Background: Listeria monocytogenes and ready-to-eat meats have garnered considerable attention in Canada over the past decade as a result of foodborne outbreaks and product recalls that continue to transpire. A number of factors suggest that ready-to-eat meats and Listeria monocytogenes are a wicked problem. They include (among others) the number of stakeholders involved in the processing, distribution and inspection of ready-to-eat meats in Ontario, the ubiquitous and hardy nature of the organism and the challenges associated with eliminating it from ready-to-eat meat products and processing environments. Since Ontario public health units play an integral part in the inspection of ready-to-eat meats in the province, it is important to determine their current role in the wicked problem in order to identify possible solutions for change. Purpose: The purposes of the study were: (1) to determine how Ontario public health units address the wicked problem of Listeria monocytogenes and ready-to-eat meats in their food safety inspection programs using the provincial regulatory framework in addition to the use of research, knowledge translation and innovation; and (2) to develop a theory that identifies gaps (if any) in public health unit inspection practices, provincial legislation or food safety research that serves to generate recommendations to reduce incidence of listeriosis resulting from consumption of RTE meat products. Methodology: The research design used the principles of grounded theory to lead the interview and survey methodology and subsequent data analyses. The study was completed in three phases. Interviews were conducted in the first 2 phases of the study while a survey was conducted in the last phase. Interviews were conducted with public health unit ‘food safety leads’ that met pre-determined eligibility criteria. Following methods used in previous studies,interview data were analyzed in 4 stages of theory development using a grounded theory approach. Through substantive coding and constant comparative methods, core categories were identified in each of the study phases. As a result, theoretical saturation was reached leading to the process of theoretical coding and the emergence of the study theory. Results: In total, 27 public health units of 36 participated in the study. Eleven public health units participated in the first 2 phases of the interviews while 25 public health units (for a total of 45 participants) participated in the survey. The study core category, 'reactive and regulatory practice' evolved from the results of the interviews and survey. As a result, it was determined that: (1) the Ontario provincial regulatory framework including the Food Premises Regulation is almost exclusively responsible for directing food safety inspection practices in food premises; (2) food safety inspection and investigation activities associated with listeriosis outbreaks are the focus of Listeria monocytogenes and ready-to-eat meat research; and (3) innovation and knowledge translation are not currently influenced by inspection practice as a result of the food safety framework which does not require or encourage it. Using the processes of theoretical integration and theoretical coding, the following theory emerged from the data analyses; Ontario public health units manage ready-to-eat meats and Listeria monocytogenes through general population and reactive regulatory processes that focus on local-level, end-product, hazard reduction strategies for established risks in inspected food premises. Strengths and Limitations: The study had several strengths including being the first of its kind to associate ready-to-eat meats and Listeria monocytogenes as a part of a wicked problem. It was also the first study to use grounded theory to illuminate the function and role of Ontario public health units in managing Listeria monocytogenes and ready-to-eat meats. There are a number of limitations to the study including the study sample size, participant inclusion process through provincial public health unit senior management, the generalizability of study results, and method of interviews conducted with participants. Implications: The results of the study have implications for public health researchers and policy/regulatory makers in the province of Ontario. It stresses improved management of Listeria monocytogenes and ready-to-eat meats in food premises using a proactive approach. Conclusions: Using a grounded theory approach, this study demonstrated that Ontario public health units manage ready-to-eat meats and Listeria monocytogenes through reactive and regulatory food safety inspection practices. Survey and interview results indicate that study participants aspire for evidence-based regulatory and program amendments that will allow for proactive and targeted microbial risk-reduction activities at the local level that focus on vulnerable populations. The study substantiates that amendments to the Ontario Food Safety program and in particular, the Food Premises Regulation are necessary.

