Orientador: Carla Kazue Nakao Carvaliero / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T04:27:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teixeira_AndreFrazao_M.pdf: 351601 bytes, checksum: 3451aec5763178d2db19b2fff690c6a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho procurou-se enquadrar a geração de energia elétrica para as comunidades isoladas do interior do Estado do Amazonas em um contexto de desenvolvimento endógeno. Para isso, inicialmente explicou-se quais as características dos modelos de desenvolvimento adotados para o mesmo Estado, evidenciando as conseqüências socioeconômicas na atualidade para o interior do Amazonas. Logo após mostrou-se as características atuais socioeconômicas e energéticas do interior do Estado em questão, evidenciando a estagnação econômica e a exclusão energética destas comunidades, mostrando ainda as potencialidades regionais possivelmente aproveitáveis e o potencial energético local. Desta forma, propõe-se um desenvolvimento regional local, com a inclusão da geração de energia elétrica para estas comunidades em um contexto de desenvolvimento, e não de forma isolada como proposto pelo programa de eletrificação do Governo Federal ¿Luz Para Todos¿ / Abstract: This work was developed to fit the generation of electric energy for the isolated communities of the interior of the Amazonas State in a context of endogenous development. Initially, the characteristics of the adopted models of development for the Amazonas State were explained with a focus on the social and economic consequences for the interior of Amazonas. The next step was to reveal the actual social, economic and energy characteristics of the interior of the State in question, revealing the economic stagnation and energy exclusion of these communities. The regional potentialities and the local energy potential were also taken into consideration. Based on the research mentioned above, a regional development is proposed, with the inclusion of the generation of electric energy for these communities in a context of development, rather than the isolated form proposed in the federal government electrification program of "Luz Para Todos" (Light For All) / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos

A avaliação de sustentabilidade emergiu a partir da pesquisa e da prática em várias áreas do planejamento e gestão como uma abordagem ou como um novo instrumento para suporte a decisões direcionadas à promoção da sustentabilidade. Uma dessas áreas é a Avaliação de Impacto, que tem um consistente histórico na busca por subsidiar processos decisórios. A partir desse referencial, e tendo em vista a crescente importância do etanol de cana-deaçúcar nas discussões sobre a sustentabilidade na área de energia, esta tese propõe procedimentos para o planejamento da oferta de etanol de cana-deaçúcar apresentada no Plano Decenal de Expansão de Energia. A análise indicou que o formato atual do PDE é muito mais próximo de um estudo de potencial técnico do que de um plano, uma vez que não são estabelecidos caminhos entre a situação atual e a situação desejada, essenciais em planejamentos. As principais contribuições identificadas a partir da avaliação de sustentabilidade estão relacionadas ao fortalecimento do papel do planejamento, incluindo o aprimoramento dos métodos de avaliação de impactos e de integração de temas, à ampliação da gama de alternativas e opções apresentadas aos tomadores de decisão, evidenciando recursos necessários e consequências de cada alternativa de forma a subsidiar de fato a seleção de uma ou outra estratégia, e à valorização do pluralismo no processo de elaboração e decisão do PDE. A análise indica que o arcabouço teórico oferecido pela avaliação de sustentabilidade se mostra adequado para auxiliar no desenho de um novo modelo de planejamento, capaz de fortalecer o PDE e avançar na inserção de princípios de sustentabilidade ao longo do processo. Como conclusões, a pesquisa reitera que a inserção de princípios de sustentabilidade em planejamentos e processos decisórios é parte fundamental na consolidação de um novo modelo de desenvolvimento e que, no caso do etanol de cana-de-açúcar, a abordagem da avaliação de sustentabilidade oferece uma visão mais plural e sistêmica em relação ao que é feito atualmente, o que é ideal para o avanço em um caso emblemático de transição energética. / Sustainability assessment has emerged from both research and practice in several areas of planning and management as either an approach or a new tool for supporting decision-making towards sustainability. Impact Assessment is one of such areas and has a consistent history in supporting decision-making. Drawing from this field and considering the increasing importance of sugarcane ethanol sustainability issues in the energy sector, this thesis proposes procedures for planning the supply of sugarcane ethanol in the Decennial Energy Expansion Plan. The analysis has indicated that the current format of the PDE seems more a restricted study of technical potential instead of a plan, since paths between the current situation and the desired situation, essential to planning, have not been established. The main contributions identified from the sustainability assessment application are related to the strengthening of the role of planning, including improvements in the methods for assessing impacts and integrating issues, the expansion of the range of alternatives and options presented to decision makers, highlighting the necessary resources and consequences of each alternative to support the selection of one or another strategy, and the embracement of pluralism along the PDE process and decision making. According to the analysis, the theoretical framework offered by sustainability assessment is appropriate to assist the design of a new planning model, strengthening the PDE and advancing the integration of sustainability principles throughout the process. In conclusion, the research highlights the importance of including sustainability principles in the planning and decision-making processes so that a new development model can be outlined. In the sugarcane ethanol case, sustainability assessment offers a more plural and systemic approach in comparison to what has been done, which would be ideal for advancements in this emblematic case of energy transition.

This study examines the possibility of electricity production through gasification of agricultural residues in Sudan. The study begins in Chapter 1, by providing general contextual analysis of the energy situation (production and consumption patterns) in Sudan with specific focus on electricity. It proceeded to study the potential of Petroleum, Biomass and other renewable sources for electricity production. Dramatic increase in electricity production was found to be essential especially through decentralised power plants as the current electricity production services cover ~ 13 % of the population of Sudan. Biomass potential in Sudan justifies the use of agricultural residues as energy source; its potential was estimated by ~ 350000 TJ/a. Further, the urban centres of arid regions in western Sudan were identified as the target group for this study. In chapter 2, specific investigations for selected study area through field work using statistical tools such as questionnaires, interviews and field observation show that income is highly correlated to electricity consumption. The flat rate system did not result in higher consumption thus the assumption that this consumption will not drastically change in the next 10 years could be accepted. As orientation value for BGPP, 8000 tons of GN.S are available annually, the average electricity consumption is ~ 4 kWh/day/family while acceptable price could be 40 SDD/kWh (0.15 €). In chapter 3, literature review was carried to spot out the comparative merits of the gasification technology and the most optimum gasifying and electricity production system. As a result downdraft gasifier and ICE were suggested as suitable systems. In chapter 4, fuel properties and fuel properties of agricultural residues were studied, different samples were tested and the results were presented. The main conclusions derived were: fuel properties of agricultural residues are modifiable properties, so utlization planning is possible as for any other energy resource. In Sudan, Baggase, Groundnuts shells and Roselle stalks could be considered as possible fuels. The experimental work done in chapter 5 showed that GN.S could be gasified in down draft gasifiers, which are less costly and simpler to operate than circulating systems. Acceptable values of gas thermal properties (c.v.~ 4 MJ/Nm3, 30 % of burnable gases) at fairly continuing processes were obtained. In chapter 6, a concept for biomass power plant was drafted, the main components are: downdraft, air based gasifier connected to ICE, multi-stage gas cleaning system (cyclones, washer and filters) mechanical ash removal and semi closed water cycle. Main operation measures are: electricity is the sole product; working time is 150 day/year between mid Novembermid Mars. Environmental hazards of waste management e.g. flue gas emission and waste water management are the limiting factors. In the last part of chapter 6 an economic analysis was carried out. At a value of 3000 €/kW for the initial system and fuel price of 100000 €/year for ~6 GWh then a price of 0.23 €/kWh and a return period of 24 years could be obtained. The study concludes in chapter 7 that biomass gasification under the local conditions has its comparative merits however a high institutional support is needed at the beginning. / Diese Studie untersucht die Möglichkeit der Elektrizitätsproduktion durch Vergasung von landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen im Sudan. Die Untersuchung beginnt im Kapitel 1 mit der Bereitstellung einer allgemeinen zusammenhängenden Analyse der Energiesituation (Produktions- und Verbrauchsmuster) im Sudan mit dem besonderen Fokus auf Elektrizität, gefolgt von einer Studie des Potentials von Petroleum, Biomasse und anderer erneuerbarer Quellen für die Produktion von Elektrizität. Eine starke Zunahme bei der Elektrizitätsproduktion wurde als nötig bewertet, da dezentrale Kraftwerke, als die gegenwärtigen Elektrizitätsproduktionsbetriebe, nur die Versorgung von 13 % der Bevölkerung im Sudan abdecken. Das geschätzte Potential der landwirtschaftlichen Abfälle liegt bei ca. 350.000 TJ/Jahre damit kommen sie als Energiequelle in Frage. Weiterhin wurden urbane Zentren der ariden Regionen in Westsudan als Zielgruppe für die Untersuchung ausgewählt. In Kapitel 2 werden detaillierte Untersuchungen für das ausgewählte Studiengebiet durch Feldstudien unter Verwendung von statistischen Werkzeugen, wie Fragebögen, Interviews und Felduntersuchungen dargestellt. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass das Einkommen im höchsten Maße mit dem Elektrizitätsverbrauch korreliert ist. Das Flat rate System hatte keinen höheren Verbrauch zur Folge, folglich kann die Annahme akzeptiert werden, dass sich der Verbrauch in den nächsten 10 Jahren nicht drastisch ändern wird. Als Orientierungswert für Biomasse Kraftwerk: 8.000 t/Jahr Erdnussschalen sind verfügbar. Der durchschnittliche Elektrizitätsverbrauch beträgt ca. 4 kWh/Tag/Familie betrachtet für 10.000 Familien. Im Kapitel 3 wird eine Literaturrecherche für die Vergasungstechnologie durchgeführt, zum Vergleich ihrer Vorteile und zur Auswahl des optimalen Vergasungs- und Gasumwandlungssystems. Als Ergebnis wurden der Festbett-Gleichstrom-Vergaser und gas Motor als passende Systeme vorgeschlagen. In Kapitel 4 werden Brennstoff Eigenschaften von landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen untersucht, verschiedene Proben getestet und die Ergebnisse präsentiert. Die Hauptschlussfolgerung daraus ist: Brennstoff Eigenschaften von landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen sind veränderbare Eigenschaften, welche eine bessere Planung erlauben und somit ihre Verwendung favorisieren. Im Sudan können Bagasse, Erdnussschalen und Rosellenstiele als optimaler Brennstoff gelten. Die experimentelle Arbeit in Kapitel 5 zeigt, dass Erdnussschalen im 75 kW Festbett-Gleichstrom-Systemen vergast werden können, welche weniger kostenintensiv und einfach zu bedienen sind als zirkulierende Systeme. Akzeptable Werte der Gaseigenschaften (c.v. ca. 4 MJ/Nm³, 35 % von brennbaren Gasen) wurden in kontinuierlichen Prozessen erreicht. In Kapitel 6 wurde ein Konzept für Biomassekraftwerke entworfen. Deren Hauptkomponenten sind: Festbett-Gleichstrom-Vergaser in Verbindung mit ICE, mehrstufige Gasreinigungssysteme (Zyklone, Wäscher und Filter), mechanische Aschensysteme und ein teilweise geschlossener Wasserkreislauf. Hauptbetriebsmaßnahmen sind: Elektrizität als das einzige Produkt, die Arbeitszeit beträgt 150 Tage pro Jahr zwischen November und April. Umweltrisiken des Abfallmanagements z.B. Rauchgas und Abwassermanagement sind die limitierenden Faktoren. Im letzten Teil von Kapitel 6 wurde eine ökonomische Analyse durchgeführt. Ein Wert von 3000 €/kW für das Anfangssystem und ein Kraftstoffpreis von 100.000 €/Jahr für 6 GWh dann ein Preis von 0,23 €/kWh und eine Amortisationszeit von 24 Jahren können angenommen werden. Die Studie schlussfolgert, dass die Vergasung unter den Bedingungen des Studiengebietes ihre Vorteile hat, jedoch ist institutionelle Unterstützung am Anfang nötig.

