<p>A study of which methods and measures that can be used to reduce fuel consumption and harmful discharges in an airline.</p><p>The study begins with an investigation containing calculations of the differences between estimated fuel consumption calculated by a computer program called Skytrack and actual fuel consumption. Results from this study allows synchronization between actual consumption with calculated consumption. In addition to this methods and configurations to reduce weight and thus weight onboard aircrafts e.g. carpet exchange, lightweight trolleys and water reduction has been created and analysed.</p><p>To bring the thesis to an end, the author has investigated other methods and configurations which TUIfly Nordic is implementing for fuel conservation.</p><p>The thesis results in several conceivable areas for fuel conservation with calculated savings of 830 000 EUR which for the moment is implemented in TUIFly Nordic.</p>

A study of which methods and measures that can be used to reduce fuel consumption and harmful discharges in an airline. The study begins with an investigation containing calculations of the differences between estimated fuel consumption calculated by a computer program called Skytrack and actual fuel consumption. Results from this study allows synchronization between actual consumption with calculated consumption. In addition to this methods and configurations to reduce weight and thus weight onboard aircrafts e.g. carpet exchange, lightweight trolleys and water reduction has been created and analysed. To bring the thesis to an end, the author has investigated other methods and configurations which TUIfly Nordic is implementing for fuel conservation. The thesis results in several conceivable areas for fuel conservation with calculated savings of 830 000 EUR which for the moment is implemented in TUIFly Nordic.

The digital footprints collected from the prevailing sensing systems provide novel ways to perceive an individual's behaviors. Furthermore, large collections of digital footprints from communities bring novel understandings of human behaviors from the community perspective (community behaviors), such as investigating their characteristics and learning the hidden human intelligence. The perception of human behaviors from the sensing digital footprints enables novel applications for the sensing systems. Bases on the digital footprints collected with accelerometer-embedded mobile phones and GPS equipped taxis, in this dissertation we present our work in recognizing individual behaviors, capturing community behaviors and demonstrating the novel services enabled. With the GPS footprints of a taxi, we summarize the individual anomalous passenger delivery behaviors and improve the recognition efficiency of the existing method iBOAT by introducing an inverted index mechanism. Besides, based on the observations in real life, we propose a method to detect the work-shifting events of an individual taxi. With real-life large-scale GPS traces of thousands of taxis, we investigate the anomalous passenger delivery behaviors and work shifting behaviors from the community perspective and exploit taxi serving strategies. We find that most anomaly behaviors are intentional detours and high detour inclination won't make taxis the top players. And the spatial-temporal distribution of work shifting events in the taxi community reveals their influences. While exploiting taxi serving strategies, we propose a novel method to find the initial intentions in passenger finding. Furthermore, we present a smart taxi system as an example to demonstrate the novel applications that are enabled by the perceived individual and community behaviors

The aim of this study is to determine how literature teaching in a multicultural context can be used effectively to promote intercultural communication and understanding in South Africa, a relatively young democracy in a period of transition. A selection of short stories from the chosen short story anthologies, Taxi (1996) and Keerpunt(1995), will be analysed with reference to both key elements from theories about intercultural communication and the criteria for multicultural texts. The study will be concluded by a statement about the suitability of the chosen anthologies to promote intercultural communication and understanding through the teaching of literature within a multicultural context. Die doel van hierdie studie is om ondersoek in te stel na hoe