Bakgrund Klyftan mellan teknikanvändningen i olika åldrar växer. Framtidenspensionärer behöver kunna använda tekniska hjälpmedel. Samtidigt minskar kontanthanteringen i samhället och äldre får allt svårare att hantera sin ekonomi. Som lösning på denna förändring presenterades betallösningen Swish. Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att få en ökad förståelse för individers uppfattning och användning av betalningsapplikationer. Studien ämnar att undersöka hur olika individer i åldern 40-67 år upplever mobila betalningsapplikationer och om det är möjligt att främja adoptionsprocessen av dessa. Metod En kvalitativ studie som tagit utgångspunkt i verkligheten. Insamling av primärdata genom semistrukturerade intervjuer som har genomförts med både sakkunniga och privatpersoner. De sakkunniga har bidragit med ökad kunskap kring applikationen Swish. Som ett komplement till intervjuerna med icke-användare av Swish har författarna använt ett experiment för att testa intervjupersonernas förmåga samt för att få en djupare förståelse kring hur de uppfattar applikationen. Den insamlade empirin har sedan varit utgångspunkt för de teman som presenteras i studiens analysavsnitt. Slutsats Det går att påverka anammandet av mobila betalnings-applikationer. Det är sambandet mellan individens bankrelation, självbild av teknisk förmåga och triggerhändelser som är avgörande för hur kunden tar till sig dessa tjänster. Genom ett stöttande kundbemötande kan anammande främjas. / The divide between how people of different ages make use of technology grows. Future retirees will have to be capable of using assistive technology. As banks no longer keep and manage cash, older people find it increasingly difficult to manage their finances. To this problem, the payment solution Swish was introduced. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of how users perceive and use payment applications. The study examines how individuals aged between 40-67 experience payment applications and whether it is possible to influence those who do not use them or not. This is a qualitative study based on actual user experiences. Primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews with both experts and users. The experts have contributed with their knowledge of Swish. As a complement to the interviews with people that do not use Swish, the authors used tested the interviewees' ability and to gain a deeper understanding of how they perceive the application through an experiment. The themes presented in the study's analysis section are based on empirical data. It is possible to influence user adoption of mobile payment applications. How customers embrace such services depend on a combination of factors like their relationship with the bank, how they perceive their own technical ability and customer trigger events. Technology adoption can be facilitated by offering supporting customer service to non-users.

近年來手機的普及率日漸增加，手機逐漸成為生活中不可或缺的工具，因此許多生活方式逐漸的偏向由手機端完成，例如:找路不需要再透過地圖,上網查資料不需要再透過電腦，人們逐漸地把實體錢包轉向利用手機支付的電子錢包，像是中國支付寶等支付系統。利用手機當作錢包已經是現今手機發展的主要方向，然而對於手機的安全支付議題也日漸重視，近年來有安全晶片的保護下使用者的手機安全也有一定程度的提升，但是在離線交易的情況下惡意使用者的操作依然是可以欺騙安全晶片並製造出雙重支付的問題。 2016年陳等人提出了一個基於NFC系統的匿名行動付款協定，然而該協定中必須要有銀行端的介入才能執行交易。在本論文中，我們基於陳等人的線上交易協定為基礎下發展了本篇論文的新交易協定，此交易協定可以適用於離線以及線上的環境。 離線環境下的雙重支付行為一直交易的過程中難以預防的攻擊，在本篇論文中我們透過安全晶片、符號化和本論文研究的雜湊鍊來預防雙重支付行為，且能保障使用者在交易過程中的匿名性。 / As the coverage of mobile phone has been constantly increased in recent years, the mobile phones have become an indispensable tool in life. Many ways of lives are gradually done through the mobile terminals, for example: No longer need to find the way through the map or search information through the computer, people have also gradually turned to electronic payment via e-wallets instead of paying via physical wallets, such as AliPay in China. Adopting the mobile phone as a wallet is nowadays the main development direction of mobile phones. Meanwhile, people are paying more and more attention to the topics on the security of mobile payment than before. In recent years, under the protection of secure element, the security of users’ mobile phone has been enhanced to a certain extent. In the case of off-line transactions, malicious users are capable of fooling secure element and making double spending. In 2016, Chen et al. proposed a NFC-Based anonymous mobile payment protocol. In that protocol the transaction can only be executed with the involvement of issuer. In this research, we introduce a new protocol which can support both on-line and off-line transactions. Our protocol is modified from that of Chen et al.’s idea. In our protocol, to prevent a malicious user, we use a secure element which stores sensitive information that cannot be altered by the user. In this way, the cheating behavior of a malicious user can be prevented. On the other hand, by using the token techniques, the anonymity of a user can be achieved from the view of a merchant. In this study, we focus on double spending which can make merchant a lot of cost at off-line transaction. We used hash chain to verify the correctness of transactions and prevent the double spending.

