The aim of this study was to explore consumers’ descriptions of sustainable food consumption. The concept of sustainability can be difficult to grasp, but is often defined in terms of three pillars; environment, society and economy. Prior research of sustainable food consumption have often focused on one of the pillars rather than all of them together in relation to consumers understandings of sustainable food consumption. Notwithstanding, previous research have mentioned that in order to fully comprehend sustainability it is essential to take all of the three pillars into consideration. Therefore, this study acknowledged this gap, as it focused on the three pillars of sustainability as a base, and further connected the three pillars to the four food concepts; organic, Fairtrade, sustainable diets and waste, in order to fully understand consumers descriptions of sustainable food consumption. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach, and the data was collected through semi-structured interviews with a sample of students and employees at Linnaeus University in Sweden. The interviewees gave varied and interesting answers, which later were analyzed in comparison to the theory on the subject. With the answers from the interviews it was concluded that environmental and social sustainability were prioritized to economic sustainability among participants. As the participants’ descriptions of sustainable food consumption was varied, and all of the four concepts in relation to three pillars were analyzed, a framework was developed in order to clarify how the consumers describe sustainable food consumption. The study also presents a number of implications for further research as well as managerial implications.  Keywords Sustainable food consumption, consumers description, three pillars of sustainability, economic sustainability, environmental sustainability, social sustainability, organic, Fairtrade, sustainable diets, vegetarian, locally produced, waste reduction, food waste

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:47:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wilson do Amaral Filho.pdf: 1253847 bytes, checksum: 847aed048db5ca82ac8a0b81fbdd0221 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-12 / The objective of this thesis is to search the interdiscursivity between the Sermon of the Mount, from the Gospel of Matthew, and the Four Pillars of the Education from the Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-First Century presented to UNESCO. It is possible to identify immediately the ethical-religious nature of the Biblical text of the first century and the political-educational character of the report based on the contemporary education s worldview. At a first moment, the research sets the examination of the theoretical principles of the genders of discourse, the conditions of production, the ethos, and the interdiscursivity. After that, both discourses are examined under those principles so that, at last, it is possible to verify and confirm the interdiscursivity between these discourses about the question of learning to be. / Esta tese tem como objetivo principal pesquisar a interdiscursividade entre o Sermão do Monte, do Evangelho de Mateus, e os Quatro Pilares da Educação do Relatório da Comissão Internacional sobre a Educação para o Século XXI apresentado à UNESCO. De imediato se identifica o caráter ético-religioso do texto bíblico do primeiro século, enquanto que o texto do relatório revela-se político-educacional, alicerçado na cosmovisão de educação contemporânea. A pesquisa se detém num primeiro momento no exame do referencial teórico dos gêneros discursivos, das condições de produção, do ethos e da interdiscursividade, aplicados, em seguida, a cada um dos textos citados para, ao final, buscar-se e confirmar a concorrência da interdiscursividade entre esses discursos, quanto ao aprender a ser.

Digital systems have derived performance benefits due to the scaling down of CMOS microprocessor feature sizes towards packing billions of transistors on a chip, or gigascale integration (GSI). This has placed immense bandwidth demands on chip-to-chip and chip-to-board interconnects. The present-day electrical interconnect may limit bandwidth as transmission rates grow. As such, optical interconnects have been proposed as a potential solution. A critical requirement for enabling chip-to-chip and chip-to-board optical interconnection is out-of-plane coupling for directing light between a chip and the board. Any solution for this problem must be compatible with conventional packaging and assembly requirements. This research addresses the prospects for integrating waveguides with mirrors and polymer pillar optical I/O interconnects to provide such a compatible, out-of-plane, chip-to-board packaging solution through the design, analysis, fabrication, and testing of its constituent parts and their ultimate integration.