literatuuronderrig in 'n multikulturele konteks effektief gebruik kan word om interkulturele kommunikasie en begrip te bevorder veral noudat Suid Afrika ' n relatief nuwe demokrasie in 'n oorgangsperiode is. Hierdie doel word nagestreef deur geselekteerde kortverhale uit die gekose kortverhaalbundels, Taxi (1996) en Keerpunf (1995), te analiseer met verwysing na kernelemente vanuit die teorievorming oor interkulturele kommunikasie asook die kriteria vir 'n multikulturele teks. Aan die einde van hierdie studie word aangedui of die gekose kortverhaalbundels geskikte tekste is om interkulturele kommunikasie en begrip in 'n multikulturele konteks te bevorder deur literatuuronderrig. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

Taxis equipped with GPS sensors are an important sensory device for examining people's movements and activities. They are not constrained to a pre-defined schedule/route. Big taxi GPS data recording the spatio-temporal traces left by taxis provides rich and detailed glimpse into the motivations, behaviours, and resulting dynamics of a city's mobile population through the road network. In this dissertation, we aim to uncover the "hidden facets" regarding social and community dynamics encoded in the taxi GPS data to better understand how urban population behaves and the resulting dynamics in the city. As some "hidden facets" are with regard to similar aspect of social and community dynamics, we further formally define three categories for study (i.e. social dynamics, traffic dynamics, and operational dynamics), and explore them to fill the wide gaps between the raw taxi GPS data and innovative applications and smart urban services. Specifically, 1. To enable applications of real-time taxi fraud alerts, we propose iBOAT algorithm which is capable of detecting anomalous trajectories "on-the-fly" and identifying which parts of the trajectory are responsible for its anomalousness, by comparing them against historically trajectories having the same origin and destination. 2. To introduce cost-effective and environment-friendly transport services to citizens, we propose B-Planner which is a two-phase approach, to plan bi-directional night bus routes leveraging big taxi GPS data. 3. To offer a personalized, interactive, and traffic-aware trip route planning system to users, we propose TripPlanner system which contains both offline and online procedures, leveraging a combination of Location-based Social Network (i.e. LBSN) and taxi GPS data sets. Finally, some promising research directions for future work are pointed out, which mainly attempt to fuse taxi GPS data with other data sets to provide smarter and personalized urban services for citizens

台灣的經濟環境正值產業轉型之際，服務業相對於製造業愈來愈重要，本論文是研究一種服務業的產業，針對各家的派遣計程車隊進行分類，並分析其競爭優勢，期望這樣的研究，能對台灣的服務產業能有一點貢獻。進一步說明如下： 台北市計程車產業，是運輸服務業中的重要的一環，其產值高於捷運及公車服務業之總合。計程車產業特色為個體經營者數量多，透過個體經營的群聚產生派遣車隊，透過派遣車隊產生的正向網路效應，使得加入車隊的個體經營者可獲得更多的好處，因此派遣車隊在此產業角色的重要性與日俱增。 眾多派遣車隊瓜分台北市派車市場就如同戰國時代的多國爭地，車隊的「運作類型」牽動著企業經營體質，之前少見針對多車隊的比較研究，引發本論文的研究興趣，試著將不同的車隊依經營體質分出不同的運作類型，再加以運用競爭優勢的本質，加以排序。 本研究從文獻的回顧探討，確立研究的基礎及架構，透過與業者訪談及資料收集，進行基本資料剖析。進而以車隊規模、成立時間、經營理念、科技採用程度、成立原因、經營立基及其他事業等，歸納出四個營運構面；分別為「策略意圖」、「科技採用」、「營運範疇」及「地理範圍」。 運用這四個構面的參數套用於現有車隊，整理出所有類型，再依其性質推導出三大運作類型，分別為「生存維繫型」、「服務強化型」與「事業拓展型」等。這三大類在本研究的意義分別說明如下：「生存維繫型」是為了攤銷之前所投入成本、「服務強化型」是企業積極的提供服務價值及「事業拓展型」是企業借週邊關聯的事業展開多角化。 最後運用台北市交通局歷年來的評鑑資料佐證本研究的歸納運作類型，結果發現有其正相關，「生存維繫型」的歷年評鑑結果有較差及變差的傾向，「服務強化型」其評鑑結果多於中上，而「事業拓展型」有更優的評鑑結果。這表示運作的類型與服務的品質有正向的關係。 進一步我們推演管理意涵，透過「仲介機構(mediator)」的觀察如NTT DoCoMo的i-mode，是一個市場平台。供應商與消費者運用此平台各取所需。先前學者的研究此類的組織具正向的網路外部性，我們將此類型稱之「組織連結型」。也就是說在本研究的推論之下，派遣車隊發展的最高級，就是以派遣車隊是一個市場平台，這一個市場平台互相連結關聯的週邊事業。 本研究另外一個結論是「不成長、則衰敗」的特性是存在計程車派遣產業。這可提供處在競爭經營環境的服務業省思，可考慮企業成長所投入的風險，也可考慮企業停留原地的風險，相較其風險，決定組織運作的經營方向。 由於篇幅與時間的關係，本文並沒有進一步深入討論這些運作類型該採取怎麼樣經營方式以增強企業體本身，這是未來可以進一步探究的課題。

Dagens taximarknad har på senare tid fått in nya innovativa aktörer som lyckats pressa ner priserna så pass mycket att de blivit ett globalt hot mot traditionella taxibolag. Dessa nya aktörer innefattar Uber och Heetch som etablerat sig inom Stockholmsregionen. Följande arbete innefattar en kartläggning av den nya moderna taximarknaden i Stockholmsområdet med ett stort fokus på traditionella taxibolag (multi-cab bolag) och moderna innovativa plattformsbaserade taxibolag (non-cab bolag). Huvudfokus är på Taxi Stockholm som är en ledande aktör i Stockholmsområdet samt Uber och Heetch. Vad kan traditionella taxibolag göra för att konkurrera med de nya taxiplattformarna som har ett