This study discusses the case of modernising the Southern African Development Community (SADC) regional payments system facilitated by the SADC Payment System Project. The long-term objective is to have harmonised cross-border and inter-bank settlement systems to facilitate the economic activity such as supporting the flow of trade within the SADC region. The SADC Payment System Project purports to have adopted a strategic management process to achieve its mandate. The modernisation process is in line with the Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP). The aim of the RISDP is to provide strategic direction with respect to various SADC programmes and activities and to align the strategic objectives and priorities of SADC with the policies and strategies for achieving its long-term goals. The concept of payment, clearing and settlement system is explained to provide the context within which the national payment system fits in the economic system and its role towards economic development. The first objective of the study is to discuss the strategic management process. The objective of the discussion is to reflect how the strategic management theoretical constructs were translated into practice. The second objective of the study is to explore the environmental and country internal factors that are likely to impact on and delay the fully harmonised regional cross-border and inter-bank settlement systems. Although not exhaustive, the identified factors include; - The structural arrangements of country- specific teams that support the modernisation initiatives, - The availability of skills and capacity to harness the implemented systems within each member country in the SADC region. iii - The influence of foreign fund donors, as a result of a possible duplication of efforts, - The repair state of power supply and communication networks, - The supporting legal and regulatory regimes, - The forms of economic systems, - The influence and the extent of trade flows with the SADC region, and - The resilience banking networks in the facilitation of financial information flows within each member country and externally (internationally). The target population of central bank officials who also take an active role in the modernisation of SADC regional payments systems were requested to provide feedback on the prepared questionnaire to address the above factors. The responses provided are summarised in Chapter 5. It was clear from the responses that the identified factors appeared to pose little challenge for respective member countries. However, additional comments by respondents indicated that there is still a lot of groundwork to be covered. There was an evidence of the need for on-going training in payment systems and to improve communication networks and power supply within each member country, especially on the remote country areas/rural areas. Some members also hinted a warning on developing systems, which would have a potential to become white elephants if other sectors are not developed in parallel to the regional payment systems. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / M.B.L.

The aim of this thesis is to clearly describe all payment services which can be found in current Act on Payments of 2009 and also new payment services under new Act on Payments. New Act on Payments will come into effect on 13 January 2018. The reason for its adoption was the need of transposition of the revised Payment Services Directive known as PSD II. This directive brings significant number of changes into the area of the regulation of payments. Moreover, this thesis devotes to introduction and analysis of all subject authorized to provide payment services in the Czech Republic. The development of the regulation of payments in the Czech Republic is briefly described in the first part of the thesis. Regarding the extensiveness of this topic, it is only outlined which acts have regulated payments in the Czech Republic. The second part of the thesis deals with positive and negative definition of payment services. When describing a single payment service, the difficult situations which can occur due to this payment service are mentioned. The section on negative definition of payment services explains the exceptions which cause that some activities are not consider to payment services pursuant to current and new Act on Payments. For the provider it is essential to determine whether some activity is...

A presente dissertação focaliza a utilização do precatório judicial como meio de extinção do crédito tributário. Parte-se da seguinte hipótese: é possível a utilização de precatórios como forma de extinção do crédito tributário? Em quais situações? Para que se possa responder com segurança às indagações acima, são analisadas as modalidades de extinção do crédito tributário previstas no Código Tributário Nacional, especificamente o pagamento e a compensação, apontando-se os seus requisitos essenciais e as limitações impostas pelo ordenamento jurídico para a realização de ambos. Com suporte nessas considerações são fixadas as premissas que servirão para o enfrentamento das teses envolvendo a extinção dos créditos tributários por meio de precatórios. A partir disso, adentra-se ao estudo dos precatórios, desde a sua origem no Direito Constitucional Brasileiro, até o seu atual regramento na Constituição da República. São também estudadas as mudanças empreendidas após a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988, com destaque para as Emendas Constitucionais n° 30 de 2000 e 62 de 2009. Isso porque as referidas emendas instituíram, respectivamente, o parcelamento decenal e o regime especial de pagamento de precatórios vencidos, que ensejaram as grandes questões em matéria tributária que são enfrentadas nesta oportunidade, como a utilização de precatórios em compensações ou como garantia da execução fiscal. Ao final do trabalho são expostas as conclusões obtidas. / This dissertation focuses on the Court-Ordered debt payment to settle taxes. Starts with the following hypothesis: it is possible to use a Court-Ordered debt payment for pay a tax debit? In what situations? To respond this questions safely, was studied the conditions for the payment of tax debit, specifically the payment in the tax law and compensation, pointing to their requirements and limitations imposed by law. This rules will used to be set the possibility to pay a tax debit with the judicial order. After this, will be studied the court ordered in the Brazilian Constitutional Law and the changes performed, especially the Constitutional Amendments No. 30 of 2000 and 62 of 2009. That\'s because those amendments introduced like the special parceling for payment the public debt are the focus of the the major questions concerning tax matters that were worked at this opportunity. At the end of this work will be exposed the conclusions.

A incessante busca do homem pela eficiência e sofisticação dos processos por ele manejados em todas as áreas do conhecimento, aliada aos grandes avanços tecnológicos das últimas décadas, tem gerado importantes alterações nos meios de pagamento e na sistemática de liquidação financeira de obrigações. Com o surgimento de mecanismos mais robustos de liquidação, estamos observando a substituição dos meios de pagamento em papel e das transações isoladas entre os indivíduos pela informatização da negociação e o aumento do raio de abrangência das caixas de liquidação. Este trabalho levanta o panorama histórico das câmaras de liquidação, traçando o estado da arte dessa figura no Brasil e suas principais questões jurídicas, também verificando sua aderência às melhores práticas experimentadas em mercados desenvolvidos / Mankinds endless quest for efficiency and sophistication of the processes managed by the men in all areas of knowledge, coupled with major technological advances of recent decades, has generated important changes in payment methods and the clearing of financial obligations. With the emergence of more robust mechanisms of settlement, we are watching the replacement of paper-based payment methods and transactions between isolated individuals by the computerization of trading and the increase of the radius of coverage of the settlement institutions. This work traces the historical view of the clearing houses, outlining the state of the art of this figure in Brazil and its main legal issues, and checking if it complies with the best practices already experienced in developed markets.

<p>The market for digital TV is developing and some industry actors focus on interactive TV. Interactive content and services that previously only were able to use through a standard PC are now available to use through the TV set. To distribute the services to the TV a so called set top box with broadband connection needs to be used. Such a box can be described as a unit where a standard PC and a digital TV receptor are integrated.</p><p>This thesis aims to investigate the market for electronic payment solutions with a focus on payment for interactive content and services in digital TV. The presumptive services are many which lead to a relative complex analysis of how they should be paid for. What kind of service is it really to be paid for? </p><p>In order to conduct an appropriate analysis this thesis contains an identification of five different service-/content types. The grouping we have conducted is in so called On Demand services, Voice over IP, Shopping, Interactive TV and web services. In order to be able to conduct a relevant assessment of how the distributed services should be paid for the understanding of the market situation is utterly important. Therefore the thesis contains a pre study of the different market actors that can be related to a set top box and interactive TV. </p><p>The study of eight different actors on the Swedish market provides an overview of content providers’ as well as payment companies’ view on how interactive content and services should be paid for. The result from the thesis is a recommendation on how an electronic payment solution should be designed and important aspects to think of. One of the key outcomes is that different services needs different types of payment solutions which implies that you should first decide on what type of services that are to be provided before a decision is made on the payment solution. </p><p>A byproduct from the thesis is the analysis model that facilitates analysis of services as well as payment solutions and - methods related to electronic payments and interactive media.</p>

The market for digital TV is developing and some industry actors focus on interactive TV. Interactive content and services that previously only were able to use through a standard PC are now available to use through the TV set. To distribute the services to the TV a so called set top box with broadband connection needs to be used. Such a box can be described as a unit where a standard PC and a digital TV receptor are integrated. This thesis aims to investigate the market for electronic payment solutions with a focus on payment for interactive content and services in digital TV. The presumptive services are many which lead to a relative complex analysis of how they should be paid for. What kind of service is it really to be paid for? In order to conduct an appropriate analysis this thesis contains an identification of five different service-/content types. The grouping we have conducted is in so called On Demand services, Voice over IP, Shopping, Interactive TV and web services. In order to be able to conduct a relevant assessment of how the distributed services should be paid for the understanding of the market situation is utterly important. Therefore the thesis contains a pre study of the different market actors that can be related to a set top box and interactive TV. The study of eight different actors on the Swedish market provides an overview of content providers’ as well as payment companies’ view on how interactive content and services should be paid for. The result from the thesis is a recommendation on how an electronic payment solution should be designed and important aspects to think of. One of the key outcomes is that different services needs different types of payment solutions which implies that you should first decide on what type of services that are to be provided before a decision is made on the payment solution. A byproduct from the thesis is the analysis model that facilitates analysis of services as well as payment solutions and - methods related to electronic payments and interactive media.

