Esta tese trata do processo de comunicação científica, sob o enfoque da coautoria para elaboração de artigos e a sua publicação em revistas científicas. Os autores desses artigos são os membros permanentes dos Programas de Pós-Graduação (PPGs) em Medicina, no Brasil, avaliados com a nota máxima (sete) pelo sistema de avaliação do ensino superior da CAPES, no triênio 2007-09, data do penúltimo resultado divulgado. Foram identificados os PPGs e seus membros permanentes e o contexto da atuação dessas redes de colaboração, por meio de informação presente nas Propostas dos Programas e Fichas de Avaliação, no site da CAPES, Avaliação. Com o auxílio da ferramenta de software ScriptLattes foi realizada a análise quantitativa das coautorias de artigos científicos registrados nos Curriculum Lattes, do Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa do Brasil (CNPq), e obtidos grafos e dados analíticos de estudos de redes de coautoria, em análise qualitativa. De acordo com esse tipo de análise foi ainda criado e enviado questionário via Web, por meio do software SurveyMonkey, para 272 membros permanentes dos Programas e respondidos por 81, com assessoria do Centro de Estatística Aplicada do Instituto de Matemática da Universidade de São Paulo (CEA-IME-USP). Nos questionários foi verificada a forma de obter informação e demonstrada a prevalência das bases de dados especializadas, Portal CAPES Periódicos e referências de artigos lidos. Para o registro da informação para artigos o computador é o meio mais utilizado, sendo citados programas de gerenciamento automático de referências bibliográficas. Assim também o e-mail é o meio de comunicação mais usado, mas as videoconferências e o registro em espaço Web já obtêm alguma pontuação. Questionados sobre a dificuldade ou não na comunicação para escrever artigos, os autores revelaram que essa flui com facilidade, com diversos comentários suplementares. A escolha de determinados canais de comunicação e/ou revistas para publicação se dá, principalmente, pelo fator de impacto da publicação, assim como pela área de especialização, reputação do título e experiência anterior. Para divulgação dos artigos publicados dá-se maior importância ao Curriculum Lattes, ResearchID, MyCitations e sites. Os autores pesquisados consideraram ainda que os custos para publicar poderiam ser de responsabilidade das agências de fomento, do governo, do departamento onde atuam e/ou dos próprios autores. Em relação ao acesso aberto, a percepção é que alguém sempre tem que pagar a conta, não parecendo haver uma maior preocupação com os direitos de autor. Por seu lado, os processos de gestão da informação estão adotados, conforme consta nas Propostas para a CAPES, onde estão descritas as estruturas de sistemas de bibliotecas, ensino à distância, funcionalidades para promover visibilidade de suas ações e resultados, assim como integração social e solidariedade. A gestão do conhecimento também é um fator presente, de acordo com as respostas obtidas e descrições nas Propostas dos PPGs. Dos respondentes, 77% confirmaram a real importância da Web no processo atual de comunicação científica em Medicina no Brasil. Conclui-se com concepção de modelo de comunicação social e científica contemporâneo. / This thesis deals with the scientific communication process, with a focus on co-authoring and collaboration for publication of papers, or scientific articles, in journals. The authors are the permanent members of the Postgraduate Programs (PPGs) in Medicine, in Brazil, evaluated with the maximum score (seven) by the evaluation of the higher education system of CAPES, in the triennium 2007-09 , the penultimate date of the reported results. The PPGs were identified and their permanent members as well as the context of the performance of these collaborative networks by means of this information in the Programs and Proposals Sheets at CAPES evaluation site. With the aid of the software tool ScriptLattes, quantitative analysis was performed in co-authorship articles recorded in the Curriculum Lattes, of the National Council of Research of Brazil (CNPq), through graphs and analytical data obtained from studies of co-authorship networks in qualitative analysis. Also under this type of analysis was created and sent a questionnaire via the Web, through the software SurveyMonkey to 272 permanent members of the Programs and answered by 81 of them, with the advice of the Center for Applied Statistics of the Institute of Mathematics, University of São Paulo (ECA -IME - USP). In the questionnaires was verified ways to get information and demonstrated the prevalence of specialized databases, CAPES Portal Journals and references in articles read. For registration information for papers, the computer is the most used way being cited the automatic management of references by programs. So the email is the communication médium most used, but video conferencing and the Web space has already obtained some punctuation. Asked about the difficulty in communication or not to write papers in collaboration, the authors revealed that it flows easily, with some additional free comments. The choice of particular channels of communication and / or journals for publication occurs mainly due to the impact factor of the publication, as well as the area of specialization, reputation of the title and previous experience. To disseminate the articles published, the Curriculum Lattes, ResearchID, MyCitations and websites are preferred. Several authors also considered the costs to publish could be the responsibility of development agencies, the government, the department where they work and / or the authors themselves. Regarding open access, the perception is that someone always has to pay the bill\", it seemed not to be a great concern for copyright. In turn, the information management processes are adopted as contained in the Proposals for CAPES, where are described library systems structures, distance learning, to promote functionality visibility of their actions and results, as well as social integration and solidarity. Knowledge management is also a present factor according to the responses obtained in the Proposals and descriptions of PPGs. Among respondents, 77 % supported the real importance of the Web in the current process of Science Communication in Medicine in Brazil. Its concluded with a design of contemporary social and scientific communication process.

