This thesis explores the governmentalities of ecotourism in South Korea in relation to the specific historical-political experience of accelerated modernisation, focussing on three selected analytical themes of nature, time, and space. It develops a theoretical framework that combines Foucauldian governmentality analysis with concepts and insights related to nature, time and space developed in more-than-human and relational geographies and cognate social sciences. Drawing on three cases of tidal flat tourism, countryside walking, and whale tourism, it first examines the assemblages and technologies of ecotourism governance. It argues that ecotourism in South Korea is characterised by a decentralised mode of governance involving an array of political actors. This mode relies less on sovereign power and more on disciplinary and biopolitical techniques. Second, it examines the ways in which political technologies relating to nature, time, and space are engaged in the governmentalities of South Korean ecotourism. The analysis centres on: understandings of nature enacted through the discourse of saengmyeong [life] and therapeutic experiences; a discourse of slowness enacted through a paradoxical temporal organisation of accelerated slowness; and the multiple spatial relations entangled in the geographical-historical connections of South Korean modernisation. Together, these political technologies are deployed to create an ecotourism subject who cares about the self and the environment, which differs from the prevalent South Korean positions of the disciplined worker and the practical user of nature. This thesis argues that ecotourism in South Korea serves as a new biopolitical intervention to conduct the conduct of its human participants in ways that differ from those established through accelerated modernisation. By offering one of the first social science accounts of ecotourism in South Korea, it provides novel concepts and practices for the analysis of ecotourism. These differ from the mainstream approaches that deploy a political economy framework and focus largely on examples drawn from Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia.

O processo de construção de uma proposta pedagógica de Educação Ambiental no contexto global e interdisciplinar exige um profundo embasamento teórico e prático vindo de diferentes áreas do conhecimento, inclusive da Geografia. Confirmando essa tendência, propõe-se, aqui, uma análise das ações de Educação Ambiental desenvolvida por cinco escolas da Rede Municipal de Educação de Nova Iguaçu - RJ, situadas na Unidade Regional de Governo Centro, área de influência do Parque Natural Municipal de Nova Iguaçu, no período, entre os anos de 2005 e 2010. O Parque aguça o interesse dos atores sociais à participação. Portanto, centra-se nesta constatação o objetivo desta dissertação: produzir um diagnóstico que possibilite subsidiar estudos e proposições para as escolas do entorno do Parque nas ações de Educação Ambiental e que atenda satisfatoriamente a comunidade escolar de modo que possam organizar, participar, agregar, integrar, futuramente, uma rede de planejamento e monitoramento ecoturístico. As proposições estão alicerçadas nas diretrizes estabelecidas nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais, no Plano de Manejo e no papel das escolas do entorno como difusora de conhecimentos e práticas conservacionistas no meio ambiente local. O diagnóstico realizado através de avaliações investigativas revelou informações importantes que subsidiarão um novo referencial para o tema transversal Meio Ambiente, além de levantar o caráter emergencial da qualificação específica do gestor do Parque, da capacitação contínua do educador e, por conseguinte, da formação do educando apto a interagir com o seu entorno imediato, representado pelo Parque e com as escalas mais amplas que envolvem a percepção do Meio Ambiente. / The process of building an educational proposal for Environmental Education in the global and interdisciplinary approach requires a thorough theoretical and practical bases coming from different fields, including geography. Confirming this trend, it is proposed here, an analysis of the environmental education efforts developed by five schools of the Municipal Education in Nova Iguaçu - RJ, located in Unit Regional Government Center, the influence area of Parque Natural Municipal de Nova Iguaçu in the period between the years 2005 and 2010. Park whets the interest of social actors to participate. Therefore, this finding focuses on the thesis goal: to produce a diagnosis that enables support studies and proposals for schools around the Park in environmental education efforts and to meet satisfactorily the school community so that they can organize, participate, integrate, future, a network planning and monitoring of ecotourism. The propositions are grounded in the guidelines established in the National Curriculum, in the Management Plan and the role of schools as the surrounding diffusion of knowledge and conservation practices in the local environment. The diagnosis made by investigative evaluations revealed important information that will subsidize a new benchmark for cross-cutting theme Environment, besides raising the emergency nature of the specific qualification of the manager of the Park, the continuous training of educators and therefore the formation of student able to interact with their immediate surroundings, represented by the Park and the broader scales of the perception of the environment.

A Teia de Alcance Mundial, como é conhecida a www da população que já tem acesso à internet, tem se tornado no Brasil rapidamente expressiva em tempos de mercados globais e, dentro deste contexto, a atividade do ecoturismo é analisada enquanto oferta e mensagem online. Realiza-se um estudo qualitativo exploratório no intuito de discutir a presente oferta ecoturística online e a mensagem propagada via rede. O termo ecoturismo é questionado, assim como as iniciativas que se apropriam da palavra para uso indiscriminado, seja via mensagem ou em práticas de viagens duvidosas. Pesquisa com a seção Aventura, do suplemento Viagem O Estado de S.Paulo é retomada para verificar versão online desta mídia. Também se discute como o ecoturismo pode ser virtual mas, efetivamente, uma atividade que demonstre sustentabilidade. Inspirado nos sites de clicar-doar, descobre-se a homepage Ecosolidariedade, que serve de analogia para uma proposta de um novo site de donativo em ecoturismo, com um modelo diferente de parceria entre empresas doadoras e Organizações Não Governamentais. Acredita-se que, com a participação de internautas que encontrem feedback em um endereço na rede para suas questões de viagens ecoturísticas, há razoáveis chances de Meanders, como batiza-se a idéia, vingar. O trabalho conclui que a rede é subaproveitada pelo ecoturismo diante do potencial atual. Raros são os exemplos de iniciativas com posturas e práticas sócio-ambientais louváveis. Neste sentido, pouco mudou desde uma década atrás. Portanto, há muito o que fazer para que, pela internet e com o ecoturismo, sejam possíveis ações que façam uma diferença e garantam um futuro melhor. / The World Wide Web popularization has evoked an unavoidable link between ecotourism and internet, fact further analyzed in this study. Qualitative approach is performed to discuss which are the ecotourism services currently online available. In addiction, the investigation is complemented with a critical view to distinguish between uses and misuses of the term ecotourism by media, travel agencies and tour operators basically. In this way, it is used as a present example the section Aventura from the weekly travel supplement Viagem, belonging to the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo. A discussion on how the ecotourism can be a virtual (and real) way of sustainability is also done. Some free will donate homepages were sorted out and by chance put one of them, Ecosolidariedade, as a model for a specific analysis, mainly due to its original idea of partnership among companies and NGOs to make possible a fund raising process. In a similar way, it is proposed a new concept of homepage employing the action of the internaut in a real context of sustainability in ecotourism. This is further explained by the project named Meanders. It is concluded that the cyberspace is far from an appropriate manner of being useful for ecotourism actions and there are seldom examples aiming the principles of environmental consciousness and practices. Little has been changed since the last decade in how goes Brazilian ecotourism conception and promotion. There is a long path that should be more fostered through internet to stimulate the ecotourism as a way of dissemination on effective social and environmental benefits. São Paulo. 2001.

Enabled by a Minor Field Study scholarship from SIDA, this thesis examines indigenous involvement in ecotourism in the Ecuadorian Amazons. Indigenous people are the most marginalized social group world-wide, and coincidingly often live in resource rich pristine land. The oil-rich lands of the Amazons is called a resource frontier and is now increasingly important for the tourism sector, which comes to entail conflict of interests between the State and indigenous communities living in this area. Both the global call for sustainable development and national policies of “Buen Vivir” promotes ecotourism as an ecologically, socio-economically, and culturally sustainable activity. Scholarly opinion suggest that ecotourism generates potential tools of empowerment for the involved indigenous communities. With this backdrop and with the theoretical framework of the postcolonial debate, main opportunities and challenges are examined with the correlation of tourism ventures and socio-political implications in the local reality of indigenous organizations in Tena, Napo. Complex impediments are uncovered and analysed within the social field of indigenous ecotourism. The conviction of the study holds the call for attentive cross-cultural communication in order to continue the seemingly inevitable path of globalization in a more sustainable and non-discriminatory manner.

Bibliography: leaves 127-134. This thesis argues for the expansion of ecotourism in the Adelaide metropolitan Barker Inlet Wetlands, currently used for small scale ecotourism. Through analysing current literature and evaluating a range of ecotourism strategies, it demonstrates that the potential for and offers guidelines for ecotourism in the Barker Inlet Wetlands. Opprtunities for expansion lie primarily in environmental education, with a particular focus on Adelaide secondary schools.

This thesis examines the effectiveness of tourism as an agent of rural development, focusing on culture and nature-based destinations in the 'developing world'. The village of Desa Senaru at Gunung Rinjani National Park in Lombok Island, Indonesia, served as a case study. Conservation agencies frequently support tourism development as a sustainable alternative to more extractive resource uses. Integrated conservation models, in particular, present 'eco'tourism as an effective instrument to enhance rural livelihoods while protecting the environment. Alongside international aid agencies, the World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) also promotes the sector for its poverty reduction potential in 'third world' countries. Rural communities hold concomitant expectations of tourism's socio-cultural development potential. Furthermore, 'eco'tourism functions as a growing niche market for the globally expanding tourism industry and local entrepreneurs. As such it fits well into the economic rationale that underpins neo-liberal market strategies. With such a diversity of interests at stake, the question "What kind of business is tourism?" has become more complex, critical and pertinent than ever before. Informed by development theories and the sociology of tourism, this analysis focuses on the multiple dichotomies that characterise 'third world' tourism. In the case of tourism development in Desa Senaru, several paradoxical outcomes have been identified. The most profound of these is the 'social justice paradox' that describes the way tourism costs and benefits are distributed within a heterogeneous community of native residents and migrant settlers. While most of the case study's tourism attractions are part of the cultural heritage of the wetu telu Sasak hamlets, these derive few economic benefits and struggle to access the new development opportunities 'eco'tourism offers. Filtered and directed by historical political relations, several key barriers to a meaningful participation of these native people in the 'business of tourism' have been identified. These include the prevailing conditions of education, culture, ethnicity, socio-economy, location, mobility, skills and knowledge. Expectations of 'eco'tourism as a 'soft' industry analysed vis-à-vis the global biosphere effects of air transport highlight the 'eco-paradox' of international tourism. The cleavage between the poverty-focused aid policies of the New Zealand Government and an integrated conservation project, whose benefits local elites have largely captured, illustrates the 'project paradox' of rural tourism development programmes. In the 'development paradox' of cultural tourism, symbolic constructs of 'otherness' (such as 'aesthetic poverty') contrast with various development agendas; in their search for the 'real' traditional village, for example, the tourists reject all signifiers of material progress and modernity. Their curious gaze at the spiritual practices and everyday life world of the wetu telu villagers manifests opposite a recent history of state-sanctioned religious discrimination. Taken together, these paradoxical local outcomes emphasize the significance of power relations and political dimensions within the globally expanding 'business of tourism'. Ethical considerations are an important aspect of this study as they contribute towards an 'ethic of development' that, so far, has found little theoretical resonance amongst scholars of tourism studies. To operationalise the ethical concerns raised, the thesis posits a model of a holistic approach to development. This recognises tourism as a complex open system.

<p>Kvalitetsmärkningen Naturens Bästa arbetar för att marknadsföra upplevelser som inte är bra enbart för turisten utan även för miljön och omgivningen. Idag blir vi som konsumenter mer och mer medvetna och måna om vår miljö och den värld vi lever i. Således borde en kvalitetsmärkning som Naturens Bästa kunna vägleda oss till att finna arrangemang inom turismen som hjälper oss att välja arrangörer som verkligen lever upp till de krav vi ställer. Problemet som finns är dock att denna kvalitetsmärkning inte syns i den gemensamma marknadsföringen av destinationer i nuläget. Utifrån detta är syftet med uppsatsen att undersöka varför kvalitetsmärkningen Naturens Bästa inte har någon framskjutande roll i marknadsföringen av destinationer.</p><p>Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ insamlingsmetod i form av<strong> </strong>personliga intervjuer i vår undersökning för att få fram varför kvalitetsmärkningen inte syns i marknadsföringen. Intervjuerna genomfördes med respondenter från turistbyrån i Västerås, Västmanlands kommuner och landsting samt turistbyrån i Skinnskatteberg. Den teori uppsatsen bygger på är turism och marknadsföring, destinationsmarknadsföring och kvalitetsmärkning. Utifrån denna teori har intervjufrågorna utformats och den insamlade primärdatan sedan analyserats.</p><p>Med utgångspunkt i den genomförda analysen framkom det att Naturens Bästa inte har någon framskjuten roll i marknadsföringen av destinationer till stor del på grund av att kunskapen om kvalitetsmärkningen är dålig ute bland turistorganisationerna. Detta beror enligt vår mening på brist av information. Ytterligare en anledning är att det finns en ovilja att använda märkningen i broschyrerna.</p> / <p>The quality label Natures Best is committed to market experiences that are not only good for the tourist, but also for the environment.  Consumers today become more and more aware of their surrounding and the world we live in. Therefore, a quality label like Natures Best should be able to guide us to find arrangements within tourism that helps us choose arrangers that really lives up to the demands we have. The problem recognized, is that this quality label is not visible in the common marketing of destinations today. From this point of view, the purpose with this thesis is to investigate why the quality label Natures Best does not have a prominent role in the marketing of destinations. </p><p>In our examination of why the quality labeling does not have a prominent role, we have used a qualitative method of collection in the form of personal interviews. The interviews were carried out with respondents from the tourist bureau in Västerås, “Västmanlands kommuner och landsting” and the tourist bureau in Skinnskatteberg. The theory which the thesis is based upon is<em> </em>tourism and marketing, destination marketing and quality labeling. The questions for the interviews and the analysis of the primary data have been formed based on this theory.</p><p>With a starting point in the conducted analyze, it emerged that Natures Best does not have a prominent role in the marketing of destinations because there is a poor knowledge about the quality label among the organizations. According to us, this is due to a lack of information. Another reason is that it exist a reluctance to use the label in the brochures.</p>

<p>Because of the mass tourism industry that exploits sensitive locations all over our planet a new kind of tourism came into focus in the 1980’s. This new form of tourism was named ecotourism, and as the name reveals ecotourism deals with low-impact travel. Today, all sorts of places can be gazed upon in a flick of a switch; all you need is a television set. It is well known that destination marketing successfully uses visual media as a tool to sell trips to potential tourists. Therefore, this essay examines how ecotourism benefits from the great power of the television. The analyzed material contains of six different TV shows, sorted into two groups – travel shows and discussion programs. With the theory of the tourist gaze, semiotics, destination marketing and the experience economy the study resulted in the conclusion that all TV shows are built upon collective cultural representations found in the exotic and the authentic. With the help of the visual language, travel shows can give new meaning to a specific destination expressed in a system of mutual understanding and shared culture.</p>

Because of the mass tourism industry that exploits sensitive locations all over our planet a new kind of tourism came into focus in the 1980’s. This new form of tourism was named ecotourism, and as the name reveals ecotourism deals with low-impact travel. Today, all sorts of places can be gazed upon in a flick of a switch; all you need is a television set. It is well known that destination marketing successfully uses visual media as a tool to sell trips to potential tourists. Therefore, this essay examines how ecotourism benefits from the great power of the television. The analyzed material contains of six different TV shows, sorted into two groups – travel shows and discussion programs. With the theory of the tourist gaze, semiotics, destination marketing and the experience economy the study resulted in the conclusion that all TV shows are built upon collective cultural representations found in the exotic and the authentic. With the help of the visual language, travel shows can give new meaning to a specific destination expressed in a system of mutual understanding and shared culture.

Kvalitetsmärkningen Naturens Bästa arbetar för att marknadsföra upplevelser som inte är bra enbart för turisten utan även för miljön och omgivningen. Idag blir vi som konsumenter mer och mer medvetna och måna om vår miljö och den värld vi lever i. Således borde en kvalitetsmärkning som Naturens Bästa kunna vägleda oss till att finna arrangemang inom turismen som hjälper oss att välja arrangörer som verkligen lever upp till de krav vi ställer. Problemet som finns är dock att denna kvalitetsmärkning inte syns i den gemensamma marknadsföringen av destinationer i nuläget. Utifrån detta är syftet med uppsatsen att undersöka varför kvalitetsmärkningen Naturens Bästa inte har någon framskjutande roll i marknadsföringen av destinationer. Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ insamlingsmetod i form av personliga intervjuer i vår undersökning för att få fram varför kvalitetsmärkningen inte syns i marknadsföringen. Intervjuerna genomfördes med respondenter från turistbyrån i Västerås, Västmanlands kommuner och landsting samt turistbyrån i Skinnskatteberg. Den teori uppsatsen bygger på är turism och marknadsföring, destinationsmarknadsföring och kvalitetsmärkning. Utifrån denna teori har intervjufrågorna utformats och den insamlade primärdatan sedan analyserats. Med utgångspunkt i den genomförda analysen framkom det att Naturens Bästa inte har någon framskjuten roll i marknadsföringen av destinationer till stor del på grund av att kunskapen om kvalitetsmärkningen är dålig ute bland turistorganisationerna. Detta beror enligt vår mening på brist av information. Ytterligare en anledning är att det finns en ovilja att använda märkningen i broschyrerna. / The quality label Natures Best is committed to market experiences that are not only good for the tourist, but also for the environment.  Consumers today become more and more aware of their surrounding and the world we live in. Therefore, a quality label like Natures Best should be able to guide us to find arrangements within tourism that helps us choose arrangers that really lives up to the demands we have. The problem recognized, is that this quality label is not visible in the common marketing of destinations today. From this point of view, the purpose with this thesis is to investigate why the quality label Natures Best does not have a prominent role in the marketing of destinations.  In our examination of why the quality labeling does not have a prominent role, we have used a qualitative method of collection in the form of personal interviews. The interviews were carried out with respondents from the tourist bureau in Västerås, “Västmanlands kommuner och landsting” and the tourist bureau in Skinnskatteberg. The theory which the thesis is based upon is tourism and marketing, destination marketing and quality labeling. The questions for the interviews and the analysis of the primary data have been formed based on this theory. With a starting point in the conducted analyze, it emerged that Natures Best does not have a prominent role in the marketing of destinations because there is a poor knowledge about the quality label among the organizations. According to us, this is due to a lack of information. Another reason is that it exist a reluctance to use the label in the brochures.