The global climate is changing rapidly, which pronounces the need for transforming the energy system. The Swedish municipalities have been identified as key actors in Sweden’s decarbonisation due to their far-reaching responsibilities, which encompass energy planning. The municipalities are required to have a Municipal Energy Plan (MEP) regarding the provision of energy, but have increasingly shown climate awareness. Further, the municipalities are responsible also for the spatial planning, and increased climate efforts will largely be dependent on how this planning is conducted. However, the energy system also affects various other environmental impacts. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) can aid to take these impacts and associated National Environmental Quality Objectives (NEQOs) into account, which is necessary in order to avoid that other negative environmental impacts occur due to a decarbonisation and that synergies between NEQOs instead could be utilised. Thus, this thesis aims to examine current municipal energy planning practice and the integration of energy and climate targets into comprehensive planning (Paper I), as well as to explore the performance of SEA and the consideration of NEQOs in municipal energy planning (Paper II). Further, suggestions for strengthening the practice is developed (Paper I and II).To achieve the aims, a document analysis, statistical analyses, thematic analyses and an interview study has been employed. This thesis shows that the Act on Municipal Energy Planning is not followed and that the municipalities proactively focuses on climate change mitigation instead. Moreover, a link between MEPs and Comprehensive Plans is seen regarding energy and climate-related targets, and a continuous energy planning can thus be one way of achieving a spatial planning in line with the climate objectives. SEA is seldom performed despite legal requirements, due to a deficient screening practice. However, when performed, SEA can increase the consideration of NEQOs, particularly those in which negative environmental impacts of climate efforts can occur. The consideration of NEQOs could thus help enhance synergies between a decarbonisation and other NEQOs, which could mobilise support for the MEP and aid its implementation. / <p>QC 20181120</p>

Du fait de la flexibilité énergétique qu'ils offrent et de leur potentiel de diminution des émissions de GES et de polluants, les réseaux de chaleur (RdC) sont un des leviers d'actions des politiques énergétiques locales en constante progression. Leur déploiement et/ou rénovation n'est pas qu'une question technico-économique classique, dans la mesure où ils sont au cœur d'un ensemble d'acteurs interconnectés, aux objectifs spécifiques, tous parties prenantes des politiques énergétiques locales. Dans ce contexte, les outils permettant à ces différents acteurs l'évaluation des actions liées aux RdC sont très importants. Ils doivent permettre l'évaluation de scénarios de conception, d'actions de rénovation, de performance et de suivi... Parmi les outils permettant ces évaluations, les approches par modélisation sont souvent trop spécifiques à une situation, un type de réseau un acteur... Le travail réalisé consiste à développer un outils de modélisation de RdC, offrant la flexibilité recherchée. "HeatGrid" permet de modéliser des architectures de réseaux variées. A chaque pas de temps, le fonctionnement du réseau est simulé grâce au formalisme de la programmation linéaire. Cet outil peut être utilisé en phase de conception ou d'exploitation d'un réseau. L'approche de modélisation permet d'évaluer et de comparer sous les aspects économiques, énergétiques et techniques d'un RdC sous différents scénarios. Plusieurs exemples sont simulés et analysés dans le but d'illustrer le potentiel du modèle. / Because of the energy flexibility that they offer and their potential to reduce GHG emissions, disctrict heating (DH) networks are a tool of local energy policies in constant progression. Their develpment and/or renovation is not only a classic technico-economical question, insofar as interconnected stakeholders of local energy policies, taking into account specific objectives, are concerned by DH networks. In this context, tools which enable these different stakeholders to evaluate actions related to DH networks are essential. They must be helpful for the assessment of renovation actions, the monitoring and the evaluation of performances....Among the tools that allow theses evaluations, the modelling approaches are often too specific to a situation, a type of network, a stakeholder... The work of the thesis consists in developing a DH modeling tool that has this desired flexibility. The proposed tool "HeatGrid" can model various network architectures. At each time step, the network running is simulated via linear programming formalism. This tool can be applied either at the design stage of a DH or at the operating stage. The model based approach enables the evaluation and comparison of economic, energy and technical aspects of the DH system in different scenarios. Several examples are simulated and analyzed in order to illustrate the potential of the model.

O desenvolvimento sustentável e a própria sobrevivência da humanidade dependem da compatibilização da demanda por recursos energéticos com as limitações ambientais e necessidades humanas. Dessa maneira, torna-se fundamental compreender e mensurar a sustentabilidade energética. Para tanto, esse trabalho vale-se de princípios da economia ecológica e do planejamento integrado de recursos para identificar e analisar os fatores que afetam a sustentabilidade energética de um dado sistema. A partir desses fatores são definidos indicadores de sustentabilidade, os quais compõem uma metodologia concebida para avaliar o grau de sustentabilidade da produção de energia. Tal metodologia é testada em um estudo de caso da matriz elétrica paulista, a qual mostrou um nível próximo da sustentabilidade, mas com a necessidade de aprimoramentos. Por fim, são feitas reflexões sobre a robustez, a flexibilidade e as limitações da metodologia proposta, assim como recomendações para ajustes da composição da matriz estudada com o propósito de torná-la mais sustentável. / Sustainable development and the very survival of humanity depends on the compatibility of the demand for energy resources with environmental constraints and human needs. Thus, it is essential to understand and define metrics for energy sustainability. For that reason, this work draws on principles of ecological economics and integrated resource planning to identify and analyze the factors affecting energy sustainability of a given system. From these factors are defined sustainability indicators, which are the foundations for a methodology designed to assess the degree of sustainability of energy production. The methodology is tested on a case study of the electricity matrix of the State of Sao Paulo, which is close to a sustainable level even though requiring improvements in some aspects. Finally, reflections on the sturdiness, flexibility and limitations of the proposed methodology, as well as recommendations for adjustments in the composition of the case study matrix in order to make it more sustainable are made.

A dificuldade do gás natural em penetrar no mercado residencial e competir com os usos térmicos da energia elétrica é o objeto principal de análise deste trabalho, o qual procurará sustentar que, em centros urbanos onde o gás canalizado é ou será uma realidade, sua utilização mais ampla não deve ser em um contexto de competição predatória com os outros energéticos, mas de complementação estratégica do sistema energético como um todo. O uso térmico da eletricidade gera demanda e não consumo para as concessionárias de energia elétrica, ou seja, em curto espaço de tempo, dentro do chamado período de ponta do sistema elétrico, há uma concentração de uso do chuveiro elétrico, que exige uma importante infra-estrutura de geração, transmissão e distribuição de energia elétrica, para atender essa demanda pontual de fins térmicos, operando com significativos níveis de ociosidade no resto do tempo. Por outro lado, em muitos centros urbanos, com maior densidade populacional, a disponibilidade de gás natural canalizado teoricamente viabiliza a substituição da eletrotermia pelo aquecimento de água a gás. Para as companhias de distribuição de gás, o mercado de água quente é essencial para a viabilização econômica das redes e consolidação do mercado residencial. O gás canalizado apenas para fins de cocção conduz a redes extremamente custosas e de baixa utilização. Neste trabalho, tomando-se como estudo de caso a cidade de Santos, discute-se dentro de uma perspectiva mais ampla, como um planejamento integrado dos recursos pode levar em conta os investimentos a serem realizados, que conduzam a um melhor uso dos energéticos e das redes de distribuição de gás natural e energia elétrica, gerando ganhos para sociedade. Sugere-se, como conclusão, que uma abordagem integrada da questão energética, no caso a cidade de Santos, leve à redução do uso residencial da energia elétrica para fins térmicos, e garanta a disponibilidade desta para outros usos, sem maiores investimentos por parte da distribuidora. E por outro lado, o gás natural será incorporado à matriz energética local de forma eficiente, garantindo o desenvolvimento do seu mercado, que terá impactos sobre toda a Baixada Santista, integrando interesses desde a produção offshore na Bacia de Santos até o seu uso final dentro da própria região. / The natural gas difficult to penetrate in the residential market and compete with electrical energy is the main objective of this study, which will support that in big cities, where natural gas is already reality or will be the use of natural gas should not be considered competition for other types of energy resources but as a strategically complement of the overall power system. Electricity used as thermal source creates only demand for concessionaries and not consumption, in other words, there is short period of time when demand peaks and the amount of energy consumed by the electric shower is so high that requires a huge infra-structure of generation, transmission and distribution. However, it creates a big idle capacity in periods off-peak. Nevertheless, in the urban areas with high population density, the existence of pipelines turns feasible the replacement of electricity to natural gas in water heating. For natural gas distributors, the use natural gas in water heating is critical factor to make the pipeline network economically feasible and to consolidate the residential market. The use of natural gas only to cooking purposes makes the network very costly and with high idle capacity. This study will discuss how an integrated planning of resources within a broader perspective which considers not only the investments required but also the risks associated can lead to a better use of energy resources and distribution network of natural gas and electricity. With it, the whole society will gain. For this study, the city of Santos will be analyzed. Conclude that an integrated view of energy system in Santos will reduce the use of electricity as thermal source, freeing up capacity without incurring significant investments. Therefore, the natural gas will be wisely incorporated in the energy matrix assuring the development of new industry which will impact positively all onshore region near Santos, and will conciliate interests from offshore producers and local consumers of the region.

