L’originalité de ce travail est d’étudier la contribution des nanocelluloses pour lafonctionnalisation des papiers spéciaux. Il y a deux types de nanocellulose, les nanocristauxde cellulose (NCCs) et les microfibrilles de cellulose (MFCs). Il en résulte des propriétésdifférentes à l’état de suspension et à l’état sec. La propriété des MFCs de former un réseaud’enchevêtrement est utilisée pour la dispersion des particules. L’auto-assemblage des NCCsa permis d’élaborer des films iridescents. Ces films ont été considérés comme couchesmodèles puis ensuite mis en oeuvre dans le procédé de fabrication des papiers. Il a été proposéavec succès d’utiliser les MFCs dans le couchage pour réduire la quantité de pigmentsopacifiants pour les papiers minces, et de fabriquer des pigments iridescents pour obtenir despropriétés d’anti-contrefaçon. Ces approches ont été validées à l’échelle laboratoire mais aussipilote. / The original feature of this work is to investigate the contribution of two families ofnanocellulose for their application within specialty papers. It exists two families ofnanocellulose, i.e. Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) and Cellulose Nanofibers (CNFs). It resultsin different properties in suspension and solid states. CNFs with their ability to formentangled network are used as dispersive network for particles. In contrast, the self-assemblyproperties of CNC are used to obtain iridescent films. First, the films based on nanocellulosewere considered as model layers. Then, results were implemented at the industrial scalewithin the papermaking process. It is proposed to use CNF based coating for savingopacifying pigments in lightweight paper, and manufacturing iridescent pigment to impartanti-counterfeiting properties. These sustainable and cost-effective approaches were thenvalidated at pilot scale.

Ce projet s’est focalisé sur l’ajout de nouvelles propriétés à des papiers grâce à l’utilisation de nanocelluloses fonctionnelles. Ces nanocelluloses sont des nanoparticules extraites du bois qui peuvent être divisées en deux catégories : les nanofibrilles de cellulose (CNFs) et les nanocristaux de cellulose (CNCs). Ce travail s’est essentiellement penché sur l’utilisation des CNFs. Leur réactivité chimique a été utilisée afin de les fonctionnaliser avec des organotrialkoxysilanes. C’est aussi leur fort enchevêtrement ainsi que la grande viscosité de ces CNFs en suspension qui ont été utilisés afin de synthétiser des petites particules de silsesquioxane pour rendre le matériau final antimicrobien et (super)hydrophobe. Les connaissances obtenues à travers l’étude sur des films modèle de CNFs ont ensuite été appliquées au couchage du papier. Ces CNFs fonctionnelles ont donc été évaluées pour le développement d’un papier possédant une surface antimicrobienne, anti-adhérente, barrière aux graisses ou superhydrophobe. / The aim of this work is to implement new properties to a paper based material via the use of functional nanocelluloses. Nanocelluloses are nanoparticles extracted from wood and distinguished in two categories: Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFs) and Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs). This work has only been carried out with CNFs. The chemical reactivity of CNFs was used to functionalize them with organotrialkoxysilanes. The entangled network and highly viscous suspension of CNFs was also used to synthesize silsesquioxane particles with limited size to impart (super)hydrophobic and antimicrobial properties. Knowledge obtained through the study of model CNFs films was then applied to paper based material coating. The functional CNFs were evaluated for its use in an antimicrobial, anti-adherent, greaseproof or superhydrophobic paper surface.

Em bibliotecas, a grande concentração de matéria orgânica, associada a uma climatização deficiente propicia um ambiente favorável ao crescimento fúngico. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um teste para detectar a biorreceptividade ao crescimento fúngico de papéis utilizados na confecção de livros. Os gêneros de fungos foram amostrados nos períodos do inverno e verão, em seis bibliotecas da Universidade de São Paulo, três com climatização artificial e três sem. Não houve diferença no número de gêneros encontrados entre as bibliotecas com e sem climatização artificial, mas o inverno mostrou maior diversidade que o verão. Os fungos Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Chaetomium e Trichoderma foram inoculados em quatro tipos de papéis e estes foram testados em câmaras com 95% e 100% de umidade relativa, a 25 oC, por 30 dias. O crescimento ou não dos fungos nos papéis foi avaliado, assim como a alteração de cor. Nas condições do teste conclui-se que o melhor crescimento ocorreu com Cladosporium, na concentração de 106cél/mL e umidade relativa de 100%. / Libraries are very propitious environments for the growth of fungi. The great concentration of organic material available for these microorganisms, and often the lack of adequate ventilation or climate control, favors this situation. The main aim of this study is to develop a test to detect fungal growth bioreceptivity in papers used in books. Firstly, fungi genera where sampled in the summer and winter in six libraries of University of São Paulo, three with artificial acclimatization and three without. There was no difference in number between the libraries with and without artificial acclimatization but the diversity was higher in the winter than in the summer. Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Chaetomium where inoculated in papers and tested in chambers with 95% and 100% of relative humidity, at 25°C for 30 days. The fungal growth was evaluated, as well the color alteration. The conclusion based on the tests is that the highest growth occurred with Cladosporium, with 106 cel/mL concentration and relative humidity of 100%.