A día de hoy un amplio número de propuestas han aparecido para intentar ofrecer sistemas de pago seguros y frameworks para realizar transacciones de pago. Sin embargo, a pesar de estas propuestas, todavía quedan determinados aspectos por cubrir.Desde el punto de vista de los sistemas de pago, las características a mejorar para los escenarios del tipo B2C (Business to Customer) de productos electrónicos son el no repudio y el intercambio equitativo. El uso de monederos electrónicos puede contribuir a incrementar la seguridad estos sistemas, facilitar la movilidad del dinero electrónico y su uso en distintos escenarios. Sin embargo, actualmente su uso para realizar pagos en la red es reducido. El principal problema que presentan las soluciones de pago basadas en monederos es la necesidad de que los distintos vendedores incorporen el uso de dispositivos hardware con módulos SAM (Secure Application Module) que pueden llevar a que el proceso de pago sea lento.Por otro lado, cada vez existen más protocolos de pagos, con distintas características y que según éstas se adaptan mejor a la compra de unos determinados productos o servicios en determinados escenarios. Para facilitar el uso de distintos protocolos de pago en un mismo escenario aparecen los frameworks de pagos. Sin embargo, hasta ahora, no existenframeworks de pagos suficientemente genéricos que contemplen todos los elementos necesarios para utilizar estos protocolos de una forma genérica.En respuesta a estas necesidades este trabajo de tesis presenta distintas soluciones. Por un lado presenta dos soluciones de pago basadas en monedero inteligente que pretenden facilitar el uso de estos dispositivos de una forma progresiva. En primer lugar, facilitando el pago con los monederos existentes y, en segundo lugar, proponiendo un nuevo monedero que facilite su uso para pagos en la Web.Por otro lado se han definido distintos frameworks de pagos que permitirán la adquisición de los principales tipos de productos y servicios electrónicos: contenidos Web, contenidos distribuidos bajo streaming, servicios Web y, finalmente, servicios multimedia basados en sesiones. Estos frameworks se basan en la definición de varios componentes genéricos, como son los wallets para soportar distintos protocolos de pago, un protocolo de pagos genérico que soporta la negociación y elección de las opciones de pago a utilizar y sus precios y, finalmente, la descripción de la información de pago de una forma genérica.[ / ]Nowadays a large number of proposals have emerged to offer secure payment systems and frameworks to perform payment transactions. However, in spite of these proposals, there are still some issues to be covered.From the payment systems point of view, the features to improve in B2C (Business to Customer) scenarios of electronic products are non repudiation and fair exchange. The use of e-purses can contribute to increase the security of these systems, facilitating the mobility of electronic money and its use in different scenarios. However, currently its use to make payments on the Internet is reduced. The main problem that payment-based solution present is the requirement, for vendors, of incorporating hardware devices with SAM (Secure Application Module) modules that could lead the payment process is slow.On the other hand, there are more and more payment protocols, with different features and that depending on them can be adapted better to the purchase of certain products or services in specific scenarios. With the aim of facilitating the use of different payment protocols in the same scenario, payment frameworks appeared. However, until now, there is no payment frameworks secure enough that take into account all the elements needed to use these protocols in a generic way.As a response to these needs, this PhD thesis presents several solutions. On the one hand, we propose two payment solutions based on e-purse that intend to facilitate the use of these devices progressively. Firstly, by facilitating the payment with the existing e-purses and, secondly, by proposing a new e-purse that facilitates the use of e-purses to make payments on the Web.On the other hand, different payment frameworks that will allow the purchase of the main types of electronic products and services (Web contents, contents distributed by streaming, Web services and multimedia services based on sessions) have been defined.These frameworks are based on the definition of several generic components, as wallets for supporting the negotiation and choice of payment options to use and their prices, and, finally, the description of payment information in a generic way.Thus, the proposals presented offer secure payment protocols based on e-purses and different frameworks for the main electronic products and services that facilitate the use of the protocols as well as any other payment protocol. Furthermore, these proposals can improve the use of payment systems in a trusted way.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration