v anglickém jazyce Legal aspects of electronic communication in administrative procedures The dissertation thesis has two basic parts, the first and largest part offers a comprehensive view on electronic communication with public authorities in the Czech Republic and the possibilities of electronic identification. The second part of the dissertation thesis is focused on legal aspect of personal data protection in electronic communication with abovementioned authorities. In both of these parts, the current EU legislation (e.g. eIDAS and GDPR) is taken into account. The first chapter contains an analysis of basic legal terms and institutes in the area of electronic communication and identification as well as in the field of personal data protection (e.g. data message, electronic signature, authentication, personal data and invalidity of delivery). Detailed analysis of legislative development in the area of electronic communication follows. Particular attention is paid to a launch and operation of the data box information system and legal effects of electronically signed (or sealed) documents. The fourth chapter deals in detail with specific legal issues related to communication through the data box information system (in particular to legal effects of service which suffers from a legal defect caused...

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Electronic identification of persons in private law relationships Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the topic of electronic identification of persons in private law relationships. It defines all types of electronic identifiers, which can be used in private law relationships by both legal entities and so natural persons. This paper summarizes the young and not for long used legislations. This legislation is not often used in practice and for that reason it has the only commentary. The case law for this problematics is also lacking and that is why it could not be used as one of the sources, despite that it is in many cases one of the most used and valuable sources. This thesis analyses not only the legal aspects of the electronic identification, but also the technological aspects, which it tries to explain even to the readers, who can be absolutely untouched by the world of information technology. At the same time this diploma thesis provides instructions for potential users of instruments of electronic identification, who can be distrustful and insecure of its first time user experience. The minor part of this thesis deals with the history of electronic identification. This section is not extremely extensive due to the fact, that history of his phenomenon goes only about hundred years to the past. The...

The diploma thesis focuses on the problematics of elektronic signing in the Czech Republic after the Entry into Force of Regulation eIDAS. It specifies the key words in this area, compares the properties of cryptographic electronic signature and dynamic biometric signature. Within the main objective of the work, which is the implementation of dynamic biometric signature in the company, a solution is proposed to the process of approving business tax forms. At the end, an economic comparison of paper and electronic solutions is made.

This thesis deals with digital identity wallets as digital identification means, through a legal and technical perspective, within the field of legal informatics. The 3rd of July 2021 the European Commission presented a proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital identity, also known as the eIDAS II-regulation. The eIDAS II-regulation is at this moment being negotiated on EU-level and has not yet been adopted. In the eIDAS II-regulation the digital identity wallets were presented. These wallets en-able citizens and other residents to authenticate, and share electronic documents and identification data, with a relying party. The purpose of the digital identity wallets is to create a harmonized identification solution that will function within all member states of the EU. The thesis will concentrate on the relationship between the legal aspects of the eIDAS II-regulation and the technical solutions presented in the regulation. The eIDAS II-regulation covers a vast variety of legal and technical solutions, however the thesis will only focus on the electronic identification, authentication, and the sharing of electronic documents through the wallet. Furthermore, the thesis will analyse which data can be stored in the wallet according to the eIDAS II-regulation and what legal and technical solutions are proposed to enable shar-ing, and controlling the accuracy, of the data. The relationship between eIDAS II-regulation and GDPR will be discussed and analysed in the end of the thesis. This discussion gives the reader an understanding of how the regulations will integrate with each other and how eIDAS II-regulation is affected by the GDPR. The conclusion of the thesis is that the eIDAS II-regulation, thus the digital identity wallets, is a step in the right direction to create a harmonized regulation for digital identities, however there are certain legal problems that should be ad-dressed to make the digital identity wallets a secure and user-friendly solution. These legal problems with the digital identity wallets could be solved with the right technical specifications. Some of these technical specifications will be pre-sented and discussed in the thesis.

The thesis is focused on the integration of the National Identity Authority into a trustworthy archive system belonging to a Brno company. The work deals with the clarification of the legislative framework of the eIDAS regulation and related laws and introduces services creating trust. The thesis proposes a solution of NIA integration using UML diagrams and TOGAF framework.

The digitalization has become increasingly central in today’s society and digital identities are one of the tangible changes that has quickly become integrated into our society. However, increased integration in societies also creates new challenges and responsibilities. The European Union (EU) has recognized this need and implemented the eIDAS regulation (electronic Identification, Authentication, and trust services). In the regulation, a digital identity wallet is also proposed. The aim of the wallet is for users to store and manage their digital identities and credentials such as driver’s licenses, university degrees, and similar documents. With this development and introduction of a digital identity wallet, questions about trust become relevant. Trust in digital identities is crucial to ensure communication and data management, as well as to get users to use the services.  The purpose of this study has been to examine aspects of trust related to the EU digital identity wallet and explore key components and actors within the wallet’s eco-system. The work has been limited to focusing on the electronic identification component of eIDAS. Furthermore, data has been collected from interviews with experts in the field from Sweden and the Netherlands. The theory used is definitions and concepts on what trust entails, as well as two frameworks explaining factors important to initially trust a system, and explaining the relationship between usability, privacy, and security.  The results conclude that users prioritize usability over security and privacy, and that an application that is simple and practical also are important features of a digital identity wallet. It also emerged that it is important for users that safety nets are built into the wallet. Furthermore, users, the EU, and the respective member states were identified as fundamental actors of the ecosystem. It was emphasized that the wallet is complex and that there are many challenges and opportunities ahead to build a trustworthy wallet.

The electronic identification regulation, eIDAS, and its trusted service providers are currently based on technologies that have been used for decades. The eIDAS and many others in the security industry have shown interest in newer technologies such as distributed ledgers and blockchain. This research looks into the current eIDAS regulation, its plans for future work, and how the current trusted systems could benefit from introducing blockchain into the solutions. Looking at new technologies is of importance to move forward but also making solutions more secure for the user with for example Self-Sovereign Identity solutions. The research was conducted through a literature review followed by interviews. A number of themes were identified to answer the research question. The findings were that blockchain is a viable technology to use but only if used in the right cases. A better understanding and knowledge of the technology is needed for new implementation to succeed and should not be rushed due to the hype of blockchain technology. / Se bif. fil

Everything regarding signatures, both physical and electronic, is based upon trust between the contracting parties. A signature must therefore be both reliable and secure to be used by the parties. In the recent years the use of electronic signatures has increased, and a legal framework has been established by the European union (EU) with the EU-regulation on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market (eIDAS).  In the regulation three different categories of electronic signatures occur: the (simple) electronic signature, the advanced electronic signature and the qualified electronic signature. What mainly distinguishes the categories are the level of safety devices connected to the signature. The qualified electronic signature has the highest level of safety devices, followed by the advanced electronic signature, which is followed by the simple electronic signature that has either few or no safety devices. Swedish law differs from the eIDAS since there is no division into different categories. In this essay I examine and evaluate the safety, and thus the reliability of, the different categories of electronic signatures are. This is done through methods established in precedents from Swedish Courts.  The conclusion of the essay is that the reliability and safety of the electronic signature correlates with the level of safety devices connected to the signature. If an electronic signature has a higher level of safety devices, it should be regarded as more reliable and secure. I therefore advice contracting parties to use the simple electronic signatures with caution, especially if the contract is of high value, and instead use an electronic signature with more robust safety devices.

This master thesis examines the interpretation of formal requirements when establishing a will according to the Inheritance Code. Chapter 10, paragraph 1 contains the main formal requirements for an ordinary will. The formal requirements are based on principles to preserve the testator’s intent. According to the legislator, the testator’s intent should be considered and preserved to the greatest extent possible, if the testator has established a valid will before deceasing. To gain validity, the will must contain a declaration and the testator’s signature in writing. The signature must also be signed or declared in front of two witnesses. However, the law does not specify any requirements of personal signatures, or if the signature needs to be written by a pen. This opens for a discussion if wills can be signed with electronic signatures. Additionally, the law does not protect a valid will from disappearing since the formal requirements do not require any formal registration that a will exist. Hence, there is a lack of regulation and interoperation of the formal requirements. The purpose of this thesis is to examine if the formal requirements fulfill their essential purposes of the protection of a testator’s intent and if the protection can be enhanced with electronic signatures.  The results of the research are as follows: Chapter 10, paragraph 1 does not explicitly prohibit electronic signature, although a personal signature is customary. Advanced electronic signatures, based on EU regulations and the interpretation of Swedish legislation and case law, should not be denied legal effect unless there is a specific national law that requires a personal signature. Although there is no explicit law that prohibits an electronic signature on ordinary wills, the legislator has not commented on this. There is a substantial need for guidance by the legislator on this issue, and guidance whether a copy of a will is equally valid as the original document.  In conclusion, the Inheritance Code does not require a personal signature for a valid ordinary will. Protection of the testator’s intent can be enhanced with an electronic registration of the will; however, this requires that the will can be established in an electronic way. Hence, the signature must be an electronic signature. The formal requirements should not extend to a mandatory registration of the will, but the registration should be voluntary.