Submitted by Silvio Sena (silvio_seduc@presidenteprudente.sp.gov.br) on 2018-03-17T11:01:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEFINALIZADA-SSENA.pdf: 1711301 bytes, checksum: 103a408bdb9f3f7e838db3474cbba330 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Claudia Adriana Spindola null (claudia@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-03-19T11:29:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sena_s_dr_prud.pdf: 1711301 bytes, checksum: 103a408bdb9f3f7e838db3474cbba330 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-19T11:29:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sena_s_dr_prud.pdf: 1711301 bytes, checksum: 103a408bdb9f3f7e838db3474cbba330 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / Vinculada à linha de pesquisa Processos Formativos, Infância e Juventude, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia - FCT/UNESP, Campus de Presidente Prudente, esta tese se originou da premissa de que, na proposição dos documentos oficiais, a brincadeira e as interações se configuram como atividades-eixo da Educação Infantil e, na perspectiva da psicologia histórico-cultural, o jogo de papéis sociais ocupa o status de atividade-guia do desenvolvimento psíquico da criança contemporânea em idade pré-escolar. Como resultado do problema revelado na existência de poucos estudos voltados às formas e meios de se intervir de forma indireta e direta no jogo de papéis sociais, elege esse tipo de intervenção como objeto central de estudo. O objetivo geral visou a analisar e interpretar as interferências da intervenção pedagógica no jogo de papéis para o desenvolvimento psíquico da criança contemporânea em idade pré-escolar. Os objetivos específicos cumpriram a intenção de intervir e mensurar, a partir dos elementos estruturais do jogo de papéis, o nível de jogo praticado pela criança em idade pré-escolar e estabelecer, de maneira dialética e integrada, a correlação entre o avanço do nível de jogo praticado e os elementos que medeiam e conformam o processo de humanização da criança em idade pré- escolar, na tendência do enfoque histórico cultural, a saber: o biológico, o histórico-cultural e a atividade. O referencial teórico se revelou no enfoque histórico-cultural, compreendido como base epistemológica que abarca o marxismo, a psicologia histórico-cultural e a pedagogia histórico-crítica. Participaram vinte crianças de uma turma de pré-escolares com idade de três anos e dez meses a quatro anos e dois meses de uma escola da rede pública municipal de uma cidade do Extremo-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo. O trabalho empírico se subdividiu nas fases de constatação diagnóstica inicial, de intervenção e de constatação diagnóstica conclusiva. A metodologia se caracterizou como pesquisa-intervenção e os dados advieram de observação participante, de registros cursivos em caderno de campo, de fotografias e de filmagens. As categorias de análise específicas surgiram dos elementos estruturais do jogo de papéis, em destaque: “caráter das ações”, “utilização de objetos substitutos”, “adoção de um papel”, e, “relação com os coetâneos”. A análise dos dados produzidos culminou em resultados que permitiram concluir que: a ênfase concedida ao jogo de papéis no contexto educacional não deve se articular a concepções de cunho espontaneísta, utilitário ou propedêutico; no contexto educacional formal da pré-escola, o jogo de papéis deve ser estimado como atividade-guia do desenvolvimento psíquico da criança contemporânea em idade pré-escolar; a intervenção pedagógica direta no jogo de papéis não deve transgredir o conteúdo e a sequência de ações perseguida por aquele que brinca; formas indiretas são as mais adequadas para se intervir no jogo de papéis, com o propósito de enriquecer o conteúdo e as possibilidades de sequências de ações; e, a adequada intervenção pedagógica no jogo de papéis justifica e dota de sentido função social da escola e do professor pré-escolar, entre outras. Com base no arcabouço teórico, no trabalho empírico e nas conclusões destacadas, comprovou-se o pressuposto, que delineou a tese, de que a intervenção do professor pré-escolar no jogo de