6 Abstract Lifelong education and learning is an important condition for a successful and fulfilling life in today's globalized world. To provide education for all is declared effort of international organizations (UNESCO, WB, OECD, WTO, EU, etc.). This work focuses on the initiative of UNESCO, OECD and the EU in this area. UNESCO focuses mainly on developing countries (providing functional literacy among the poorest) while the OECD and the EU to those developed (the target is people's employability and competitiveness, the acquisition of key skills). International organizations formulate their objectives in statements, strategies, action plans and proposals for action to eliminate unequal access to education and learning. However, even these documents can render various difficulties and problems in their application in practice. Key words Adult education and learning, lifelong education and learning, inequalities in education, political documents, UNESCO, OECD, EU

The thesis describes the design and implementation of an application for processing electronic publications (collections of conference papers, comprehensive manuals, or even classical electronic books) in order to enrich their internal navigation by hyperlinks between their related parts, respectively producing as representative as possible summarizations of given length. Unlike similar applications summarizations can be based not only on the sentences, but on elements of other categories like paragraphs, sections and the like.The main emphasis was put on ease of use, platform independence, and multilingual support. The application provides a flexible environment that can be customized to user's needs.

[pt] Tecnologias de vídeos bidimensionais (2D) têm evoluído rapidamente nos últimos anos. Apesar disso, elas não permitem uma visão realista e imersiva do mundo, pois não oferecem importantes dicas de profundidade para o sistema visual humano. Tecnologias de vídeo tridimensionais (3D) têm como objetivo preencher essa lacuna, provendo representações que permitem a reprodução de informações de profundidade em displays 3D. Embora a representação baseada em vídeos estereoscópicos ainda seja a mais utilizada até o momento, novas representações de vídeo 3D têm emergido, tais como MVV (Multi-view video), 2D plus Z (2D plus depth), MVD (Multi-view plus depth) e LDV (Layered-depth video). A integração de aplicações multimídia com mídias 3D tem o potencial de permitir novos conteúdos interativos, novas experiências com o usuário e novos modelos de negócio. Nesta tese, duas abordagens para a integração de aplicações multimídia em cadeias de transmissão de vídeo 3D fim-a-fim são propostas. Primeiro, uma abordagem que é compatível com cadeias de transmissão de vídeo 3D baseado em vídeos estereoscópicos é discutida. A proposta consiste em extensões para linguagens multimídia 2D e um processo de conversão de aplicações multimídia 2D para sua versão estereoscópica. Essa proposta não requer nenhuma alteração no exibidor de linguagens multimídia 2D para a apresentação de mídias estereoscópicas. Em uma segunda abordagem, extensões adicionais a linguagens multimídia também são propostas visando a integração de aplicações multimídia em cadeias de vídeo 3D baseado em profundidade (2D plus Z ou LDV). Além disso, uma arquitetura para a composição gráfica dessas aplicações, baseada no conceito de LDV e que permite a integração de objetos de mídia baseado em profundidade em exibidores de aplicações multimídias é apresentada. Como um exemplo de aplicação prática das proposta desta tese, ambas são implementadas e integradas em um sistema de vídeo 3D fim-a-fim baseado no Sistema Brasileiro de TV Digital. / [en] Two-dimensional video technologies have evolved quickly in the last few years. Even so, they do not achieve a realistic and immersive view of the world since they do not offer important depth cues to the human vision system. Three-dimensional video (3DV) technologies try to fulfill this gap through video representations that enable 3D displays to provide those additional depth cues. Although CSV (Conventional Stereoscopic Video) has been the most widely-used 3DV representation, other 3DV representations have emerged during the last years. Examples of those representations include MVV (Multi-view video), 2D plus Z (2D plus depth), MVD (Multi-view plus depth), and LDV (Layered-depth Video). Although end-to-end 3DV delivery chains based on those 3DV formats have been studied, the integration of interactive multimedia applications into those 3DV delivery chains has not yet been explored enough. The integration of multimedia applications with 3D media using those new representations has the potential of allowing new rich content, user experiences and business models. In this thesis, two approaches for the integration of multimedia applications into 3DV end-to-end delivery chains are proposed. First, a backward-compatible approach for integrating CSV-based media into 2D-only multimedia languages is discussed. In this proposal, it is possible to add depth information to 2D-only media objects. The proposal consists of extensions to multimedia languages and a process for converting the original multimedia application into its stereoscopic version. It does not require any change on the language player and is ready-to-run in current CSV-based 3DV delivery chains and digital receiver s hardware. Second, extensions to multimedia languages based on layered-depth media are proposed and a software architecture for the graphics composition of multimedia applications using those extensions is presented. As an example, both proposals are implemented and integrated into an end-to-end 3DV delivery chain based on the Brazilian Digital TV System.

The subject of this thesis is the temporary and travelling exhibition Velorios y santos vivos: comunidades negras, afrocolombianas, raizales y palenqueras [Wakes and living saints: Black, Afro-Colombian, Raizal and Palenquero communities]. ‘Velorios,’ as many people involved in the project referred to it, portrayed Afro-Colombian funerals and devotions to Catholic saints, and was on display in the temporary exhibitions hall in the National Museum of Colombia, in Bogotá, from 21 August to 3 November 2008. Before it closed, a travelling version was designed that began to go around the country in 2009. When I wrote this thesis, ‘the Itinerante,’ as the travelling version was referred to at the Museum, was still available as one of the displays that its Travelling Exhibitions Programme (TEP) offered to the public. I use Velorios and the Itinerante as the main ‘characters’ in an ethnography of the National Museum of Colombia, where I explore the different instances in which this major exhibition produced visibilities and invisibilities regarding the place of Afro-Colombian people in the nation. As a museum, this institution is responsible for managing, researching and displaying its four collections (of art, history, ethnography and archaeology) but also, as one of the Ministry of Culture’s ‘special administrative units,’ it is in charge of designing and implementing policies that regulate all the other museums in Colombia. This is in keeping with national and international official legislation regarding cultural heritage, like the National Culture Plan and UNESCO’s resolutions, and in support of the development and strengthening of museums, museology and museum design in the whole country. Here I show what these responsibilities and duties translate into on the ground. The themes that the thesis explores are i) (in)visibility, ii) participatory collaboration and, also as the means to approach these themes, iii) documents and documentation. They are all components of the kind of curatorship that this museum exhibition conveyed.

This thesis describes the contract of purchase and kinds of terms of payment with regard to the moment of the settlement of the purchase price. The main subject of the thesis is especially the documentary system of payments. The thesis characterizes the documentary letter of credit and the documentary collection as two of the most considerable payment and custodial banking instruments in an international trade. It deals with advantages and disadvantages of their using, their main principles, relations between participants in documentary transactions and with a description of the whole process of operations with these documentary instruments. Further there are captured individual kinds of documentary letter of credits and documentary collections in the thesis. The thesis also deals with a comparison of the documentary letter of credit and the documentary collection from standpoints of advantages and disadvantages, which these instruments may bring to both parties of the contract of purchase. To complete general questions the thesis also deals with documents, that are used by documentary payments. In conclusion, the thesis outlines the current development in the field of the documentary system of payments.

Den här masteruppsatsen utgår från antagandet att offentliga mötesplatser genom boendesegregation kan verka som plattform i syfte att skapa sociala sammanhang och en sammanhållen stad. Vidare antas kultur- och fritidsaktiviteter vara ett redskap på offentliga mötesplatser för att involvera medborgare i gemensamma aktiviteter. Genom att tillämpa innehållsanalys av plandokument samt intervjuer har kommuners vision och tillämpning av offentliga mötesplatser och kultur- och fritidsaktiviteter undersökts i studiens två fallstudier Stockholms stad, Hammarby Sjöstad och Huddinge kommun, Flemingsberg. Studiens resultat visar på kommunernas tydliga koppling mellan boendesegregation och tillämpandet av offentliga mötesplatser. Kommunerna visar en medvetenhet om att offentliga mötesplatser kan formas och utvecklas i syfte att balansera ut effekten av den rådande boendesegregationen i området. På samma sätt anser kommunerna att kultur- och fritidsaktiviteter på offentliga platser är ett användbart redskap till att förena och utveckla tolerans och tillit mellan människor. En problematik är dock att kommunerna allt oftare väljer att sälja av sin mark till privata aktörer, vilka arbetar efter andra värden än kommuner. / This master thesis assumes that public meeting places through housing segregation can act as a platform in order to create social contexts and a cohesive city. Furthermore, cultural and leisure activities are assumed to be a tool in public venues for involving citizens in joint activities. By applying content analysis of planning documents and interviews, municipalities' vision and application of public venues and cultural and leisure activities have been investigated in the two case studies of Stockholm, Hammarby Sjöstad and Huddinge, Flemingsberg. The study results show the municipalities' clear link between housing segregation and the application of public meeting places. The municipalities show awareness that public meeting places can be shaped and developed in order to balance the impact of the current housing segregation in the area. In the same way, the municipalities consider that cultural and recreational activities in public places are a useful tool for reconciling and developing tolerance and trust among people. One problem, however, is that the municipalities are increasingly choosing to sell their land to private actors who work for other values ​​than municipalities.