O desenvolvimento sustentável e a própria sobrevivência da humanidade dependem da compatibilização da demanda por recursos energéticos com as limitações ambientais e necessidades humanas. Dessa maneira, torna-se fundamental compreender e mensurar a sustentabilidade energética. Para tanto, esse trabalho vale-se de princípios da economia ecológica e do planejamento integrado de recursos para identificar e analisar os fatores que afetam a sustentabilidade energética de um dado sistema. A partir desses fatores são definidos indicadores de sustentabilidade, os quais compõem uma metodologia concebida para avaliar o grau de sustentabilidade da produção de energia. Tal metodologia é testada em um estudo de caso da matriz elétrica paulista, a qual mostrou um nível próximo da sustentabilidade, mas com a necessidade de aprimoramentos. Por fim, são feitas reflexões sobre a robustez, a flexibilidade e as limitações da metodologia proposta, assim como recomendações para ajustes da composição da matriz estudada com o propósito de torná-la mais sustentável. / Sustainable development and the very survival of humanity depends on the compatibility of the demand for energy resources with environmental constraints and human needs. Thus, it is essential to understand and define metrics for energy sustainability. For that reason, this work draws on principles of ecological economics and integrated resource planning to identify and analyze the factors affecting energy sustainability of a given system. From these factors are defined sustainability indicators, which are the foundations for a methodology designed to assess the degree of sustainability of energy production. The methodology is tested on a case study of the electricity matrix of the State of Sao Paulo, which is close to a sustainable level even though requiring improvements in some aspects. Finally, reflections on the sturdiness, flexibility and limitations of the proposed methodology, as well as recommendations for adjustments in the composition of the case study matrix in order to make it more sustainable are made.

Esta dissertação busca analisar a eficiência econômica da forma de classificação das usinas geradoras nos leilões de contratação de energia elétrica por disponibilidade. Historicamente, o Brasil tem apresentado uma matriz de geração de energia elétrica predominantemente hídrica, que, embora mais econômica do que as matrizes de geração prevalentemente térmicas, pode resultar em déficits de geração em períodos de escassez hidrológica. O ano de 2001 evidenciou tal perigo. Nele, uma série de baixas afluências hidrológicas, sem o prévio incremento adequado do parque gerador, resultou no Programa de Redução do Consumo e, através desse, num decréscimo de 20% na demanda por energia elétrica à época, acentuando a preocupação pela incorporação de empreendimentos termelétricos para diversificar a matriz de geração do País. Entre as modificações realizadas, destaca-se a alteração da estrutura de comercialização de energia elétrica no Brasil visando a favorecer à expansão da oferta termelétrica, concebendo-se a modalidade de contratação por disponibilidade. Tal modalidade transfere o risco da operação e do preço do combustível dos ombros do gerador para os do consumidor. Contudo, fez-se necessário, para viabilizar tal modalidade de contratação, o uso de ferramental diferenciado para classificação dessa nova oferta de energia nos leilões, e a ferramenta adotada foi o Índice de Custo Benefício (ICB). Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os resultados econômicos decorrentes do uso do ICB na contratação de usinas termelétricas por disponibilidade, verificando se ele se mostrou ou não adequado a tal fim. Para isso, analisam-se os resultados dos leilões para a contratação da energia de novos empreendimentos, destacando a participação de cada fonte energia e os valores financeiros exercidos por meio dos preços, das receitas fixas e dos respectivos ICBs. Além disso, é feita uma análise das operações das usinas termelétricas após a contratação. Dessa forma, são utilizados os anos operativos de 2014 e 2015, nos quais foi registrada uma profunda escassez hidrológica, como base na comparação de cenários de geração de energia elétrica com diferentes participações entre empreendimentos termelétricos a óleos derivados do petróleo e a gás natural. Os cenários utilizados são quatro: dois com composição real entre as dessas duas fontes termelétricas (óleos derivados do petróleo e a gás natural) para os anos de 2014 e 2015; e dois simulados, com 100% da geração termelétrica sendo realizada apenas a gás natural para os mesmos anos. Os resultados financeiros encontrados indicam que a potencial economia no custo da energia elétrica gerada no cenário simulado comparado ao cenário real seria da ordem de 6 bilhões de reais nos anos de 2014 e 2015. Assim, considerando as 59 usinas que integraram o universo da análise, o resultado que indica ineficiência no uso ICB, o qual apontou vantagem econômica de certos empreendimentos no momento de suas contratações que não se concretizaram nos cenários testados de baixa hidrologia. Ademais, fica clara a necessidade de aprimorar a metodologia de classificação de empreendimentos de geração de modo que tal metodologia leve em conta os efeitos de eventuais anos de baixa hidrologia, buscando tornar a contratação de energia elétrica no Brasil mais econômica e mais aderente à volatilidade hidrológica do País. / This thesis seeks to analyze the economic efficiency of the classification method for power plants in power availability contracts. Historically Brazil has presented a predominantly hydroelectric power generation matrix, which, though more economical than predominantly thermal generation matrix, can result in the generation deficits in hydrological scarcity periods. The year 2001 showed such danger. In it a number of low hydrological inflows, without adequate prior increase in generating capacity, resulted in rationing of 20% in demand for electricity at the time, stressing the concern by incorporating thermal power projects to diversify the country generation matrix. Among the changes made, it altered the electricity market structure in Brazil in order to favor the expansion of the thermoelectric supply, creating the availability contracts modality. This mode transfers the risk of the operation and the price of fuel from generator to the consumer. However, it was necessary to enable this type of contract, the use of different tools for classification in the auctions, and the tool adopted was the Cost Benefit Index (CBI). The objective of this study is to analyze the economic results from the use of CBI in hiring thermoelectric plants using availability contracts, checking if was or not suitable for this purpose. In this sense, we analyze the results of the auctions for new energy projects, highlighting the contribution of each energy source and the financial figures exercised through prices, the fixed income and ICBS. Moreover, it is also made an analysis of the operations of power plants after hiring. Thus, operating years used were 2014 and 2015, in which it was registered a profound hydrological shortage, based on the comparison of electricity generation scenarios with different interests between thermal power projects to petroleum oils and natural gas. The scenarios used were four: two with real composition between these two thermal sources for the years 2014 and 2015, petroleum oils and natural gas; and two simulated, with 100% of thermal generation with natural gas for the same years. The financial results indicate that the potential savings in the cost of the electricity generated in the simulated scenario compared to the real scenario would be around 6,1 billion reais in the years 2014 and 2015. Thus, considering the 59 plants that integrated the universe of analysis, the result indicates the inefficiency of the use ICB, which pointed out the economic advantage contracts that were not hired in low hydrology scenario tested. In addition, it is a clear the need to improve the classification methodology for generation projects in a way that takes into account the effects low hydrology year, trying to make the electricity contracts more economical to Brazil and more adherent to hydrological volatility of the country.

In light of pressing challenges including climate change and energy security, urban planners are increasingly being required to make decisions that can be attributed to reductions in energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Energy mapping is an emerging approach used to make improved energy-related decisions and predict energy performance, although at the time of writing, has not been applied within a Manitoban context. Informed by promising practice utilized in other Canadian locales, this research creates an energy mapping process for use in the City of Winnipeg’s residential sector. The Ebby-Wentworth neighbourhood is analyzed to develop and test the mapping process. The process begins with determining baseline energy use for the neighbourhood, and is then compared to three development scenarios, which include the use of retrofits, and new construction on an adjacent development site. The results of applying the energy mapping approach in Winnipeg demonstrates this to be a key decision-making tool for planners looking to make informed decisions related to energy-using equipment, building and site design, and land use and infrastructure. Recommendations include: increased use of the energy mapping approach as a decision-making tool through enhanced collaboration between federal and provincial authorities, municipalities, and utilities; incorporating energy considerations into the planning and development process through revised and updated energy legislation, policy and programming; and, further refining and testing of the energy mapping process designed for this research to develop a best-practice approach for mapping energy use within the Province of Manitoba.