Em bibliotecas, a grande concentração de matéria orgânica, associada a uma climatização deficiente propicia um ambiente favorável ao crescimento fúngico. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um teste para detectar a biorreceptividade ao crescimento fúngico de papéis utilizados na confecção de livros. Os gêneros de fungos foram amostrados nos períodos do inverno e verão, em seis bibliotecas da Universidade de São Paulo, três com climatização artificial e três sem. Não houve diferença no número de gêneros encontrados entre as bibliotecas com e sem climatização artificial, mas o inverno mostrou maior diversidade que o verão. Os fungos Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Chaetomium e Trichoderma foram inoculados em quatro tipos de papéis e estes foram testados em câmaras com 95% e 100% de umidade relativa, a 25 oC, por 30 dias. O crescimento ou não dos fungos nos papéis foi avaliado, assim como a alteração de cor. Nas condições do teste conclui-se que o melhor crescimento ocorreu com Cladosporium, na concentração de 106cél/mL e umidade relativa de 100%. / Libraries are very propitious environments for the growth of fungi. The great concentration of organic material available for these microorganisms, and often the lack of adequate ventilation or climate control, favors this situation. The main aim of this study is to develop a test to detect fungal growth bioreceptivity in papers used in books. Firstly, fungi genera where sampled in the summer and winter in six libraries of University of São Paulo, three with artificial acclimatization and three without. There was no difference in number between the libraries with and without artificial acclimatization but the diversity was higher in the winter than in the summer. Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Chaetomium where inoculated in papers and tested in chambers with 95% and 100% of relative humidity, at 25°C for 30 days. The fungal growth was evaluated, as well the color alteration. The conclusion based on the tests is that the highest growth occurred with Cladosporium, with 106 cel/mL concentration and relative humidity of 100%.

The mechanical behaviour of coated papers during folding has been investigated. This problem has been studied with experimental techniques and numerical analyses in order to give a better understanding of the folding properties of coated papers pertinent to the mechanical behaviour in general, and particularly cracking along the fold. A microscopy investigation has been performed. The surface of the folded paper has been carefully examined to study the event of fracture and related issues. The influence of the grammage on the cracking event has been studied and it was shown that the coating material would not fail if the paper sample was sufficiently thin. It was found that a stress or strain based criterion is sufficient to describe the cracking of the coating layers and that the anisotropy of paper should be taken into account when studying the folding process. The finite element method has been used for the numerical analyses remembering that the geometry of the problem is rather complicated, excluding a solution in analytical form. Using different constitutive models for the base stock, it has been shown that the deformation of the coated paper during folding is much governed by the paper substrate. The numerical results also suggested that particular forms of plastic anisotropy can substantially reduce the maximum strain levels in the coating. Furthermore, it has also been shown that delamination buckling, in the present circumstances, has a very small influence on the strain levels in the coating layer subjected to high tensile loading. Dynamic effects have also been studied and it has been shown that a quasi-static analysis of the problem is sufficient in order to describe many of the important features related to cracking. An attempt to model strong anisotropy of paper has been presented and the results indicate that the large anisotropy in the thickness direction of coated papers needs to be taken into account in order to fully understand the mechanics of folding. Finally, an experimental investigation has been presented in order to study if important mechanical properties of the coating material could be determined by microindentation techniques. The results presented indicate that microindentation can be a powerful tool for characterization of these materials, but only if careful efforts are made in order to account for the influence from plasticity as well as from boundary effects. KEYWORDS: folding, coated papers, finite element method, cracking, indentation, anisotropy, plasticity.

This paper examines contemporary American politics through the lens of The Federalist Papers, focusing on two specific issues: factionalism as addressed in Federalist Papers 9-10 and taxation, the subject of Federalist Papers 30-36.

Les activitats de recerca destinades a la solució dels problemes de contaminació de les aigües estan patint un fort increment en els darrers anys. Entre les indústries més contaminants, cal esmentar la tèxtil i la paperera, i més concretament, els efluents provinents d´etapes deblanqueig. Quan els tractaments biològics convencionals d'aquests efluents contaminants no són efectius, la utilització de tecnologies emergents, tals com els processos d´oxidació avançada (AOP´s), basats en la formació in situ de radicals hidroxil, es mostra adient. Amb l´objectiu de provar la viabilitat de tractar efluents contaminants amb el radical hidroxil, vàrem triar l´ozonització i la fotocatàlisi per abordar efluents de blanqueig de pastes papereres generats en el laboratori. Aquesta prova mostrà que la fotocatàlisi pot reduir eficientment el contingut de carrega orgànica tot seguint una equació cinètica de Langmuir-Hinshelwood. A més, la combinació simultània de fotocatàlisi i ozonització produí un efecte sinèrgic que millorava el rendiment respecte al cas d´aplicar ambdós AOP´s de manera seqüencial.Tot i assumint que el radical hidroxil era l´oxidant adequat, planificàrem un extens estudi, fent servir aigües residuals industrials i distints AOP´s. La disminució del TOC i el cost en el tractament varen ésser els paràmetres contrastats en els distints estudis, amb l´objectiu de descobrir els principals avantatges i inconvenients de cada procés. El procés d´ozonització requeria disminuir el seu cost. La presència d´ions ferro en el procés ozó/UVA va aconseguir la reducció d´un 90% de TOC conjuntament amb una disminució del 15% en el cost. L´ús seqüencial de tractaments genera millors resultats (addició de ferro amb o sense llum, seguit per una etapa d´ozonització). Conclusions similars es varen obtenir en treballar amb una matriu sintètica de 2,4-diclorfenol (compost trobat usualment en els efluents de blanqueix de pasta de paper).Referent a la fotocatàlisi, s´ha posat de manifest la necessitat d´utilitzar una font de llum potent i/o la millora de l´eficiència de la llum incident en el catalitzador de TiO2. En aquest sentit vàrem provar dues vies: (a) la utilització d´un nou muntatge experimental amb una font de llum de 125 W. Determinacions d´AOX, toxicitat aguda, fenols i de GC-MS ens van portar a concloure que els compostos orgànics de clor eren eliminats eficientment en l´aigua residual. (b) la utilització de guies d'ones recobertes de TiO2. Solució que permet augmentar l´eficiència amb la que el catalitzador aprofita la llum incident per tal de millorar el disseny de reactors fotocatalitics.L´últim procés provat, el reactiu Fenton, en presència de llum solar o artificial, es va aplicar a la degradació d´efluents de blanqueig tèxtils o paperers. La degradació del contingut de càrrega orgànica d'aquests effluents s´assolia preferentment a pH = 3. El primer estudi es realitzà sobre un efluent de blanqueig de pastes de paper. La funció aproximada del sistema, estimada a partir del disseny experimental, mostrà que concentracions inicials inadequades de reactiu Fenton afectaven negativament al procés, a causa de reaccions competitives entre aquest i altres espècies oxidatives. Així mateix, la temperatura augmentà clarament les velocitats de la reacció, inclús sense presència de radiació. La millora en la disminució del TOC és particularment significativa quan les proporcions de reactiu Fenton són inadequades (en passar de 25 ºC a 40 ºC es pot aconseguir una reducció en el cost de l´ordre del 80%). Per altre banda, la llum solar aconsegueix reduir fins un 70 % el cost total d'un tractament de dues hores de durada. L'anàlisi de GC-MS constata l´eliminació dels compostos clorfenòlics. Un segon estudi sobre un efluent tèxtil corroborà la gran importància de la temperatura i de la presència de llum solar. En resum, tots els AOP´s provats mostren, sota condicions experimentals adequades, la capacitat de degradació del contingut orgànic present en efluents de blanqueig procedents d´indústries papereres i tèxtils. / There is an ever increasing amount of research activities especially devoted to the solution of water pollution problems.The pulp and textile industries are considered to be some of the largest polluters of all industries. The biggest problem with those industries consists in the polluted effluents discharged during the bleaching process because conventional biological treatments are not effective in treating these toxic pollutants. In these cases, the emerging technologies called Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) represent an attempt to mineralize the contaminants by the in situ formation of hydroxyl radicals.In order to determine the effectiveness of treating effluents with the hydroxyl radical we chose the photocatalytic and ozonation processes to treat bleaching pulp effluents generated in the laboratory. Our results demonstrated that the photocatalytic process could efficiently reduce the organic content in accordance with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic equation. Moreover, simultaneously combining photocatalysis and ozonation provided a synergistic effect that was superior in performance to that of applying the photocatalysis and ozonation processes sequentially.Our tests with laboratory bleaching pulp effluents assumed that the hydroxyl radical was the proper oxidant to be use. An extensive study was undertaken using industrial wastewaters and different AOPs. TOC decay and treatment costs were the operative variables compared in the study in order to discover the benefits and shortcomings of each process.It is imperative that the ozonation process decreases the treatment costs. The addition of iron ions to bleaching mill wastewater undergoing ozone/UVA treatment resulted in high rates of TOC removal (90%) and in a significant cost reduction (15%). Additionally, sequential processing (stirred iron, with or without light irradiation, followed by an ozonation stage) led to even better results. Similar results were obtained on the synthetic sample of 2,4-dichlorophenol (a compound typically found in paper pulp bleaching effluents) investigated. We noticed that the photocatalytic process requires either a powerful light source or an improvement of the light utilization efficiency of the TiO2 catalyst, or maybe both, to be most effective. We tested two strategies: (a) A new experimental setup that used a high power light (125 W) to accelerate the reaction rate. AOX, acute toxicity, phenol and a GC-MS analysis led us to conclude that the chlorine organic compounds were efficiently eliminated from the treated wastewater. (b) The second approach consisted in using titanium dioxide (TiO2)-coated waveguides. This approach increases the light utilization efficiency of the TiO2 catalyst with the aim of improve the reactor's design.The last process that was tested involved the addition of Fenton reagent to the bleaching pulp and textile effluents in conjunction with either artificial or solar light The degradation of the organic contents was successfully performed at pH = 3.The first study was performed on bleaching pulp effluent. The approximate function of the system, as assessed by the experimental design, showed that initial non-optimum concentrations of the Fenton reagent were detrimental to the process because of competitive reactions of the Fenton reagent with oxidative species. On the other hand, temperature markedly increased the reaction rates, even without light irradiation. The improvement in TOC removal was particularly significant when the reagent ratios were not optimal. A decrease in cost around 80% is possible by just increasing the temperature from 25ºC to 40ºC. Moreover, solar light reduced the total cost of a two hour treatment by up to 70 % and efficiently removed the chlorophenolic compounds as shown by GC-MS analysis.The second study performed on textile wastewater corroborates the importance of the temperature parameter and the utility of solar energy. In summary, all AOPs tested displayed the capability to degrade the organic components of bleaching Kraft mill and textile mill effluents under suitable experimental conditions.

Rhetoric and Rupture: A Theory of the Event This thesis engages the problematic of agency and interiority in rhetorical studies by proposing a theory of evental rhetoric. The event is a rupture in the continuities of the symbolic, revealing the distance between the forces of symbolization and their phantasmagorical effects. This theory is built upon the works of Friedrich Nietzsche and Jacques Lacan, engaging questions of truth, being, and the relationship of the subject to herself and the world. The rhetorics of legal practice, particularly the per curiam opinions of the United States Supreme Court, I argue, provide the institutional and epistemological formations necessary to transcend the bonds of situated rhetoric and become truly evental. I turn to the Supreme Court decision in New York Times Co. v. United States as an example of such an evental rhetoric. These rhetorics clear the way for the introduction of the new, and found a conversation in which democracy can begin.

Detta examensarbete har utförts på papperstillverkaren Arjo Wiggins’ forskningscenter i Beaconsfield,England. Företaget har planer på att börja tillverka en ny papperskvalitet för bläckstråleskrivare, varförsyftet med arbetet har varit att testa och utvärdera olika sammansättningar av kemikalier som lämparsig för bestrykning av bläckstrålepapper.Ett stort antal bestrykningar har testats med varierande resultat. Det svåraste har visat sig vara attnå en tillräckligt hög grad av vattenhållfasthet. Resultaten förbättrades något då baspapperetbyttes från ett limmat och kalandrerat papper till ett olimmat, okalandrerat papper. I övrigt visade sigbindemedlen ha större påverkan på bestrykningens egenskaper än pigmenten. Utskriftskvaliteten haröverlag varit god.

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