Dauguma išsivysčiusių pasaulio šalių susiduria su senatvės pensijų sistemos mokumo problemomis, todėl senatvės pensijų modelių analizei ir jų tobulinimui pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais skiriama vis daugiau dėmesio. Tyrimo objektu pasirinkti senatvės pensijų draudimo modeliai. Tyrimo problema yra ta, kad nėra vieno ir tobulo senatvės pensijų sistemos modelio, kurį būtų galima efektyviai pritaikyti esant konkrečioms ekonominėms, socialinėms ir demografinėms aplinkybėms. Tyrimo tikslas yra išanalizuoti įvairius senatvės pensijų draudimo modelius, identifikuoti pagrindinius jų parametrus, išskirti pagrindinius finansavimo ir išmokų mokėjimo būdus bei įvertinti priežastis, lemiančias modelių pasirinkimą bei jų tęstinumą užtikrinančius kriterijus, atlikti Lietuvos senatvės pensijų sistemos vertinimą. Darbe atlikta mokslinė užsienio ir lietuvių literatūros bei statistinių duomenų analizė, siekiant atskleisti senatvės pensijų modelius, kitimą, problemas ir svarbiausius teorinius aspektus, taip pat atliktas tyrimas siekiant įvertinti Lietuvos senatvės pensijų sistemą. Darbas susideda iš trijų skyrių. Pirmame skyriuje „Senatvės pensijų draudimo modeliai“ apibrėžiama senatvės pensinio draudimo ir tradicinių pensinių draudimo modelių samprata, susijusios sąvokos, administravimo būdai, analizuojami einamųjų mokėjimų ir kaupimo modeliai, pensijų pakopos. Pateikiami mokslininkų tyrimai ir nuomonės apie skirtingus modelius. Antrame skyriuje „Lietuvos senatvės pensijų draudimo modelis“... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Most developed countries faces a pension system solvency problems, that‘s why in recent decades old-age pension models analysis and development has received increasing attention. Object of study is chosen old-age pension models. The research problem is that there is no one perfect model, which can be effectively applied to specific economic, social or demographic circumstances. The aim of study is to analyze variety old-age pension models, identify key parameters, distinguish the main financing and payment methods and assess the reasons which influence the choice of models, evaluate Lithuania old-age pension system. Analysis of scientific foreign and Lithuania literature and statistical data are done in study, on purpose to reveal the problems, dynamics and the most important theoretical aspects, also a research is done to evaluate the Lithuanian old-age pension system. The study consists of three chapters. In the first part “The old-age pension models” are defined the concept of old age pension, related terms, traditional old-age models concepts, pension system administration methods are related, pay-as-you-go and fully funded models and pension pillars are analyzed. Scientific research and opinion are presented about different models. In the second part “Lithuania old-age pension model” Lithuania old age pension model is analyzed: current state, funding, legislative basis, performed a statistical data analysis. In the third part respondent’s systematized survey are... [to full text]

Dans un contexte international marqué par la prise de conscience des enjeux environnementaux, et dans un contexte national d'injonctions réglementaires visant la réduction de la consommation énergétique, les disciplines liées à l’aménagement de l’espace voient leurs frontières et leurs méthodes évoluer de manière conséquente. Cette thèse a pour objet d’analyser les influences du développement durable sur le processus de création en architecture dans le cadre particulier du Global Award for Sustainable Architecture™ et en fonction de la réglementation sur le bâtiment et le territoire en France. Elle examine des mutations des modes opératoires du processus du projet architectural et propose des éléments de méthode et d'analyse concernant la prise en compte des piliers du développement durable, l'environnement, l'économie, la société et la culture. Il ressort de l’analyse que la compréhension des enjeux du développement durable rassemble dans une même dynamique intégrative les différentes piliers, faisant ainsi de la complexité la condition pour leur interdépendance. La prise en compte de la complexité à travers le milieu qui est attestée par les cas étudiés dans cette thèse soulève des questions sur le déroulement du processus du projet à travers une imagination pluraliste qui dépasse une réponse universelle normalisée. Si la complexité se traduit par la prise en compte simultanée des dimensions urbaines et rurales, paysagères et architecturales, quantitatives et qualitatives, elle envisage également le croisement et l’interdépendance des métiers. Ce qui signifie que l’architecte doit -en tant que médiateur- (se) construire une nouvelle identité, développant des compétences en conduite de conception et de négociation. / Global awareness of environmental matters and local regulations intending reductions of energy consumption forces disciplines related to space to expand their working methods in a substantial way. This thesis analyses influences of sustainable development on the architectural design process, particularly the case of the Global Award for Sustainable Architecture™ and the case of the French context in accordance to the regulation of building and territorial matters in France. It examines the mutations of the modus operandi of the process and offers elements of method and analysis towards the consideration of Pillars of sustainable development , environment, economy, society and culture. The analysis shows that the understanding of the sustainable development issues gathers the different Pillars in common integrative dynamics, making "Complexity" the condition of their interdependency. The account of the "Complexity" through milieu as attested by the case studies in this thesis, raise questions on the project's process through a pluralist imagination that goes beyond a normalised universal answer. When "Complexity" is being applied with a simultaneous consideration of urban, rural, landscaped, architectural, quantitative and qualitative dimensions, it heads towards the crossing and the interdependency of professions. This means that architects as mediators have to build themselves a new identity, cultivating proficiency and competency in leading conception and negotiation of the architectural project.

Essa dissertação tem como objetivo geral apresentar a importância da Cultura da Paz examinando o sermão do Monte em harmonia com os Pilares da Bioética e suas contribuições para a promoção da Cultura da Paz. A Educação como um instrumento próprio na divulgação e promoção da Cultura da Paz e a religião como forte aliada da ciência na propagação da paz. Os objetivos específicos são: Apresentar o Movimento Mundial da Cultura da paz; Contribuir com o estudo sobre o Sermão do Monte e os pilares da Bioética na promoção da Cultura da Paz; Refletir sobre função da escola como um local propício para a implantação da cultura da Paz sem esquecer de seus desafios mantendo a esperança e a fé em dias melhores. Apresentar alguns desafios da escola de hoje e as possíveis saídas para as crises da contemporaneidade sobre a escola. A dissertação é dividida em três capítulos. O primeiro versa sobre a Cultura da paz. O segundo sobre a contribuição da religião especificamente cristã através do Sermão do Monte proferido por Jesus Cristo e os Pilares da Bioética. Por último, A escola como espaço propício a implantação da cultura da paz. Dialogamos dentre outros com: Boff, Dreyfus, Nascimento, Engelmann, Milani, Dias, Noleto, Rodrigues, Sinner, Waiselfisz, Barchifotaine, Beauchamp, Brakemeier, Comte-Sponville Cescon e Nodari, Delors, Sales, Gadoti, Estáquio, Martin Lutero, Boock, DAmbrósio, Lück, Aranha, Almeida, Chalita, Paulo Freire. A metodologia empregada é a bibliográfica, pesquisando em toda literatura pertinente, abrangendo várias áreas do conhecimento como também, outros meios de informação a respeito do tema que abarque toda bibliografia já tornada pública, desde publicações avulsas, boletins, jornais, revistas, livros, pesquisas, monografias, teses, etc. Utilizei, onde apropriado, meios de comunicação orais: rádio, gravação em cd e áudio visual: filmes e televisão. Portanto, essa pesquisa busca, em um primeiro momento, verificar por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e da interlocução entre religião e educação fundamentar teoricamente a possibilidade de mudança de comportamento entre os agentes escolares, desde a direção até o porteiro, Certamente, essa paz que desejamos é um reflexo da construção de valores como bondade, justiça, equidade, humildade. O espaço escolar pode tornar-se um local propício para a promoção de Cultura de Paz tendo como meta Educar para a Paz. / This thesis has as its general goal to present the importance of the Culture of Peace examining the Sermon on the Mount in harmony with the Pillars of Bioethics and their contributions to the promotion of a Culture of Peace. And Education as an appropriate instrument in divulging and promoting a Culture of Peace with religion as a strong ally of science in the propagation of peace. The specific goals are: to present the World Movement of a Culture of Peace; contribute to the study of the Sermon on the Mount and the pillars of Bioethics in the promotion of the Culture of Peace; reflect on the role of the school as a propitious space for the implantation of a Culture of Peace without forgetting its challenges while maintaining hope and faith in better days; to present some of the challenges of the school today and possible ways out of the crises of contemporaneity within the schools. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first deals with the Culture of Peace. The second is about the contribution of religion, specifically the Christian religion, through the Sermon on the Mount proffered by Jesus Christ, and the Pillars of Bioethics. And the last deals with the school as a propitious space for the implantation of a culture of peace. We dialogued with: Boff, Dreyfus, Nascimento, Engelmann, Milani, Dias, Noleto, Rodrigues, Sinner, Waiselfisz, Barchifotaine, Beauchamp, Brakemeier, Comte- Sponville Cescon and Nodari, Delors, Sales, Gadoti, Estáquio, Martin Lutero, Boock, DAmbrósio, Lück, Aranha, Almeida, Chalita, Paulo Freire. The methodology used was bibliographic, researching in all the pertinent literature, ranging over various areas of knowledge, as well as in other means of information regarding the theme which covers all the bibliography already made public, from sporadic publications, bulletins, newspapers, journals, books, to other research, monographs, theses, etc. Where appropriate I used oral means of communication: radio, CDs and audio visuals: films and television. Therefore this research seeks to, in the first moment, theoretically substantiate, through bibliographic research and through the interlocution between religion and education, the possibility of behavioral change among school agents, from the head staff to the door keeper. Certainly, this peace which we desire is a reflection of the construction of values such as kindness, justice, equity, humility. The school space can become a propitious space for promoting a Culture of Peace as the goal of Educating for Peace.

A différents endroits du monde, on observe que la méthode d’exploitation minière par chambres et piliers est associée à deux aléas de grande ampleur se manifestant en surface : les affaissements progressifs et les effondrements brutaux. Le bassin ferrifère lorrain est sujet à ces deux types d’aléas notamment depuis la fermeture massive des mines à partir des années 1960. Les effondrements étant plus dangereux que les affaissements, des chercheurs ont développé des méthodes statistiques pour distinguer les zones à risque d’effondrement de celles à risque d’affaissement. L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer des indicateurs mécaniques capables de faire la même distinction, afin d’améliorer la compréhension physique des phénomènes mis en jeux et de valider les indicateurs statistiques. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que les effondrements et affaissements sont tous deux causés par un endommagement des piliers en profondeur. Le Chapitre 1 est consacré à une étude bibliographique qui synthétise les connaissances relatives au comportement mécanique des piliers. Nous constatons que les piliers sont caractérisés par deux critères : le facteur de sécurité (résistance en compression/contrainte verticale moyenne) qui détermine s’ils sont susceptibles de se rompre, et un critère de stabilité des piliers en cas de rupture qui s’exprime comme la raideur relative des piliers par rapport à celle de la roche encaissante. Deux limites des approches actuelles sont identifiées : 1) la question de la contrainte verticale moyenne des piliers (dénominateur du facteur de sécurité) a été relativement peu étudiée pour les piliers aux dimensions irrégulières, caractéristiques des anciennes mines ; 2) l’instabilité de la rupture des piliers est évaluée par un modèle 1D proposé dans les années 1960-1970, se basant sur des considérations énergétiques. Ce modèle très courant n’a toutefois fait l’objet que de peu de développements dans des configurations géomécaniques plus réalistes que celle du modèle de départ. Le Chapitre 2 développe une nouvelle méthode permettant de prendre en compte l’irrégularité géométrique des piliers pour estimer leur contrainte verticale et donc d’avoir une meilleure précision sur l’estimation du facteur de sécurité. Nous introduisons le concept du taux de défruitement relatif et montrons sur la base de résultats de modélisation numérique, qu’une fonction quadratique de ce terme procure une meilleure estimation de la contrainte verticale moyenne que la méthode traditionnelle de l’aire tributaire. Le Chapitre 3 porte sur l’application d’une méthode originale de modélisation explicite de l’instabilité des piliers, basée l’énergie cinétique. Nous montrons que nos résultats de modélisation en 2D sont compatibles avec le modèle 1D traditionnel. La procédure de modélisation employée permet également de localiser et de quantifier les excès d’énergie cinétique lors de l’instabilité. Les quantités d’énergie cinétique modélisées sont du même ordre de grandeur que les magnitudes de Richter d’énergie sismique typiques des ruptures brutales de piliers réels. Nous traitons dans le Chapitre 4 la problématique des effondrements du bassin ferrifère lorrain. Nous montrons sur la base de modélisations 3D que les critères de rupture et d’instabilité des piliers permettent de bien y distinguer les zones affaissées et les zones effondrées. Les secteurs affaissés et effondrés sont caractérisés par un facteur de sécurité moyen des piliers inférieur à 1 du point de vue de leur limite d’élasticité. Cependant, les secteurs effondrés se distinguent des secteurs affaissés par un facteur de sécurité moyen des piliers également inférieur à 1 du point de vue de leur pic de résistance. Ceci est confirmé par des modèles numériques simples en 2D, suggérant par ailleurs que les caractéristiques du recouvrement ont peu d’effet sur l’occurrence des effondrements. Certaines études fournissant des conclusions contraires, nous avançons des arguments pour en discuter / At different locations around the world, the room-and-pillar mining method truns out to be associated with two major types of hazards affecting the surface: the continuous subsidence and the sudden collapse. The Lorraine iron basin (France) have known on many occasions both continuous subsidences and sudden collapses, notably since the decline of the French mining activity in the 1960’s. The collapses are more dangerous than the continuous subsidences. This is why researchers and engineers developed statistical methods capable of distinguishing between the sectors subjected to a collapse hazard and those subjected to a continuous subsidence hazard. The objective of that study if to develop indicators capable of making the same distinction but on the basis of mechanical criteria, for the purpose of improving the understanding of the collapse mechanism and for validating the statistical indicators. The main assumption of this work is that both the continuous subsidences and the collapses are caused by damage of the pillars within the mines. Chapter 1 presents a literature review concerning the actual knowledge about the pillars mechanical behaviour. We notice that pillars are traditionally characterized by two criteria: the factor of safety (pic compressive resistance/average vertical stress), which determines whether or not pillars are susceptible to fail, and a criterion of stability in case of a failure, which consists of comparing the flexural stiffness of the surrounding rock to the pillars axial stiffness in the post-pic domain of their behaviour. We identify two limits regarding the traditional approaches: i) The question of the average vertical stress has only been little studied in the case of pillars with irregular geometry, which is often the case in old mines; ii) The model allowing to estimate whether or not an instability is susceptible to occur comes from a 1D model proposed in the 1960’s and that has never been developed furthermore for being applied to real configurations in various geomechanical conditions. In Chapter 2, we develop a new method for taking the irregularity of the pillars dimensions into account in estimating their average vertical stress, for the purpose of having a better precision in the factor of safety calculation. We introduce the concept of relative extraction ratio and show, on the basis on numerical modelling, that a quadratic function of this ratio is more precise in estimating the average pillar stress than the classical tributary area method.Chapter 3 is devoted to the development and the application of an original explicit method for modelling pillar instability based on the kinetic energy. We show that the numerical results obtained in 2D configurations are compatible with the traditional 1D model of pillar instability. Moreover, we show how the modelling method we are using helps to locate and to quantify the kinetic energy in excess induced by the instability. The magnitudes of modelled kinetic energies are similar to Richter magnitudes of typical seismic energies recorded during real pillar bursts. The problem of the Lorraine iron basin collapses is treated in Chapter 4. Based on 3D modelling results, we show that pillar failure and instability criteria are capable of well distinguishing between the sectors affected by collapses and those affected by continuous subsidences in the iron basin. Both the sectors subjected to collapses and continuous subsidences are characterized by a factor of safety lower than one regarding the limit of elasticity. But the collapsed sectors are distinguished by a factor of safety also lower than one regarding the pic compressive resistance. This observation is confirmed by simplified 2D modelling, which suggests, furthermore, that the properties of the overburden have no effect on the occurrence of the collapses. Some studies provide contrary conclusions. So, we propose some points to be discussed

O presente estudo apresenta um panorama da história do Ensino Religioso no Brasil a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e nos documentos da Secretaria Regional de Educação do Guará II, Distrito Federal, os quais abordam especificamente o Ensino Religioso com os alunos e alunas do Ensino Fundamental das últimas séries. Retrata o Ensino Religioso na nova Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (LDBEN), identificando na análise a necessidade da execução do artigo 33 da nova LDBEN na prática do Ensino Religioso, procurando trabalhar os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCNs) do Ensino Religioso, considerando em seu exercício o respeito à diversidade cultural existente na sala de aula, o desenvolvimento humano e a formação de valores no indivíduo. Aborda a definição de valores e o modo como estes podem ser tratados na disciplina de Ensino Religioso no contexto escolar, tendo como base os quatro pilares da Educação apresentados no relatório da UNESCO. O estudo é uma proposta de trabalho de Ensino Religioso com o objetivo de alcançar os alunos e as alunas das últimas séries do Ensino Fundamental do Guará II, Distrito Federal. O estudo conclui que é a educação em valores deve estar presente de forma efetiva, no respectivo componente curricular. / The study presents a panorama of the history of Religious Teaching in Brazil, starting from a bibliographical research and from a research in documents of the Regional Office of Education of Guará II, Brasília, Federal District, which specifically approach the Religious Teaching for students of the last grades of primary school. The study portrays the Religious Teaching in the new Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional [Law of Guidelines and Bases of the National Education] (LDBEN), identifying in the analysis the need of execution of the article 33 in practice of Religious Teaching, trying to handle with the Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais [National Curricular Parameters] (PCNs) of Religious Teaching, considering in its exercise the respect to cultural diversity in classroom, the human development and the formation of values in the individual and the phases that everyone passes until he or she arrives in a level of moral maturity. The study approaches the definition of values and the way as these values can be treated in the discipline of Religious Teaching in school context, having as base the four pillars of Education presented in the UNESCOs report. The study probes to reach the reality of students of the last grades of primary school of Guará II, in Brasília, Federal district. It concludes that it is possible to affirm that the education of values is present, even if implicit, in the respective discipline.

The potential of flexible micro pillars for measuring near wall flow phenom- ena was theoretically and experimentally investigated. The bending of the micro pillars is a measure for the local wall shear stress (WSS) or a visualisa- tion of near wall flow phenomena. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was chosen as material for the sensor. Within the thesis the experimental work with the shear stress sensor mainly has the focus on the transition to turbulence. Closely connected are improvements of the measurement techniques. The transition is thereby investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. Another huge part of the thesis was the improvement of the reliability of the manu- facturing process of the micro pillars. For this purpose new manufacturing methods for single pillars and pillar arrays have been tested. Further on, dif- ferent detection methods for capturing the bending of the pillar were tested, too. The measurements of the transitional flow were performed at flat plate boundary layer in an oil channel. Ondina 913 was used as test fluid. The physical properties of the PDMS changed dramatically while longer exposed to Ondina 913. Hence, it was unfeasible to receive reproducible quantita- tive results. Better results were achieved if the pillars are used as flexible micro tufts revealing the flow and WSS topology directly at the wall quali- tatively. With the pillar sensor it was possible to detect turbulent spots in the transitional state of the flat plate boundary layer. Furthermore, coherent structures and their typical sign in the viscous sublayer could be identified and the occurrence of critical points and back flow could be experimentally verified.

In 2020, a global pandemic spread resulting in restrictions limiting working conditions in many workplaces resulting in the escalation of remote work. The purpose of this study is to investigate how remote work affect management accounting to strengthen existing knowledge and identify possible areas for improvement of this research area. From a leadership perspective, the study draws on rule-based and normative pillar of institutional theory to theorize how formal and informal control systems are affected by remote work. Providing relevant insight to control systems and remote work the empirical evidence is derived from interviews with managers in both the public and private sector. The findings illustrate frictions that have occurred between advocates of formal and informal management because of escalating remote work. The long distance between managers and employees in turn forces management to adapt a more informal governance amongst themselves yet increases the use of formal control systems towards the employees. In conclusion, internal documents stipulating how to work remotely are needed to optimize the balance between formal and informal control systems to reduce uncertainty in the management group.