stort kostnadsledarskap och vad kan plattformsföretagen göra för att lyckas konkurrera på taximarknaden och ta över marknadsandelar? Moderna non-cab bolag behöver satsa stort på att följa lagstiftning och regleringar i den marknaden de bedriver verksamhet och inte konkurrera på sina egna villkor, göra satsningar på bättre arbetsvillkor för anställda och följa miljökrav är också av prioritering. Traditionella taxibolag behöver satsa resurser på innovation för att hänga med i den tekniska utvecklingen av taximarknaden, pressa ner sina priser eller erbjuda kunna bättre tillgänglighet gentemot sina kunder i form av stora taxiflottor och satsningar gentemot företagskunder och statliga uppdrag ses som möjligheter för konkurrenskraft. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka taximarknaden i Stockholm för att ta reda på hur de traditionella taxibolagen ska kunna hantera inflytandet från de nya, moderna och innovativa taxiaktörerna. Studien innefattar intervjuer, datainsamling och observationer hos Taxi Stockholm 15 00 00 AB och användning av sekundära källor för att få in information om de nya aktörerna och deras styrkor och svagheter. Dessutom läggs ett stort fokus på vetenskapliga artiklar och kurslitteratur. Studien är baserad på en fallstudie med inslag av explorativ forskning för att undersöka en case-studie om ett traditionellt taxibolag. Semistrukturerade intervjuer gjordes hos VD samt övriga ledningschefer för att kunna kartlägga hur deras bolag ligger till i förhållande mot de konkurrerande innovativa aktörerna samt de traditionella aktörerna. / The taxi market has recently gotten new competition from innovative companies that have managed to reduce the prices of cab transport so much that they are now a serious contender in the global market. Some of these new companies include Uber and Heetch which are now competing in the taxi market of Stockholm, Sweden. This upcoming thesis includes mapping of the new modern taxi market in the Stockholm region with a big focus on traditional cab companies (multi-cap enterprises) and modern innovative platform-based cap companies (non-cab enterprises). The focal point is on Taxi Stockholm 15 00 00 AB which is the leading competitor in Stockholm, with focus on Uber and Heetch as well. What can traditional cab companies do so that they can better compete with new platform-based cab companies which have big cost and pricing advantages and what can they do to become powerful competitors and subsequently gain market shares? Modern non-cab companies need to respect the laws and regulations of the markets that they compete in which differs depending on which country they operate in. They also need to improve the working conditions for their drivers and be more environmentally oriented. This will show that they take responsibility and are high calibre enterprises that take their societal responsibilities and duties seriously. Traditional cab companies and multi-cab companies need to invest resources and R&amp;D into innovation, so that they can follow the technological development and the digitalization of the taxi market. Lowering their prices and cost is also important so that they can utilize better prices towards their customers, otherwise they would need to have many caps available to have big availability. Multi cap companies have good opportunities to utilize companies and big enterprises as their customers and government orders, this will in turn make them more competitive in the new era of Taxi businesses. The purpose of this comprehensive study is to research and compel the taxi market of Stockholm to discover and learn how the traditional multi-cap companies can handle the influence of the new innovative modern taxi companies. The study includes interviews, collection of data and observations of Taxi Stockholm 15 00 00 AB and the utilization of secondary sources to gain information about the new competitors and their strengths and weaknesses. A big part of secondary sources is also from scientific articles and course literature.   The study is based on a case study and some exploratory research methods in order to identify the mission and goal of this study. The interviews were done in a semi structured manner which was done with the CEO and the rest of the department executives, to be able to map their company in alignment with the rest of the competition in Stockholm including new innovative companies (non-cab) and traditional multi-cab companies.