papéis não deve se limitar à circunscrição da organização prévia dos espaços e dos materiais para a efetivação do brincar infantil. Além disso, cabe a esse professor intervir de forma indireta e direta nessa forma de atividade, com vistas a promover o avanço do nível do jogo de papéis e, por consequência, o desenvolvimento psíquico da criança pré-escolar. / Connected to the line of research on Childhood and Youth Formation Processes of the PostGraduation Program in Education of Facult of Science and Technology - FCT/UNESP, Campus of Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil, this thesis came to be based on the premise that, in the proposal of the official documents, playing and interactions are configured as axeactivities of early childhood education and, from the perspective of historical-cultural psychology, social papers game role-playing occupies the status of guiding activity of the psychic development of the preschool-age child. As a result of the problem revealed in the existence of few studies focused on the ways and means of intervening indirectly and directly in the social papers game, this type of intervention is chosen as the central object of study. The general aim was to "analyze and interpret the interferences of the pedagogical intervention in role playing for the psychic development of contemporary preschool children". Specific objectives fulfilled the intention of "intervening and measuring, from the structural elements of role-playing practiced by pre-school children ‘and’ to establish, in a dialectical and integrated manner, the correlation between the progress of the level of playing practiced and the elements that mediate and conform the process of humanization of the child in preschool age, in the tendency of the historical-cultural focus, namely: the biological, the historical-cultural and the activity". The theoretical referential was revealed in the historicalcultural approach, understood as the epistemological basis that embraces Marxism, historicalcultural psychology and historical-critical pedagogy. Twenty children participated, from a group of preschoolers, aged three years and ten months to four years and two months, froman extreme-western townin the State of São Paulo municipal public network school. The empirical work was subdivided into the phases of initial diagnosis (FCDI), intervention (FI) and conclusive diagnosis (FCDC). The methodology was characterized as an intervention research and the data came from participant observation, cursive records in field notes, photographs and filming. Specific categories of analysis have emerged from the structural elements of role-playing, in particular: "character of the actions", "use of substitute objects", "adoption of a role", and "relationship with peers". The analysis of the produced data culminated in results which have allowed to conclude that: the emphasis given to role-playing in the educational context should not be tied to conceptions of spontaneous, utilitarian or propaedeutic nature; in the formal educational context of preschool, role-playing must be estimated as the guiding activity of the preschool-age toddler psychic development; the direct pedagogical intervention in the role-playing must not transgress the content and the sequence of actions, pursued by the one who plays; indirect forms are the most appropriate to intervene in role-playing, in order to enrich the content and possibilities of the sequences of actions; the adequate pedagogical intervention in role-playing justifies and endorses the social function of the school and the preschool teacher, among others. Based on the theoretical framework, the empirical work and the highlighted conclusions, the assumption made, which outlined the thesis was that: "the intervention of the preschool teacher in role-playing should not be limited to the circumscription of the previous organization of spaces and materials for effective childplaying. In addition, this one teacher must intervene indirectly and directly in this form of activity, aiming to promote the advancement of the level of role-playing and, consequently, the psychic development of the pre-school child".

Esta tese trata do processo de comunicação científica, sob o enfoque da coautoria para elaboração de artigos e a sua publicação em revistas científicas. Os autores desses artigos são os membros permanentes dos Programas de Pós-Graduação (PPGs) em Medicina, no Brasil, avaliados com a nota máxima (sete) pelo sistema de avaliação do ensino superior da CAPES, no triênio 2007-09, data do penúltimo resultado divulgado. Foram identificados os PPGs e seus membros permanentes e o contexto da atuação dessas redes de colaboração, por meio de informação presente nas Propostas dos Programas e Fichas de Avaliação, no site da CAPES, Avaliação. Com o auxílio da ferramenta de software ScriptLattes foi realizada a análise quantitativa das coautorias de artigos científicos registrados nos Curriculum Lattes, do Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa do Brasil (CNPq), e obtidos grafos e dados analíticos de estudos de redes de coautoria, em análise qualitativa. De acordo com esse tipo de análise foi ainda criado e enviado questionário via Web, por meio do software SurveyMonkey, para 272 membros permanentes dos Programas e respondidos por 81, com assessoria do Centro de Estatística Aplicada do Instituto de Matemática da Universidade de São Paulo (CEA-IME-USP). Nos questionários foi verificada a forma de obter informação e demonstrada a prevalência das bases de dados especializadas, Portal CAPES Periódicos e referências de artigos lidos. Para o registro da informação para artigos o computador é o meio mais utilizado, sendo citados programas de gerenciamento automático de referências bibliográficas. Assim também o e-mail é o meio de comunicação mais usado, mas as videoconferências e o registro em espaço Web já obtêm alguma pontuação. Questionados sobre a dificuldade ou não na comunicação para escrever artigos, os autores revelaram que essa flui com facilidade, com diversos comentários suplementares. A escolha de determinados canais de comunicação e/ou revistas para publicação se dá, principalmente, pelo fator de impacto da publicação, assim como pela área de especialização, reputação do título e experiência anterior. Para divulgação dos artigos publicados dá-se maior importância ao Curriculum Lattes, ResearchID, MyCitations e sites. Os autores pesquisados consideraram ainda que os custos para publicar poderiam ser de responsabilidade das agências de fomento, do governo, do departamento onde atuam e/ou dos próprios autores. Em relação ao acesso aberto, a percepção é que alguém sempre tem que pagar a conta, não parecendo haver uma maior preocupação com os direitos de autor. Por seu lado, os processos de gestão da informação estão adotados, conforme consta nas Propostas para a CAPES, onde estão descritas as estruturas de sistemas de bibliotecas, ensino à distância, funcionalidades para promover visibilidade de suas ações e resultados, assim como integração social e solidariedade. A gestão do conhecimento também é um fator presente, de acordo com as respostas obtidas e descrições nas Propostas dos PPGs. Dos respondentes, 77% confirmaram a real importância da Web no processo atual de comunicação científica em Medicina no Brasil. Conclui-se com concepção de modelo de comunicação social e científica contemporâneo. / This thesis deals with the scientific communication process, with a focus on co-authoring and collaboration for publication of papers, or scientific articles, in journals. The authors are the permanent members of the Postgraduate Programs (PPGs) in Medicine, in Brazil, evaluated with the maximum score (seven) by the evaluation of the higher education system of CAPES, in the triennium 2007-09 , the penultimate date of the reported results. The PPGs were identified and their permanent members as well as the context of the performance of these collaborative networks by means of this information in the Programs and Proposals Sheets at CAPES evaluation site. With the aid of the software tool ScriptLattes, quantitative analysis was performed in co-authorship articles recorded in the Curriculum Lattes, of the National Council of Research of Brazil (CNPq), through graphs and analytical data obtained from studies of co-authorship networks in qualitative analysis. Also under this type of analysis was created and sent a questionnaire via the Web, through the software SurveyMonkey to 272 permanent members of the Programs and answered by 81 of them, with the advice of the Center for Applied Statistics of the Institute of Mathematics, University of São Paulo (ECA -IME - USP). In the questionnaires was verified ways to get information and demonstrated the prevalence of specialized databases, CAPES Portal Journals and references in articles read. For registration information for papers, the computer is the most used way being cited the automatic management of references by programs. So the email is the communication médium most used, but video conferencing and the Web space has already obtained some punctuation. Asked about the difficulty in communication or not to write papers in collaboration, the authors revealed that it flows easily, with some additional free comments. The choice of particular channels of communication and / or journals for publication occurs mainly due to the impact factor of the publication, as well as the area of specialization, reputation of the title and previous experience. To disseminate the articles published, the Curriculum Lattes, ResearchID, MyCitations and websites are preferred. Several authors also considered the costs to publish could be the responsibility of development agencies, the government, the department where they work and / or the authors themselves. Regarding open access, the perception is that someone always has to pay the bill\", it seemed not to be a great concern for copyright. In turn, the information management processes are adopted as contained in the Proposals for CAPES, where are described library systems structures, distance learning, to promote functionality visibility of their actions and results, as well as social integration and solidarity. Knowledge management is also a present factor according to the responses obtained in the Proposals and descriptions of PPGs. Among respondents, 77 % supported the real importance of the Web in the current process of Science Communication in Medicine in Brazil. Its concluded with a design of contemporary social and scientific communication process.

This study examines to what extent preposition stranding is used in connection with which, whom and who in three different UK papers. Also what factors influence the use of preposition stranding has been studied. The hypothesis that pied-piping is more common than preposition stranding has been confirmed. A factor that has a certain influence on the use of preposition stranding is the style of the paper. The more formal of the papers studied, The Times, did not use preposition stranding to the same extent as the other two, The Sun and Today. The subject domain of the texts has influence on the use of preposition stranding, with more informal domains such as sports and miscellaneous (e.g. gossip) using stranding to a higher extent than the other domains, e.g. business, politics and culture. The prepositions themselves also influence the use of preposition stranding with some prepositions, such as on, with, for and into, that are likely to appear stranded and others, such as in that are likely to appear pied-piped.

When observing the values which repeatedly appear in early American literature, we encounter ideas such as liberty, freedom, or the importance of the individual, but while property and ownership are often also core ideas and motivations for many Americans, their appearance is much more limited and excluded from certain contexts. However, property was always a key issue and economic profitability was always considered as foremost both on political and individual level. This can be seen all throughout American history since its beginning until the present, yet there is the curious trend of downplaying the importance of property in politically oriented text. While no one questioned its value in the past, Americans outwardly replaced property with liberty. Nevertheless, its importance cannot be hidden so easily and through careful examination it is shown as being understood as a pre-requisite of freedom and security, even as it is never the central focus of any major early American political text. This thesis explores the concept of property in the context of early American political writing in the area between eighteenth and nineteenth century; drawing from texts such as the Declaration of Independence, The Federalist, The Anti-Federalist Papers, Common Sense and other contemporary political pamphlets...

This dissertation re-evaluates the place of José Donoso in the Latin American Boom as well as the consequences of this period in the writing process of his most renowned novel, The Obscene Bird of Night (1970). Its focal points are under-utilized archival material related to the novel's writing process, including Donoso's notebooks, typescripts and his personal correspondence. Spotlighting the transformation of specific episodes of the novel and the traces of the Boom through his notebooks, I argue that the published version of this work is in great part the result of Donoso's relationships with the writers of the Boom and the "nueva novela". The borderline position that Donoso occupies in the Boom (sometimes included, sometimes not) can best be explained by the late publication of this crucial novel, since Donoso's correspondence reveals that he was an important agent in the machinery behind the Boom.

"The interest in food and its impact on, and relationship with, overall development only came in the late 1990s with the World Food Summit in Rome in 1996. It was only in this period that "food insecurity" was pinpointed as the root cause of underdevelopment-related problems. The causes for "food insecurity" themselves were identified and lack of food as such was not among the first problems: discrimination, misconceived policies and many others were. Even then food security issues were linked with poverty reduction and development as a whole, making food mainly a development issue and thus considering that dealing with one meant dealing with the other. This led to the adoption of what we now call Poverty Reducation Strategy Papers, ideas that first were initiated in the late 1990s. The adoption of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers came about as a result of the growing need for a concise, target-oriented and country-specific policy for development. They have as a key objective to "develop and implement more effective strategies to fight poverty". Still, these PRSPs are a result of long studies on "effective strategies" that stretch along many years. The what, why and when of PRSPs will be seen in detail in the following sections of this paper. One of the major areas in which most of the PRSPs focus upon, is the reduction of food insecurity. The objective of this paper is to assess just how effective these papers have been in doing so and what is the future, immediate and long term, of these papers. Is it enough to address food security issues along with poverty reduction strategies when the effectiveness of the strategies themselves is still in doubt? The paper seeks to answer this question. To this effect, the history of the right to food in the United Nations human rights system, as well as the African human right system, is outlined in greater datail. The right to food as it stands now and the current understanding of "right to food" is then set out. In order to show the relationship between food, poverty and poverty reduction strategy papers, the reasons and events preceding the creation of PRSPs will be summarized. The next step is to analyze whether PRSPs properly integrates the "current understanding" of food, food insecurity and right to food (why/why not?). In particular two examples of approaches to the right to food will be examined: the Ethiopian and the South African examples, in order to provide a comparison of two different approaches towards the implementation of the right to food: the PRSP approach as is the case in the Ethiopian example, and the monitoring, justiciability and human rights approach as in South Africa." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2003. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

DNA detection has an increasing importance in our everyday lives, with applications ranging from microbial diagnostics to forensic analysis. Currently, as the associated costs decrease, DNA diagnostic techniques are routinely used not only in research laboratories, but also in clinical and forensic practice. The present thesis aims to unravel the potential of cellulose filter paper to be a viable candidate for DNA array support. There are two papers in this study. In Paper I, we studied the method of functionalizing the surface of filter paper and the possibility to detect DNA on acitve paper using fluorescence. In Paper II, we investigated visualization and throughput of DNA detection with magnetic beads on active filter papers, an assay which requires no instrumentation (scanner). The findings in Paper I show that XG-NH2 and PDITC can functionalize the cellulose filter paper and that the activated filter papers can covalently bind oligonucleotides modified with amino groups to detect DNA. The detection limit of the assay is approximately 0.2 pmol. In Paper II, visualization of DNA detection on active paper is achieved without instrumentation, based on the natural color of magnetic beads. Furthermore, successful multiplex detection supports the potential to increase the throughput of DNA detection on active papers. In summary, these studies show that active cellulose filter paper is a good DNA array support candidate as it provides a user-friendly and cost-efficient DNA detection assay. The methods described in Paper I and II are possible sources of development to a point-of-care device for on-site analysis of DNA contents in a sample. / <p>QC 20131111</p>