This thesis deals with the strategic plan, which is described from the perspective of creation and related processes and procedures in the theoretical part. Work is devoted to the analysis of the content and form of the plan. From this perspective, addressing the status of the plans and their quality in selected cities of various sizes in the South Region in the new programming period 2014-2020 and further analysis are compared both programming periods 2007-2013 and 2014-2020. The selected cities are Pisek, Strakonice, Milevsko, Protivin, Blatná and Vodňany. Such research sample was chosen to represent the county and smaller cities, where there is a significant change in strategy documents compared to cities of a higher category.

This final thesis was created with the aim to search the author's business plan, to explore its feasibility, reality and viability. Main goal of this thesis shoul bet he complex evaluation of the overall business plan. In the first part we can find a theoretical basis of thesis, there are key words and con-cepts and their thorough clarification. Complete and complex theory of business plan is not fully explained in this thesis, there are only parts, which are necessary as a relevant basis for this particular thesis are mentioned. The second part is based on the processing of the business plan itselves, it's detailed elaboration, analysis of individual parts, the processing of the results and findings of these revenues and, finally, clear and comprehensive business plan on the chosen topic. The conclusion provides an overall assessment of the project, evaluation of feasibility and reality and there is also the author's opinion on the entire project and its other options or possible opportunities.

The dissertation explores middle-school students' abilities to engage in historical thinking. I dispute the Hallam-Piaget model, which discourages analytical thinking through the assumption that children lack skills to think critically about history. My historical narrative inquiry model (1) teaches procedural knowledge (the process of "doing" history); (2) enhances interpretative skills; (3) cultivates historical perspectives based upon evidentiary history; and (4) encourages student authorship of historical narratives. In the fall semester of 2006, with a classroom of twenty-five seventh-graders, I initiated a research study designed to explore the impact of the historical narrative inquiry model through a sequence of thirty-two lessons. The lessons involved small- and large-group activities, including oral presentations, discussions about primary documents, and consideration of the relation between narratology and the creation of written history. Students generated their own historical narratives in order to articulate their perspectives. Eight students having varied reading-level proficiency served as primary participants in the study. Each of these students received pre- and post-intervention interviews. Outcomes reflected the enhancement of pedagogy intended to facilitate historical thinking and historical empathy in the classroom.

The increasing amount of available semistructured data demands efficient mechanisms to store, process, and search an enormous corpus of data to encourage its global adoption. Current techniques to store semistructured documents either map them to relational databases, or use a combination of flat files and indexes. These two approaches result in a mismatch between the tree-structure of semistructured data and the access characteristics of the underlying storage devices. Furthermore, the inefficiency of XML parsing methods has slowed down the large-scale adoption of XML into actual system implementations. The recent development of lazy parsing techniques is a major step towards improving this situation, but lazy parsers still have significant drawbacks that undermine the massive adoption of XML. Once the processing (storage and parsing) issues for semistructured data have been addressed, another key challenge to leverage semistructured data is to perform effective information discovery on such data. Previous works have addressed this problem in a generic (i.e. domain independent) way, but this process can be improved if knowledge about the specific domain is taken into consideration. This dissertation had two general goals: The first goal was to devise novel techniques to efficiently store and process semistructured documents. This goal had two specific aims: We proposed a method for storing semistructured documents that maps the physical characteristics of the documents to the geometrical layout of hard drives. We developed a Double-Lazy Parser for semistructured documents which introduces lazy behavior in both the pre-parsing and progressive parsing phases of the standard Document Object Model's parsing mechanism. The second goal was to construct a user-friendly and efficient engine for performing Information Discovery over domain-specific semistructured documents. This goal also had two aims: We presented a framework that exploits the domain-specific knowledge to improve the quality of the information discovery process by incorporating domain ontologies. We also proposed meaningful evaluation metrics to compare the results of search systems over semistructured documents.