Verificar a associação entre acidentes de trabalho com os níveis de carboxihemoglobina apresentados por trabalhadores mototaxistas expostos ao Monóxido de Carbono ambiental na cidade de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Métodos: estudo descritivo, correlacional, de abordagem quantitativa com coleta de dados realizada em duas etapas, em janeiro e julho de 2012 por intermédio de instrumentos aplicados aos trabalhadores selecionados aleatoriamente e que consentiram em participar da pesquisa. Os mototaxistas responderam a este questionário e autorizaram a coleta sanguinea para dosagem dos níveis de carboxihemoglobina nas duas etapas. O projeto foi submetido e aprovado por um Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Após os critérios de seleção, compuseram a amostra 111 mototaxistas. Resultados: os trabalhadores são, em sua maioria, do sexo masculino, com média de 36 anos de idade; renda familiar de três salários mínimos e três dependentes por renda; baixa escolaridade, fumantes, média de trabalho de até cinco anos e carga horária laboral média de 12 horas. No período de seis meses, 28,8% acidentaram-se, com predominância no mês de fevereiro, com 6-10h de trabalho antes do evento acidentário, apresentando escoriações (58,6%) e fraturas fechadas (27,6%) como lesões predominantes, acometendo principalmente os membros inferiores. Quanto aos sintomas de exposição ao monóxido de carbono, a irritabilidade, a diminuição da percepção visual e o cansaço foram os mais encontrados e mais frequentes e os fumantes apresentaram maior significância (p< 0,05), com média de 2/3 sintomas por sujeito. Os níveis de carboxihemoglobina apresentaram a média de 2,3% para os não fumantes e de 5,7% para os fumantes, estando próximos dos valores da normalidade estabelecidos. Após categorização, os fumantes apresentaram significância estatística (p<0,001) para condição não aceitável e razão de chances de 6,5 vezes de estar nesta condição. Nas associações com acidente de trabalho, a carboxihemoglobina numérica apresentou associação positiva com tais acidentes (p<0,001); o tempo de carteira de habilitação para motociclista apresentou forte tendência à ocorrência de acidente de trânsito para o grupo que a possuía até 10 anos. Entre os não fumantes, nas associações com acidentes de trabalho, o sintoma cansaço apresentou associação e entre os fumantes, a cefaleia, a irritabilidade, o cansaço e a taquicardia foram significativos. Para a carboxihemoglobina categorizada, o hábito de fumar e a presença de sintomas mostraram significância. Os não fumantes que apresentam cefaleia, tontura e os fumantes com hiporreflexia, problemas respiratórios, irritação nos olhos, nariz e garganta e náusea, possuem maiores chances de estarem nos níveis não aceitáveis de carboxihemoglobina quando comparados aos que não apresentam tais sintomas. Os resultados mostraram que a exposição ambiental ao monóxido de carbono dos mototaxistas da cidade contribui para a ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho entre eles, visto que, a principal variável, nível de carboxihemoglobina, mostrou significância em relação à ocorrência dos eventos acidentários. Conclusão: mototaxistas são trabalhadores que estão cotidianamente expostos à poluição ambiental, ao monóxido de carbono e aos riscos de acidentes. A enfermagem do trabalho, junto à equipe de saúde ocupacional, pode traçar estratégias de proteção para a saúde destes trabalhadores. / To investigate the association between occupational accidents with levels of carboxyhemoglobin of motorcycle taxi riders presented by workers exposed to Carbon Monoxide environment in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Methods: A descriptive, correlational study with quantitative approach to data collection performed in two stages, in January and July 2012 through instruments applied to workers randomly selected and who agreed to participate. The motorcycle taxi riders answered a questionnaire and authorized the collection of blood for measurement of carboxyhemoglobin levels in two stages. The project was approved by a Research Ethics Committee. After the selection criteria, the sample comprised 111 motorcycle taxi riders. Results: The workers are mostly male, with the average age of 36 years; family income of three minimum wages, and