellman algorithm.The software has been tested with EDF R&D department in order to propose some modellingimprovements. Electricity and gas market prices, together with real plant parameters such as startingcosts, operating costs and yields, were used as inputs for this work, and the results were checkedagainst reality.This study gave some results but they appeared to be invalid. Indeed, an optimisation problem wasdiscovered in DiMOI computing core: on a deterministic context, a study with little degrees of freedomwas giving better profits than a study with more degrees of freedom. This problem origin was notfound precisely with a first investigation, and the R&D team expected the fixing time to be very long.The adaptation of a simpler tool (MaStock) was proposed and made in order to replace DiMOI. Thisproject has thus led to DiMOI giving up and its replacement by MaStock. Time was missing to testcorrectly this tool, and the first study which was made was not completely positive. Further studiesshould be carried out, for instance deterministic ones (using real past data) whose results could becompared to reality.Some complementary studies were made from a fictitious system, in order to study the impact of someparameters when computing use values and operations schedules. The conclusions of these studiesare the little impacts that changes in gas prices and start-up costs parameters have on the global resultsand the importance of an accurate choice in the time periods durations used for the computations.Unfortunately these conclusions might be too specific as they were made on short study periods.Further case studies should be done in order to reach more general conclusions.

Le langage de programmation Python est aujourd'hui parmi les plus populaires au monde grâce à son accessibilité ainsi que l'existence d'un grand nombre de librairies standards. Paradoxalement, Python est également reconnu pour ses performances médiocres lors de l'exécution de nombreuses tâches. Ainsi, l'écriture d’implémentations efficaces du langage est nécessaire. Elle est toutefois freinée par la sémantique complexe de Python, ainsi que par l’absence de sémantique formelle officielle. Pour régler ce problème, nous présentons une sémantique formelle pour Python axée sur l’implémentation de compilateurs optimisants. Cette sémantique est écrite de manière à pouvoir être intégrée et analysée aisément par des compilateurs déjà existants. Nous introduisons également semPy, un évaluateur partiel de notre sémantique formelle. Celui-ci permet d'identifier et de retirer automatiquement certaines opérations redondantes dans la sémantique de Python. Ce faisant, semPy génère une sémantique naturellement plus performante lorsqu'exécutée. Nous terminons en présentant Zipi, un compilateur optimisant pour le langage Python développé avec l'assistance de semPy. Sur certaines tâches, Zipi offre des performances compétitionnant avec celle de PyPy, un compilateur Python reconnu pour ses bonnes performances. Ces résultats ouvrent la porte à des optimisations basées sur une évaluation partielle générant une implémentation spécialisée pour les cas d'usage fréquent du langage. / Python is among the most popular programming language in the world due to its accessibility and extensive standard library. Paradoxically, Python is also known for its poor performance on many tasks. Hence, more efficient implementations of the language are required. The development of such optimized implementations is nevertheless hampered by the complex semantics of Python and the lack of an official formal semantics. We address this issue by presenting a formal semantics for Python focussed on the development of optimizing compilers. This semantics is written as to be easily reusable by existing compilers. We also introduce semPy, a partial evaluator of our formal semantics. This tool allows to automatically target and remove redundant operations from the semantics of Python. As such, semPy generates a semantics which naturally executes more efficiently. Finally, we present Zipi, a Python optimizing compiler developped with the aid of semPy. On some tasks, Zipi displays performance competing with those of PyPy, a Python compiler known for its good performance. These results open the door to optimizations based on a partial evaluation technique which generates specialized implementations for frequent use cases.

No description available.

Pour les opérateurs, les réseaux FTTH représentent à la fois la solution de référence pour répondre à la demande croissante de trafic fixe, et un investissement considérable dû à leur mise en place. Le but de ces travaux est d'assurer le déploiement de réseaux de qualité à moindre coût. Nous commençons à présenter les différents aspects de la planification de ces réseaux qui en font un problème complexe. La littérature concernée est abordée afin d'exhiber les nouveaux défis que nous relevons. Puis nous élaborons des stratégies permettant de trouver la meilleure solution dans différents contextes. Plusieurs politiques de maintenance ou d'utilisation du génie civil sont ainsi explorées. Les problèmes rencontrés sont analysés à la lumière de divers outils d'optimisation (programmation entière, inégalités valides, programmation dynamique, approximations, complexités, inapproximabilité...) que nous utilisons et développons selon nos besoins. Les solutions proposées ont été testées et validées sur des instances réelles, et ont pour but d'être utilisées par Orange / For operators, FTTH networks are the most widespread solution to the increasing traffic demand. Their layout requires a huge investment. The aim of this work is to ensure a cost effective deployment of quality networks. We start by presenting aspects of this network design problem which make it a complex problem. The related literature is reviewed to highlight the novel issues that we solve. Then, we elaborate strategies to find the best solution in different contexts. Several policies regarding maintenance or civil engineering use will be investigated. The problems encountered are tackled using several combinatorial optimization tools (integer programming, valid inequalities, dynamic programming, approximations, complexity theory, inapproximability…) which will be developed according to our needs. The proposed solutions were tested and validated on real-life instances, and are meant to be implemented in a network planning tool from Orange

This paper describes sequence alignment algorithms of nucleotide sequences. There are described pairwise alignment algorithms using database search or dynamic programming. Then in the paper is description of dynamic programming for multiple sequences and algorithm that builds phylogenetic trees. At the end of the first part of the paper is the description of technology FPGA. In the second part that is more practical is described implemntation of the choosen one algorithm. This part includes also examples of some multiple alignments.

First of all, this thesis sets itself a goal to introduce some common technics for datamining in genomics and as a next step to implement own algorithm like algorithm BLAST. In the concrete, this work is pointed to sequences of DNA. The DNA sequence contains in itself genetic information, which is template for living organism. For explanation this information can be used number of technics. This paper describes algorithm Fasta and algorithms from BLAST family. With these algorithms, it is possible to gain a lot of important information even about such DNA sequences, where only primary structure is known. Principle of these algorithms is based on alignments of one query sequence, which we want to obtain some information from, with many sequences stored in database. According to result alignment, it is possible to determine many features of the query sequence.

No description available.

[pt] O investimento em fontes renováveis, apesar do crescimento recente, ainda é dificultado devido à volatilidade dos mercados de curto prazo. Contratos forward são essenciais mesmo em mercados de balcão como o Ambiente de Contratação Livre (ACL) Brasileiro. Contatos forward permitem a redução da incerteza sobre a receita, ajudam a garantir a adequação do fornecimento graças à sinalização de preços para a expansão e podem também ser obrigatórios para realização do project finance de novos empreendimentos. Apesar da oferta de contratos, as fontes renováveis ainda possuem o risco adicional em sua geração, o que pode, combinando-se altos preços spot em um momento de baixa geração, ocasionar uma exposição ao risco de preço-quantidade. Investimento em fontes renováveis pode ser incentivado através da aplicação de técnicas de gestão de riscos como contratação forward, diversificação e definição do momento ótimo de investimento. Através da negociação de contratos e aproveitando complementariedades sazonais entre as fontes, é possível minimizar a exposição aos riscos do mercado. O problema de investimento em centrais de energia renovável pode ser visto como um modelo de otimização estocástica multiestágio com variáveis inteiras, de difícil resolução. As principais soluções disponíveis na literatura simplificam o problema ao reduzir a dimensionalidade da árvore de cenários, ou assumindo hipóteses simplificadoras sobre os processos estocásticos. Nosso objetivo é apresentar um framework para valoração de investimentos em energia renovável, considerando as principais fontes de incerteza e alternativas para composição de uma carteira de investimentos. A principal contribuição desse trabalho é uma metodologia para resolver, utilizando técnicas de decomposição, o problema de investimento ótimo em centrais renováveis complementares no mercado elétrico brasileiro. Este é um problema estocástico multiestágio e não convexo. Nossas políticas de investimento são geradas através de um algoritmo baseado em Programação Dinâmica Dual Estocástica (SDDP). Restrições de integralidade são consideradas no passo forward, onde as políticas são avaliadas, e relaxados no passo backward, onde as políticas são geradas, para garantir a convexidade das funções de recurso. Os resultados numéricos mostram que não é possível assumir independência entre estágios dos processos estocásticos de preços. A estrutura Markoviana dos processos estocásticos é preservada usando uma discretização do espaço de probabilidade, que é resolvida utilizando uma conhecida extensão do SDDP. A avaliação da performance é feita utilizando os dados originais, validando nossa heurística. Nosso framework requer um modelo para o preço forward de energia. Nós aplicamos o modelo Schwartz-Smith usando dados do mercado spot e de balcão para construir a curva forward do mercado brasileiro. O framework contempla as particularidades do ACL no mercado brasileiro, mas também pode ser utilizado em mercados similares. Utilizando medidas coerentes de risco, incorporamos aversão a risco e avaliamos as estratégias concorrentes utilizando conceitos modernos de gestão de riscos. / [en] Despite recent trend for investment in renewable energy, high volatility in shortterm markets still may hinder some opportunities. Forwarding contracting is essential even in Over The Counter (OTC) markets such as the Brazilian Free Trading Environment. Forward contracts allow reducing revenue uncertainty, help ensure supply adequacy by signaling generation expansion and may also be required for project financing in new ventures. Still, renewable sources face the additional risk of uncertain generation, which, in low periods, combined with high spot prices, pose the hazardous price-quantity risk. Renewable investment may be fostered by applying risk management techniques such as forward contracting, diversification and optimal investment timing. By trading contracts and exploiting the seasonal complementarity of the renewable sources, it is possible to reduce risk exposure. The problem of investment in renewable energy plants may be seen as a multistage stochastic optimization model with integer variables, which is very hard to solve. The main approaches in the current literature simplify the problem by reducing the dimensionality of the scenario tree or by assuming simplifying hypothesis on the stochastic processes. Our objective is to introduce a renewable investment valuation framework, considering the main uncertainty sources and portfolio investment alternatives. The main contribution of this work is a method to solve, by applying decomposition techniques, the problem of optimal investment in seasonal complementary renewable plants in the Brazilian energy market. This is a multistage stochastic and non-convex problem. Our investment policies are devised using an algorithm based on Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming (SDDP). Integrality constraints are considered in the forward step, where policies are evaluated, and relaxed in the backward step, where policies are built, to ensure convexity of the recourse functions. Numerical results show that it is not possible to assume stagewise independence of the price processes. We maintain the Markovian property of the stochastic processes by a discretization of the probability space, solvable by a known extension to the SDDP method. Performance evaluation is carried out using the original data, validating our heuristic. A forward energy price model is required in our framework. We apply the Schwartz-Smith model with spot and OTC data of the Brazilian market to build such a forward price curve. The framework is able to represent the characteristics of the Brazilian FTE and may be applied to similar markets. We incorporate risk aversion with coherent measures of risk and evaluate alternative strategies based on modern risk management concepts.