<p>Denna uppsats vill beskriva två olika typer av konst- och vetenskapsorganisationer som sammanför konstnärer och vetenskapsmän. Olika händelser från dessa organisationer beskrivs dels för att verksamheten har varit banbrytande av olika slag. Dels innebär verksamheten någonting nytt på i alla fall i organiserad form. Det andra är att ställa E.A.T. och ASCI mot den linjära spridningsmodellen. Vad innebär tillkomsten av organisationer som E.A.T. för den linjära spridningsmodellen? Det som framkommer är att dessa två organisationer avviker från den linjära spridningsmodellen då konstnärer skapar och/eller förmedlar vetenskap istället för skapande vetenskapsmän och förmedlande journalister.</p>

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Background: Listeria monocytogenes and ready-to-eat meats have garnered considerable attention in Canada over the past decade as a result of foodborne outbreaks and product recalls that continue to transpire. A number of factors suggest that ready-to-eat meats and Listeria monocytogenes are a wicked problem. They include (among others) the number of stakeholders involved in the processing, distribution and inspection of ready-to-eat meats in Ontario, the ubiquitous and hardy nature of the organism and the challenges associated with eliminating it from ready-to-eat meat products and processing environments. Since Ontario public health units play an integral part in the inspection of ready-to-eat meats in the province, it is important to determine their current role in the wicked problem in order to identify possible solutions for change. Purpose: The purposes of the study were: (1) to determine how Ontario public health units address the wicked problem of Listeria monocytogenes and ready-to-eat meats in their food safety inspection programs using the provincial regulatory framework in addition to the use of research, knowledge translation and innovation; and (2) to develop a theory that identifies gaps (if any) in public health unit inspection practices, provincial legislation or food safety research that serves to generate recommendations to reduce incidence of listeriosis resulting from consumption of RTE meat products. Methodology: The research design used the principles of grounded theory to lead the interview and survey methodology and subsequent data analyses. The study was completed in three phases. Interviews were conducted in the first 2 phases of the study while a survey was conducted in the last phase. Interviews were conducted with public health unit ‘food safety leads’ that met pre-determined eligibility criteria. Following methods used in previous studies,interview data were analyzed in 4 stages of theory development using a grounded theory approach. Through substantive coding and constant comparative methods, core categories were identified in each of the study phases. As a result, theoretical saturation was reached leading to the process of theoretical coding and the emergence of the study theory. Results: In total, 27 public health units of 36 participated in the study. Eleven public health units participated in the first 2 phases of the interviews while 25 public health units (for a total of 45 participants) participated in the survey. The study core category, 'reactive and regulatory practice' evolved from the results of the interviews and survey. As a result, it was determined that: (1) the Ontario provincial regulatory framework including the Food Premises Regulation is almost exclusively responsible for directing food safety inspection practices in food premises; (2) food safety inspection and investigation activities associated with listeriosis outbreaks are the focus of Listeria monocytogenes and ready-to-eat meat research; and (3) innovation and knowledge translation are not currently influenced by inspection practice as a result of the food safety framework which does not require or encourage it. Using the processes of theoretical integration and theoretical coding, the following theory emerged from the data analyses; Ontario public health units manage ready-to-eat meats and Listeria monocytogenes through general population and reactive regulatory processes that focus on local-level, end-product, hazard reduction strategies for established risks in inspected food premises. Strengths and Limitations: The study had several strengths including being the first of its kind to associate ready-to-eat meats and Listeria monocytogenes as a part of a wicked problem. It was also the first study to use grounded theory to illuminate the function and role of Ontario public health units in managing Listeria monocytogenes and ready-to-eat meats. There are a number of limitations to the study including the study sample size, participant inclusion process through provincial public health unit senior management, the generalizability of study results, and method of interviews conducted with participants. Implications: The results of the study have implications for public health researchers and policy/regulatory makers in the province of Ontario. It stresses improved management of Listeria monocytogenes and ready-to-eat meats in food premises using a proactive approach. Conclusions: Using a grounded theory approach, this study demonstrated that Ontario public health units manage ready-to-eat meats and Listeria monocytogenes through reactive and regulatory food safety inspection practices. Survey and interview results indicate that study participants aspire for evidence-based regulatory and program amendments that will allow for proactive and targeted microbial risk-reduction activities at the local level that focus on vulnerable populations. The study substantiates that amendments to the Ontario Food Safety program and in particular, the Food Premises Regulation are necessary.

Children with autism can have a variety of feeding challenges and there is a paucity of research on the strategies that are effective in addressing these challenges. This study used constructivist grounded theory methodology to determine the process used by mothers to feed their children with autism spectrum disorder. It included 11 mothers of 12 children between the ages of four and eleven years old who had feeding challenges. The feeding challenges went beyond picky eating and mothers used unique strategies and approaches in addressing these feeding challenges based on their beliefs. The data indicated that there is a need to use a deliberate, individualized approach when feeding children with ASD, based on the individual childs needs and the family beliefs. Achieving a Tenuous Balance emerged as the core process, as mothers attempted to maintain or improve their childs feeding amidst changing expectations, environments, and life events.

Arena Theatre Company’s Eat Your Young is examined as an intrinsic case study. The aim is to investigate the role of a director in the creation of an original multi-media theatre production designed for young people. The study explores the current social, political and cultural position of young people and argues that they are viewed and portrayed as a marginalised “other”. The history of Arena Theatre Company is documented in relation to the development of Theatre in Education from its British roots to the Company’s current emphasis on contemporary artists exploring the possibilities of multi-art form technology. The development of multi-media usage in theatre over the past century is outlined in order to gain an understanding of Arena’s place within this technological experimentation. Utilising ethnographic methodology, including participant observation, “unstructured” interactive interviews and the construction of participant monologues, the creative rehearsal and planning process of Eat Your Young is chartered over a five month period. The outcomes of the study confirm the literature relating to the qualities of a good director: they are leadership, vision and the ability to collaborate. The metaphor chief architect is coined to describe the central figure of the director, Rosemary Myers. The case study discusses the development of a Company culture where artists work in an intensive social and interactive environment and it identifies the unique pressures and individual responsibility of the role of director.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Elizabeth Boyle / Consumer demand for clean-label and 'all natural' food products has created the need to investigate antimicrobials derived from natural sources. Multifunctional ingredients are food additives that have multiple properties to reduce fat, limit salt, retard oxidation, increase water-holding capacity and inhibit bacterial growth in foods. Multifunctional ingredients that exhibit antimicrobial effects in meat and poultry products can facilitate consumers demand for clean and 'all natural' labels while reducing foodborne illness risk. Previous scientific research has shown that plant essential oils are known to contain active components to prevent oxidation in meat products, but emerging data have shown that these plant-based ingredients also contain antimicrobial properties. Plant essential oils such as basil oil has shown limited Salmonella Enteritidis inhibition in meat model systems and thyme oil has shown Listeria monocytogenes inhibition in low fat beef hotdogs. Intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of meat systems can alter the antimicrobial efficacy of plant essential oils. Although antimicrobial effects were observed with plant essential oils, effective usage levels may be limited to sensory characteristics in certain meat and poultry products. Natural extracts have shown potential antimicrobial properties in meat and poultry applications. Rosemary extract has been shown to suppress the growth of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, and yeast and molds in fresh sausage. Grapefruit seed extract has shown inhibition against Campylobacter jejuni in poultry skin and meat models and E. coli O157:H7 in moisture enhanced beef homogenate models. The addition green tea extract in ground beef has been shown to reduce D-values while cooking and inhibit outgrowth of C. perfringens spores during extended chilling of cooked ground beef. Grape seed extract has been shown to reduce Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium populations in cooked lean ground beef stored for 9 days at 4°C. Scientific research findings for plant essential oils and extracts confirm that multifunctional ingredients are relevant to meat and poultry products as potential food additives to control undesirable pathogen and spoilage bacteria while meeting consumer demand for natural, clean-label ingredients.