three dependents for income, low educated, smokers, working up to five years and an average workload of 12 hours daily. Within six months, 28.8% suffered injured, with predominance in the month of February, with 6-10h at work before the accident happened, presenting abrasions (58.6%) and closed fractures (27.6%) as predominant lesions, mainly affecting the lower limbs. As for symptoms of exposure to carbon monoxide the most frequent were irritability, decreased visual perception and fatigue and the smokers had higher significance (p <0.05), with an average of 2/3 symptoms by subject . Carboxyhemoglobin levels had an average of 2.3% for nonsmokers and 5.7% for smokers and they were close to normal values established. After categorization, smokers showed statistical significance (p <0.001) for condition and not acceptable odds ratio of 6.5 times to be in this condition. In association with work-related accident, the numerical carboxyhemoglobin positive association with such accidents (p <0.001), the number of years they\'ve had a license showed a strong tendency for the occurrence of traffic accidents for the group that had up to 10 years. Among nonsmokers, associations with accidents, the symptom associated was tiredness and among smokers, headaches, irritability, fatigue and tachycardia were significant. For carboxyhemoglobin categorized, smoking and the presence of symptoms were significant. Nonsmokers who have headaches, dizziness and smokers with diminished reflexes, respiratory problems, eye irritation, nose and throat and nausea, are more likely to be unacceptable levels of carboxyhemoglobin compared with those who do not have these symptoms. The results showed that environmental exposure to carbon monoxide motorcycle taxi drivers of the city contributes to the occurrence of accidents at work, since the main variable, level of carboxyhemoglobin, showed significance in relation to the occurrence of labor accident. Conclusion: motorcycle taxi riders are workers who are routinely exposed to environmental pollution, carbon monoxide and risk of accidents. The occupational health nursing, with the occupational health team can come up with strategies for protecting the health of these workers.

The aim of this work is to introduce a couple of new exposure scenariosof interest when personnel, family members and general public are externally irradiated from patients treated with Iodine-131. A series of modied ORNL matematical phantoms were used in Monte-Carlo simulations in PENELOPE-2011 to determine dose rates to: a cab driver where thepatient sits in the back seat at opposite side, a newborn child held by an adult patient, a doctor giving treatment to a patient while leaning over the hospital bed and collective effective dose to bus passengers if the patient travels home by bus. The cost to order taxi instead of a public transport ticket for the patient is put in relation to the lowered collective effective dose to general public and compared with other companies price per lowered manSv. Dose rate measurements and the effective half-life of I-131 are used to determine the retained whole body activity at different times post administration. This in combination with the simulations are used to estimate effective doses to the cab driver, bus passengers, newborn and personnel. Whole body-, abdominal- and thyroid source distributions were considered in the patients during simulations. Dose rates within 99.7 % condence intervals were up to: 23.7 ± 0.4, 62.7 ± 0.3, 530 ± 71, 96.8 ± 0.5 µSv/h/GBq, for the cab driver, closest bus passenger, newborn and physician respectively. Collective effective dose to bus passengers is estimated to 291 ± 2 µmanSv/h/GBq. A patient specic tool for estimating more reasonable restriction times on how long to avoid small children is developed, taking into account retained body activity and the home situation for the patient. Effective dose estimations suggest that dose constraints are very unlikely exceeded for the taxi driver, and public transport should be a considered option for thyrotoxicosis patients of lower administered activities and some cancer patients. It is also estimated that hospitals in Sweden are paying 7.6 - 31 MSEK per lowered collective effective dose of 1 manSv by sending patients by taxi instead of bus.

