The development of tourism and more importantly eco-tourism has emerged as a primary objective for the government of Belize, Central America. This study examines two villages Seine Bight and Placencia located on a peninsula occupied by separate ethnic groups (Garifuna and Creole) that is located on a peninsula in Southern Belize. Seine Bight and Placencia are undergoing a change in economic activity to tourism. The study attempts to understand the role of ethnicity, socio-economic status, amount of contact with tourists, and the environment in regard to attitudes towards tourism utilizing quantitative and qualitative methods. The study also attempts to understand the organization and disorganization of productive activity on the peninsula and ethnicity over space and time. The point of diffusion and contact of different groups is reflected archeologically and historically in the marine landscape. The peninsula served not only as a natural harbor for those sailing up and down the coastline over time but also served as a point of diffusion of different groups reflected in changing place names, such as Placentia, Point Patient, and Pasciencia.

As tourism expands across the globe, tourists seek “undeveloped” areas to explore. This influx of visitors has lasting impacts on the natural environment and the socio-economic structures of host communities. Ecotourism has the potential to positively implement tourism that values the natural environment and its’ people. I argue that ecotourism initiatives led by outside agents prioritize natural environment over the indigenous peoples who have lived on the lands for centuries. Indigenous-led tourism inherently is ecotourism, and in Aymara culture ties to Pachamama and their way of live are more sustainable than green tourists traveling to their communities. This thesis draws on the recognized need for local communities to lead tourism initiatives, and examines the difference in outside involvement. An analysis of Isla de la Luna (Coati) and Isla del Sol (Challapampa) in Lake Titicaca, I argue that autonomy and respect of the Aymara people and their cultures should be prioritized as the tourism industry develops in Bolivia. Safeguarding against reproducing and increasing class divisions amongst community members is necessary to preserving sustainable cultural and communal relationships.

Face aux questions émergentes relatives aux ethnies minoritaires dans les régions montagneuses du nord-ouest du Vietnam, la tendance actuelle est d'implanter le tourisme dans la communauté en le considérant comme un outil de développement local. Au-delà des approches théoriques, l'analyse des multiples projets mis en œuvre dans le cadre du tourisme "communautaire" montre que les effets négatifs sont nombreux, nuisibles souvent à la culture, à l'environnement, à la société. Dans un contexte de fort développement du tourisme communautaire au Vietnam, la thèse s'efforce d'ouvrir quelques propositions adaptées aux ethnies minoritaires en montagne du Vietnam, autour du concept d'écotourisme attaché à la communauté (l'EAC). En déterminant certaines causes de dysfonctionnement, préjudiciables à une mise en tourisme durable, la thèse propose un modèle de gestion de l'EAC adapté aux communautés des thaïs aux villages de Phu Mau 1 et 2 de la commune de Chieng Yen en province Son La. / Dealing with many difficult problems of the ethnic minority groups in the Nothwest mountainous areas of Vietnam, the local and the central governments tend to adapt tourism as a way to develop economics. Although there are many theorical, scientific studies and practical projects, but the so-called community-based tourism has still been causing the great harms to the culture, society and environment of the local communities. In the context of tourism development in the ethnic minority groups of Vietnam, the purpose of this thesis is to identify a type of tourism, which could be suitable adaptation to the conditions of those groups. That type of tourism is a community-based ecotourism. After finding out the causes of unsustainable development, this thesis proposes a model of controlling community-based ecotourism that is sutainable for Thai community in Phu Mau, a popular ethnic group in the Northwest of Vietnam.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze and evaluate tourism and its potential in Mexico, with a narrower focus on tourism in the region of Oaxaca and its potential in the second part of this thesis, namely in terms of sustainable tourism and alternative forms of tourism, such as ecotourism. The first part contains general information about Mexico. Another chapter is devoted to the search of information about tourism in Mexico and its potential and its analysis and evaluation, also regarding the localization, selective and realization potential of tourism in Mexico. Another part of this chapter also mentions current trends in tourism and analyzing the potential of Mexico as a tourism destination to fulfill these trends. In this chapter we find ponder whether Mexico can offer tourist services and experiences within the most common motives that lead potential tourists to travel. Attention was also paid to the historical development of tourism in Mexico in the 20th century to the present. In the next chapter we find the analysis of information on sustainable tourism in general, and how the principles of sustainability in tourism are applied in Mexico. The next logical step is a chapter about ecotourism focusing on an analysis of ecotourism in Mexico and its possibilities. Because tourism is an important...

M.Ed. (Environmental Education) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Dans un contexte de montée des revendications sociales et de crise des modèles de développement, ce travail interroge les transformations des territoires oasiens du sud tunisien à partir d’une analyse de la diversification des pratiques de mise en valeur des ressources locales. La recherche porte une attention particulière aux innovations économiques, sociales et techniques qui caractérisent certaines formes émergentes de valorisation et à la dimension politique qu’elles revêtent. Adoptant une approche de géographie sociale, l’analyse s’appuie sur une comparaison de l’oasis continentale de Tozeur et de l’oasis littorale de Gabès permettant de cerner la diversité des processus qui influencent les dynamiques de ces territoires. Cette démarche met en question une approche des oasis comme des milieux d’exception et souligne la nécessité d’intégrer dans l’analyse la diversité des acteurs déployant leurs stratégies dans les territoires oasiens et de réinsérer ces derniers dans leur contexte politique régional et national. Il ressort de l’analyse que la transformation des territoires oasiens est caractérisée par des dynamiques en partie contradictoires ; d’un côté les politiques nationales de développement ont eu pour effet de marginaliser les oasis anciennes, les soumettant à une série de menaces­ – désertification, urbanisation, abandon –­ qui remettent en cause leur pérennité ; de l’autre côté, la montée de préoccupations environnementales et l’émergence de nouvelles demandes touristiques et en matière de cadre de vie a favorisé une dynamique de requalification patrimoniale des oasis procédant d’une idéalisation de leurs systèmes traditionnels médiatisée par une scène associative en pleine expansion. La diversification des formes de valorisation des territoires oasiens – entre petite agriculture familiale, projets d’agrobusiness, activités de loisirs, agroécologie ou écotourisme, induisent aussi des concurrences accrues pour l’accès aux ressources foncières et hydriques et un renforcement du processus de différenciation sociale et spatiale au sein des territoires oasiens. Ainsi, les phénomènes observés soulignent l’ambivalence de cette dynamique de « sauvegarde des oasis », de plus en plus politisée, qui participe au débat sur la redéfinition des modèles de développement dans la Tunisie post­2011. / In a context of rising social demands and a crisis in development models, this work questions the transformations of the oasis territories of southern Tunisia drawing on an analysis of the diversification of practices of local resource exploitation. The research devotes particular attention to the economic, social and technological innovations that characterize certain emerging forms of valorization and to the political dimension they carry. Adopting a social geography approach, the analysis is based on a comparison of the continental oasis of Tozeur and the coastal oasis of Gabès, making it possible to identify the diversity of the processes that influence the dynamics of these territories. This approach calls into question an understanding of oases as exceptional environments and underlines the need to integrate into the analysis the diversity of actors deploying their strategies in the oasis territories and to reintegrate the latter into their regional and national political context. The analysis shows that the transformation of oasis territories is characterized by partly contradictory dynamics; on the one hand, national development policies have had the effect of marginalizing ancient oases, subjecting them to a series of threats – ­desertification, urbanization, abandonment ­ that call into question their sustainability; on the other hand, the rise of environmental concerns and the emergence of new tourism and living environment related demands has fostered a dynamics of heritage re­qualification of oases based on an idealization of their traditional systems that is publicized by a booming associative sector. The diversification of valorization forms of oasis territories ­ranging from small family farming to agribusiness projects and leisure activities, agroecology or ecotourism ­also leads to increased competition for access to land and water resources and to a strengthened process of social and spatial differentiation within oasis territories. Thus, the phenomena observed underline the ambivalence of this increasingly politicized "oasis preservation" dynamics that contributes to the debate on the redefinition of development models in post­ 2011 Tunisia.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o ecoturismo. Buscou-se averiguar a existência de uma preocupação com a educação ambiental (e quais os princípios que a regem) nas atividades e pacotes ecoturísticos comercializados pelo mercado. Para atingir tal objetivo, procurou-se conhecer o termo ecoturismo a partir das perspectivas da cultura de consumo e da sociedade do espetáculo e sob tal enfoque discutir suas relações com temas como turismo e consumo, natureza e educação ambiental; buscou-se também identificar as bases filosóficas do trabalho ecoturístico (particularmente em sua relação com a questão da educação ambiental) desenvolvido pelas operadoras de tais atividades; e por fim, realizar crítica conceitual acerca das relações entre os assuntos abordados pela dissertação. Foram entrevistadas 03 operadoras do mercado ecoturístico e 03 pesquisadores de áreas relacionadas aos temas propostos. O texto da dissertação foi produzido a partir das informações obtidas por levantamento bibliográfico em diálogo com as opiniões obtidas nas entrevistas no trabalho de campo. Concluiu-se que o ecoturismo como atividade de mercado é pouco utilizado para a disseminação da consciência ambientalista por conta das operadoras terem uma visão da educação ambiental que a aproxima da educação formal e que tal característica não deve ser integrada às atividades turísticas momentos de diversão e lazer; constatou-se também que o ecoturismo é uma atividade que produz subjetividade consumista nos participantes do processo e reafirma o tempo espetacular do capital. / The present work aims to study the ecotourism. It has investigated the existence of a preoccupation with the environmental education (and its leading principles) in the activities and ecotourism packages traded on the market; to achieve such aim it has searched to understand the term ecotourism from the culture of consumption and society of the spectacle perspective, and under such view, to discuss its relation with themes such as tourism and consumption, nature and environmental education; It has searched to identify the philosophical basis of the ecotourism work (particularly in its relation with the environmental education matter) developed by the operators of such activities; and finally, to do a conceptual critic on the issues considered on this essay. 03 operators of the ecotourism market and 03 researchers of areas related to the theme here proposed were interviewed. This essay was written based on the information collected through bibliographic research and opinions gathered in the interviews on the field work. It was concluded that the ecotourism as a market activity isnt much used to spread the environmental awareness due to the fact that the operators have a view of environmental education close to a formal education and such characteristic shouldnt be integrated to the tourism activities fun moments and leisure; it was also noticed that the ecotourism is an activity that evokes consumption patterns among its participants and reassures the capital´s spectacular time.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:54:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TIAGO RODRIGUES DO PRADO.pdf: 7429369 bytes, checksum: f5b85a8774747c758d83873cc3147121 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-17 / Currently, there is a great concern in the relationship among demographic advance, consumption and environmental impact, especially in regions that have natural reserve that draw attention for its biodiversity. Therefore, the State of Goiás inserted in the Cerrado biome, was divided into ten priority tourist regions and in each of these regions the main municipalities with tourism potential were identified. Among them, the Gold Region, that attracts much attention not only for eco-tourism potential of the region, but also it includes municipalities by the Institute of Historical and Artistic Patrimony of Humanity (IPHAN) as Pirenópolis and Goiás, beside Jaraguá, Abadiânia, Corumbá de Goiás and Cocalzinho de Goiás. In this study, it was analyzed the Sustainable Development index of the six cities, through the Sustainability Panel method (Dashboard of Sustainability). This tool is characterized by the four-dimensional that approach: Environmental, Economic, Social and Institutional. Thus, 35 indicators were used that are distributed to each of the respective dimensions. Besides that, it was made analysis of satellite images of the region for the ascertainment of data on the use of land and the percentage of preserved area. According to the analysis, we observed the correlation between these two variables. According to the results, the city of Pirenópolis is the most sustainable of the region followed by Jaraguá, Goiás, Abadiânia, Cocalzinho and Corumbá de Goiás, however, none of these cities have a satisfactory situation. Therefore it is possible that the results are changed to the detriment of the indicators. And besides, it can infer that the municipalities under study have arising economic base of agriculture, but with great ecotourism appeal, to the detriment of the several natural attractions. / Atualmente, observa-se grande preocupação na relação existente entre avanço demográfico, consumo e impacto ambiental, principalmente em regiões que possuem reservas naturais que chamam a atenção pela sua biodiversidade. Sendo assim, o Estado de Goiás inserido no bioma Cerrado, foi dividido em dez regiões turísticas prioritárias e, em cada uma destas regiões foram identificados os principais municípios com potencial turístico. Dentre elas, a do Ouro chama bastante atenção não só pelo potencial ecoturístico da região, mas, também, por comportar municípios tombados pelo Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico da Humanidade (IPHAN), como Pirenópolis e Goiás, além de Jaraguá, Abadiânia, Corumbá de Goiás e Cocalzinho de Goiás. Neste trabalho, foi analisado o índice de Desenvolvimento Sustentável destas seis cidades, através do método Painel de Sustentabilidade (Dashboard of Sustainability). Esta ferramenta tem como característica a abordagem de quatro dimensões: Ambiental, Econômica, Social e Institucional. Desse modo, foram utilizados 35 indicadores distribuídos em cada uma das respectivas dimensões. Além disso, foi feita a análise de imagens de satélite da região para a averiguação de dados quanto ao uso da terra e a porcentagem de área preservada e, de acordo com a análise, foi possível observar a correlação entre estas duas variáveis. De acordo com os resultados, a cidade de Pirenópolis é a mais sustentável da região seguida por Jaraguá, Goiás, Abadiânia, Cocalzinho de Goiás e Corumbá de Goiás, contudo, nenhuma das cidades possui uma situação satisfatória. Entretanto, é possível que os resultados se alterem em detrimento dos indicadores utilizados. E, além disso, pode-se inferir que os municípios em estudo possuem base econômica advinda da agropecuária, mas com grande apelo ecoturístico, em detrimento das inúmeras atrações naturais.

Visando compreender os impactos da visitação pública sobre ecossistemas aquáticos continentais, desenvolveu-se o presente estudo no rio Formoso, Planalto da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Através de um estudo de caso, buscou-se caracterizar os impactos provocados pelas diferentes modalidades de uso público no rio Formoso, considerando o emprego de variáveis físicas e biológicas como indicadoras do impacto da visitação pública em um período de alta temporada, carnaval de 2006. Complementarmente, para melhor compreender a relação entre os impactos impressos no ambiente e o uso predominante na região, foram caracterizados aspectos da relação dos empreendimentos turísticos com os ecossistemas aquáticos no Planalto da Bodoquena, a estrutura dos empreendimentos turísticos abertos ao uso público ao longo do rio Formoso e o perfil e aspectos da percepção ambiental dos visitantes desses empreendimentos. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de pesquisa documental, aplicação de questionários aos visitantes do rio Formoso e coleta em campo de dados relativos às variáveis físicas e biológicas descritoras dos diferentes compartimentos do ecossistema aquático. Os seguintes resultados ficaram evidenciados: 1. Os ambientes aquáticos são os atrativos naturais mais demandados pelos empreendimentos de turismo e visitantes; 2. os balneários exibem os maiores níveis de impacto em todos os compartimentos do ecossistema aquático analisado; 3. a movimentação da água e o pisoteio do fundo são as interferências da visitação pública mais pronunciadas sobre o rio Formoso; 4. as áreas mais impactadas são aquelas que recebem os visitantes com menos exigência ambiental; 5. as variáveis transparência da água, folhedo, riqueza e diversidade taxonômica de macroinvertebrados bentônicos e o índice de alteração da estrutura física de ecossistemas foram selecionadas como os indicadores mais aplicáveis à avaliação e ao monitoramento dos impactos da visitação pública no rio Formoso. / With the aim of understanding the impacts of visits by the public on inland aquatic ecosystems, the present study was developed at the Formoso river, Bodoquena plateau, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Through a case study, it was attempted to characterize the impacts provoked by different modes of public use of the Formoso river, considering the use of physical and chemical variables as indicators of public visitation impacts during the high season, Carnaval of 2006. In conjunction, to better understand the relationships between the impacts on the environment and the predominant use of the region, aspects of the relationship between tourist undertakings and the aquatic ecosystems of the Bodoquena plateau, the structure of the tourist undertakings open to the public along the river, and the profile and aspects of environmental perception of the visitors to these tourist undertakings were characterized. The data were obtained from research of documents, use of questionnaires filled-out by visitors to the river, and collection in the field of physical and biological variables describing different compartments of the aquatic ecosystem. The following results were obtained: 1. The aquatic environments are the most sought-after by the tourist undertakings and visitors; 2. the bathing areas exhibit the highest levels of impact of all the compartments analyzed of the aquatic ecosystem; 3. water movement and trampling of the bottom substrate are the most pronounced interferences of public visitation in the river; 4. the most impacted areas receive the least environmentally demanding visitors; 5. the variables water transparency, leaf litter, richness and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates, and the index of ecosystem physical structure alteration were selected as the most applicable indicators of environmental evaluation and monitoring of public visitation impacts on the Formoso river.

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-09-06T18:06:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Fernanda Silva.pdf: 8612783 bytes, checksum: 75134e09c730581d4c96c8bf2b470456 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-06T18:06:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Fernanda Silva.pdf: 8612783 bytes, checksum: 75134e09c730581d4c96c8bf2b470456 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O turismo em ambientes marinhos é uma atividade crescente a cada ano, principalmente em regiões de litoral atrativo. Uma das principais práticas dos turistas refere-se à oferta de alimentação suplementar para peixes, tais como pão, biscoitos e outros alimentos artificiais na dieta desses indivíduos. Por um lado, essa atividade pode ajudar na sensibilização ambiental, mas também resulta em impactos negativos pouco compreendidos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos da alimentação por turistas na dieta do peixe Haemulon aurolineatum em recifes coralíneos do Rio Grande do Norte. Duas áreas foram escolhidas para a coleta dos espécimes: uma com alimentação suplementar ofertada por turistas – Parrachos de Maracajaú, e outra com alimentação natural – Parrachos de Rio do Fogo. Foram tomadas as medidas de comprimento, peso, índice hepatossomático (IHS) e fator de condição (K) das duas áreas amostrais. Para confirmação da classe etária dos indivíduos, foram contados os anéis de crescimento presentes no otólito Sagitta. Os itens consumidos foram identificados na menor categoria taxonômica possível e os resultados foram comparados através de NMDS e ANOSIM. Também foi analisado o teor de amido do conteúdo estomacal. O teste estatístico t apontou diferença para o comprimento dos indivíduos, possivelmente pela alta ingestão de alimentos. Entretanto os testes apontaram equivalência para o peso, IHS e K. A análise de NMDS diferenciou os itens consumidos para as duas regiões amostradas e a análise de similaridade confirmou que o turismo reflete em modificações na composição da dieta. O conteúdo estomacal dos indivíduos coletados na região com alimentação suplementar apresentou 48,73% de amido em sua composição. Considerando a dieta natural dessa espécie, a ingestão de carboidratos pode interferir no acúmulo energético individual. Adicionalmente, as presas habituais de H. aurolineatum não estão sendo capturadas, o que pode acarretar desequilíbrio entre as populações. Nossos resultados procuram contribuir para o manejo de áreas recifais, com redução do volume e controle do tipo de alimento ofertado, para que o turismo seja de fato, uma atividade sustentável. / Tourism in marine environments is growing every year, especially in attractive coastal regions. One of the regular practices of tourists refers to supplementary food provisioning for fish, such as bread, biscuits and other artificial foods in the diet of these individuals. On the one hand, this activity can assist in fish conservation and environmental awareness, but on the other hand it results in negative impacts little understood so far. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the effects of food offer by tourists in the diet of the fish Haemulon aurolineatum in coral reefs of Rio Grande do Norte. Two areas were chosen for collection: one with supplementary feeding offered by tourists - Parrachos de Maracajau, and another with natural food - Parrachos do Rio do Fogo. Measures of length, weight, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and condition factor (K) of the two sampling areas were taken. To confirm the age class of individuals, the growth rings present in the otolith Sagitta were counted. The consumed items were identified to the smallest taxonomic category possible and the results were compared through NMDS and ANOSIM. The starch content of the stomach contents has also been analyzed. The t test pointed out differences in individuals’ length, possibly due to high food intake. However, the t tests pointed equivalent weight, HSI and K for both areas. The NMDS differentiated the items consumed for the two sampled regions and the analysis of similarity confirmed that tourism reflects on modifications in diet composition. The stomach contents of supplementary fed individuals presented 48.73% starch in its composition. Considering the natural diet of this species, carbohydrate intake can interfere with individual energy accumulation. Additionally, H. aurolineatum habitual preys are not being captured, which may lead to imbalance among the populations. Our results try to contribute to the management of reef areas, with a reduction in the volume and control of the food type being offered, so that tourism can become in fact a sustainable activity.