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gentile_lb_me_botfm.pdf: 247842 bytes, checksum: 63ea41194545ec6eec4411a86ab5ea15 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o envolvimento das prostaglandinas no crescimento tumoral, influxo inflamatório e secreação de citocinas durante a evolução do Tumor Ascítico de Ehrlich (TAE). Para tanto, camundongos foram inoculados com 1 x 103 células tumorais (ip) e tratados com indometacina (1mg/Kg,1x/dia,ip) ou com diluente (0,1 ml,1x/dia,ip). Decorridos 1, 3, 6, 10 e 13 dias os animais foram sacrificados e avaliados quanto ao influxo inflamatório diferencial, secreção de TNF-a, IL1-a, IL-2, IL- 4, IL-6, IL-10 e IL-13 e níveis de PGE2 no lavado peritoneal.. Dois grupos controle adicionais foram constituídos de animais não portadores de TAE tratados com indometacina ou diluente, seguindo o mesmo protocolo. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o implante do TAE induz produção de PGE2 durante toda sua evolução; aumento do número de células neoplásicas a partir do 10o dia e diminuição do influxo de células mesoteliais no 10º dia e de basófilos no 10º e 13º dia pós implante neoplásico. Em relação as citocinas o TAE induziu produção de IL-6 no 10º e 13º dia e de IL 2 no 13º dia, não alterando de modo significativo o perfil das outras citocinas estudadas. O tratamento de animais portadores de TAE com indometacina, foi eficaz em inibir o crescimento tumoral e a síntese de PGE2 a partir do 10o dia de crescimento neopásico, e promoveu aumento significativo no influxo de neutrófilos segmentados e de células nucleadas, apenas em tempos iniciais da evolução tumoral. Ainda, o tratamento com indometacina promoveu síntese de IL-13 e inibição significativa de IL-6 no 13o dia de crescimento tumoral, não alterando as outras citocinas analisadas. No grupo não portador de tumor tratado com indometacina observamos aumento no influxo de neutrófilos segmentados no 1º dia... . / The aim of the present study was investigate the prostaglandin involvement during the growth of Ehrlich Ascites Tumor (EAT), using as parameters: tumoral growth, inflammatory influx and cytokine profile. Mice were inoculated with 1 x 103 tumor cells (ip) and treated with indomehacin (1mg/Kg,1x/day,ip) or diluent (0,1ml,1x/day,ip). After 1, 3, 6, 10 and 13 days the animals were sacrificed and evaluated in relation to inflammatory influx, secretion of TNF -a , IL1-a, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13 and PGE2 level, in peritoneal cavity. Two groups no bearing EAT were treated with indomethacina or diluent as control ,following the same protocol. The results demonstrated that EAT implant induces PGE2 production during all evolution; increases tumoral cells number from the 10th day and decreases the mesotelial cells on 10th day and basophils cells on 10th and 13rd day.The cytokine profile showed EAT induces production of IL 6 from 10th day and of IL 2 on 13rd day, the other studied cytokines were not affected in a significant way. The indomethacin treatment of EAT bearing mice inhibited the tumoral growth and PGE2 synthesis from the 10th day and promoted significant increase on the neutrophils influx and total inflammatory cells, just in initial times of the tumoral evolution. Indomethacin treatment also promoted IL-13 synthesis and significant inhibition of IL-6 on 13rd day of EAT growth, but did not altered the others cytokines. The indomethacin treatment of animals do not bearing EAT increases neutrophils influx on the 1st day, lymphocytes on the 3rd day, eosinophils on 10th day; and no detected alteration was detected on cytokine profile Taken together, the results suggest that EAT growth is modulate by PGE2 and the inhibition of the tumoral growth could be partly related with suppression of IL-6 and liberation of IL-13.

Posttrauamtic stress disorder can be devastating to those affected by it. Many times it can limit the affected person in his/her daily routins. Equine asssited therapy is an up rising treatment but still there are not enough evidence based research or studies that can confirm its efficacy. There are a lot of different programs with Equine therapy for people with PTSD in the US but it is also used as treatment for other forms of mental illness. The purpose of this litterature study was to obtain knowledge about how efficient Equine therapy as a treatment is for people with PTSD and PTSD related symptoms as a treatment and anxiety. The method to this study is a litterature study that I based on 9 articles. The result showed that Equine therapy may be efficient for peopple with PTSD although some studies were not able to connect scientifically the evidence that the equine therapy in itself was the reason for deacrasing symptoms in PTSD. The conclusion is that after looking in to the studys is that we need more research in the area.

This master thesis is a part of the ongoing research on EAT development project. Its main goal is to research whether Eclipse Modeling Project can be used as an alternative platform to using NetBeans in implementing EAT tool. In order to fulfill this goal, it contains analysis of the current EAT tool version and design research of a new version using EMP. The design addresses most of the issues related to building a new version and eventually recommends porting EAT to EMP.