Orientador: Eduardo Candido Xavier / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T21:57:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_DouglasOliveira_M.pdf: 1370671 bytes, checksum: 41f9ee952e593c7ed8fa83d738c343d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Nesse trabalho é apresentado um framework que tem como objetivo facilitar o compartilhamento de veículos no dia a dia de uma grande cidade. O framework apresenta uma arquitetura cliente-servidor. O lado cliente é usado por passageiros para requerer uma viagem compartilhada e por motoristas, que podem ser donos de veículos privados ou taxistas, os quais estão dispostos a compartilharem seu veículo para redução de custos ou obtenção de lucro. O lado servidor precisa resolver um problema dinâmico de otimização que provamos ser NP-difícil. O problema em questão, denominado Ride-sharing Problem with Money Incentive (RSPMI), é modelado da seguinte forma: em cada instante de tempo, temos um conjunto de pessoas, as quais necessitam de uma viagem a partir de um ponto de origem até um ponto de destino, e um conjunto de veículos, onde cada um tem uma origem e um destino. É necessário considerar algumas restrições que os passageiros possam ter, que são: o horário mínimo de saída da origem, o horário máximo de chegada até o destino, o número de passageiros que devem viajar juntos e também o valor máximo que estão dispostos a pagar. Os veículos também apresentam restrições, já que estes podem ter um horário mínimo de saída e um horário máximo de chegada. O motorista define a capacidade máxima do veículo e o preço por quilômetro rodado. Dado todas as informações e restrições, o problema consiste em formar uma rota para cada veículo com o objetivo de maximizar o número de passageiros atendidos e de minimizar os custos. O RSPMI é um problema novo na literatura e difere dos demais problemas de compartilhamento de veículos por ser o único a considerar custos compartilhados, calculando o valor total a ser pago por cada passageiro e possibilitando cada um escolher o valor máximo a ser pago. O foco do trabalho se deu no estudo e desenvolvimento de métodos que possam resolver a versão dinâmica do RSPMI, em tempo real, e em larga escala. O método proposto necessita de uma heurística que resolva o problema estático e de um algoritmo que resolva, eficientemente, o Many to Many Shortest Path Problem. Desenvolvemos heurísticas GRASP para o problema estático e usamos um algoritmo baseado em Contraction Hierarchies, o qual é muito eficiente, para lidar com os caminhos mínimos. Experimentos computacionais foram realizados usando instâncias que simulam, a partir de dados reais, uma atividade de compartilhamento de táxis na cidade de São Paulo. Em nossas simulações, os passageiros pagaram, em média, quase 30% menos do que pagariam em uma viagem privada / Abstract: In this work, we present a framework for dynamic ride-sharing. The framework has a client-server architecture. The client is used by passengers to request rides and by drivers, including vehicle owners and taxi drivers, who are willing to share their vehicles in order to reduce costs or to earn money. The server needs to solve a dynamic optimization problem which is proved to be NP-Hard. The problem, called Ride-sharing Problem with Money Incentive (RSPMI), is modeled in the following manner: at each instant of time, there are a set of passengers needing to travel from a source to a destination point and a set of vehicles, each one having a source and a destination. Passengers have constraints that need to be considered, which are: an earliest departure time, a latest arrival time, the number of passengers that will travel together and the maximum value they are willing to pay for the ride. Vehicles can have an earliest departure time and a latest arrival time, as well. They also have a maximum capacity and a price per kilometer. The problem is to compute a route for each vehicle, with the goal of maximizing the number of attended requests and minimizing the total paid by passengers. RSPMI is a new problem in the literature, differing from others ride-sharing problems, because it is the only one that considers shared costs, having a constraint which allows people to set the maximum value for the ride. The main focus of the work is to develop methods that can solve the dynamic version of the RSPMI, in real time and large scale. The proposed method needs an heuristic to solve the static problem and an algorithm to solve the Many to Many Shortest Path Problem. We developed GRASP heuristics for the static problem and used Contraction Hierarchies to deal with the shortest path problem. Computational experiments were made to evaluate our method and heuristics. We used instances based on real data that simulates a day of taxis activity in the city of Sao Paulo. In our experiments, passengers paid, on average, almost 30% less than a private ride / Mestrado / Ciência da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação