The aim of this study was to examine how the process of IEP worked at six different schools, and how some of the schools professions, collaborated on the procedurers for the establishment and evaluation of the IEP. The aim has been to study how special educators and special education teachers, which in Sweden now are a part of the student health organization, collaborate with teachers in dealing with the challenges and opportunities which arise when working with IEP. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with twelve teachers including four special educators, a special education teacher and seven teachers. The result is reported based on three themes: anchoring of documents, the informants' perception of participation, documentation and the process of the IEP and an overall theme, communication, which we felt  permeates all three of the above themes. The survey showed that the majority of teachers felt that there was a lack of clarity and uncertainty after an IEP has been written. Especially when it came to evaluating an IEP and when an IEP should be completed. Uncertainty about the differences between additional adaptations and special support appeared when it came to documentation and monitoring the IEP. The study showed that the obstacles that educators have encountered was the feeling of lack of time and lack of clarity in the work process of the IEP. This in turn contributed to obstacles in the school's approach to students in need of support.

In this thesis, I do a reparative reading of contemporary Swedish comics, that uses feminine signifiers, both in their imagery and writing. A crucial point of departure, in this thesis, is how literature can ”do” theory and be seen as a way of creating knowledge. I explore what the comics does to me, as a reader, and how. I experiment with the form and style of academic writing in order to clearly define my position and situate the production of knowledge. By focusing on the affects and nourishment, that the comics contain, I try to imagine a feminist other, with the help of my figuration: Nietzsche Minaj, and my imaginary utopian place: ”mitt flick(tionella) rum”. I conclude, that the comics both reproduce and transform feminine signifiers, while challenging the idea of dichotomies, in the spirit of gurlesque theory.

No description available.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Decision making study has been the multi-disciplinary research involving operations researchers, management scientists, statisticians, mathematical psychologists and economists as well as others. This study aims to investigate the theory and methodology of decision making research and apply them to different contexts in real cases. The study has reviewed the literature of Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), Evidential Reasoning (ER) approach, Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) movement, Social Judgment Theory (SJT), and Adaptive Toolbox (AT) program. On the basis of these literatures, two methods, Evidence-based Trade-Off (EBTO) and Judgment Analysis with Heuristic Modelling (JA-HM), have been proposed and developed to accomplish decision making problems under different conditions. In the EBTO method, we propose a novel framework to aid people s decision making under uncertainty and imprecise goal. Under the framework, the imprecise goal is objectively modelled through an analytical structure, and is independent of the task requirement; the task requirement is specified by the trade-off strategy among criteria of the analytical structure through an importance weighting process, and is subject to the requirement change of a particular decision making task; the evidence available, that could contribute to the evaluation of general performance of the decision alternatives, are formulated with belief structures which are capable of capturing various format of uncertainties that arise from the absence of data, incomplete information and subjective judgments. The EBTO method was further applied in a case study of Soldier system decision making. The application has demonstrated that EBTO, as a tool, is able to provide a holistic analysis regarding the requirements of Soldier missions, the physical conditions of Soldiers, and the capability of their equipment and weapon systems, which is critical in domain. By drawing the cross-disciplinary literature from NDM and AT, the JA-HM extended the traditional Judgment Analysis (JA) method, through a number of novel methodological procedures, to account for the unique features of decision making tasks under extreme time pressure and dynamic shifting situations. These novel methodological procedures include, the notion of decision point to deconstruct the dynamic shifting situations in a way that decision problem could be identified and formulated; the classification of routine and non-routine problems, and associated data alignment process to enable meaningful decision data analysis across different decision makers (DMs); the notion of composite cue to account for the DMs iterative process of information perception and comprehension in dynamic task environment; the application of computational models of heuristics to account for the time constraints and process dynamics of DMs decision making process; and the application of cross-validation process to enable the methodological principle of competitive testing of decision models. The JA-HM was further applied in a case study of fire emergency decision making. The application has been the first behavioural test of the validity of the computational models of heuristics, in predicting the DMs decision making during fire emergency response. It has also been the first behavioural test of the validity of the non-compensatory heuristics in predicting the DMs decisions on ranking task. The findings identified extend the literature of AT and NDM, and have implications for the fire emergency decision making.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The topic of the thesis is interpretation of a yakutian epic (olonkho) Modun Er Soghotox through the concept of J. Lotman's classifying boundaries. In the begining, the thesis is trying to put the olonkho into broader genre context of yakutian folklore. Formal aspect of the text is important for the definition of the genre, therefore the work attempts to describe some of the most common distinctive features, especially alliteration and paralelism. The second part tries to analyze the worlds of olonkho as the Lotman's semantic spaces. Each world keeps significantly different semantic environment. Crossing the boundaries between these spaces initiates the plot of olonkho. The last part is trying to understand the role of the hero in olonkho, mainly as the mediator between the semantic spaces.

Pendant très longtemps, les traitements contre les cancers se sont basés sur la cytotoxicité des chimiothérapies, sur leur capacité à tuer directement les cellules malignes ou à induire leur senescence. Mais cette cytotoxicité accrue et non ciblée a également pour effet de tuer les cellules du système immunitaire du patient. Cependant, il a été montré que la radiothérapie, les anthracyclines ainsi que l’oxaliplatine étaient capables d’induire une apoptose décrite comme étant une mort cellulaire immunogène. De ce fait, les cellules tumorales mourantes agiront comme vaccin thérapeutique.La mort cellulaire immunogène se caractérise par trois grands marqueurs : un stress du réticulum endoplasmique pré-mortem qui va induire la translocation de la calréticuline de la lumière du réticulum endoplasmique vers la surface cellulaire, la libération d’ATP dans le milieu extracellulaire permettant le recrutement des cellules dendritiques et l’activation de l’inflammasome NLRP3 via le récepteur P2RX7, et enfin la libération de la protéine HMGB1 dans le milieu extracellulaire, qui va aller interagir avec TLR4 à la surface des cellules dendritiques pour stimuler leur fonction présentatrice d’antigène. La première partie de ce travail a consisté à comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires précis par lesquels l’ATP est sécrétée activement lors d’une mort cellulaire immunogène. En utilisant une combinaison de techniques impliquant des criblages pharmacologiques, des techniques de monitorage de la localisation intracellulaire de l’ATP entre autres, nous avons montré qu’après un traitement par les inducteurs de la mort immunogène, l’ATP était redistribué des lysosomes aux autolysosomes et que sa sécrétion requiert la protéine lysosomale LAMP1. Nous avons également montré qu’il existait d’autres voies de libération d’ATP telles que la voie de signalisation Rho, et également l’ouverture des hémicanaux pannexine 1 (PANX1). De façon surprenante, nous avons observé une implication de PANX1 dans la translocation de LAMP1 à la surface cellulaire. Ces résultats ont permis de comprendre un peu plus précisément les mécanismes de sécrétion d’ATP dans la mort cellulaire immunogène, mettant en évidence l’importance de l’exocytose lysosomale caspases dépendante et PANX1 dépendante.La seconde partie de ce travail s’est portée sur l’étude d’une autre caractéristique de la mort cellulaire immunogène, à savoir l’exposition de la calréticuline à la surface cellulaire. En partant du constat qu’après un traitement par la mitoxantrone, la calréticuline était relocalisée en périphérie à la fois dans les cellules humaines et les cellules de levure, il a été suggéré que la voie d’exposition de la calréticuline était conservée phylogénétiquement. Nous avons montré que les phéromones pouvaient agir comme inducteurs physiologiques de l’exposition de la calréticuline dans les cellules de levure. Un criblage d’ARN interférant et des analyses de transcriptome nous ont permis de montré que les chimiokines, en particulier CXCL8 chez l’humain (appelé également interleukine-8) et son orthologue Cxcl2 chez la souris étaient impliquées dans la translocation de la calréticuline à la surface cellulaire. En traitant les cellules cancéreuses par la mitoxantrone, nous observons une production de CXCL8 par les cellules cancéreuses humaines in vitro et de Cxcl2 par les cellules cancéreuses murines in vivo. Un « knockdown » des récepteurs pour CXCL8/Cxcl2 réduit de manière significative l’exposition de la calréticuline à la surface cellulaire. Ces résultats ont donc montré l’importance des chimiokines dans la voie d’exposition de la calréticuline.L’ensemble de ce travail a permis de comprendre plus en détails deux des trois grandes caractéristiques de la mort cellulaire immunogène. / Cytotoxic anti-neoplastic agents were considered for a long time to mediate their therapeutic effects via their capacity to directly kill malignant cells. Nevertheless, this high cytotoxicity is non-targeted and will eventually diminish immune cells. During the last years, it has been shown that radiotherapy and some anticancer agents, such as anthracyclines and oxaliplatin, can stimulate actively anti-tumor immune responses. In fact, they can induce an immunogenic type of apoptosis, which we termed immunogenic cell death (ICD). Thereby, dying cells can act as therapeutic vaccine against residual cancer cells that overcame the initial treatment.ICD is characterized by three major hallmarks: a pre-mortem stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which triggers the translocation of the ER chaperone protein called calreticulin (CRT) to the cell surface, the secretion of ATP from apoptotic cells, which acts as a signal for the recruitment of dendritic cells and for the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome via its receptor P2RX7, and the release of HMGB1 into the extracellular space, allowing it to interact with TLR4 and thus stimulate the antigen-presenting functions of the DCs.The first part of my work focused on the precise molecular mechanisms by which ATP is actively secreted during ICD. Using a large panel of techniques, including chemical compounds screens and monitoring the subcellular localization of ATP, we showed that following treatment of various tumor cells with ICD inducers, ATP is redistributed from lysosomes to autolysosomes and the lysosomal protein LAMP1 is required for active ATP secretion. We also showed that Rho and pannexin 1 (PANX1) are indispensable for efficient ATP release in response to ICD inducers. Surprisingly, we observed an unexpected link between PANX1 and the exposure of LAMP1 at the cell surface. These results will help to understand the mechanisms necessary for ATP secretion during ICD.In the second part of this work we further studied the surface exposure of CRT during ICD. We observed that mitoxantrone (MTX), which belongs to the group of anthracyclines, can induce a peripheral relocalisation of CRT, both in human cells and yeast cells. In addition, we showed that pheromones can act as a physiological inducer of CRT translocation in yeast. Focused siRNA screening combined with transcriptome analyses revealed that human CXCL8 (also called interleukin-8) and its mouse ortholog Cxcl2 play an essential role in the translocation of CRT to the cell surface. Interestingly, MTX-treated human cancer cells displayed an elevated production of CXCL8 in vitro. These results were confirmed in vivo, with MTX treated murine tumors, which also displayed elevated Cxcl2 levels. The MTX-induced CRT exposure was significantly reduced when we performed a knockdown of CXCL8/Cxcl2 receptors. Altogether, these results showed the importance of chemokine signaling circuitries in immunogenic CRT exposure.This work allows for the detailed understanding of the mechanisms of ICD and might thus be useful for further targeted drug development.

Alterações visuais, histoquímicas e micromorfológicas podem ser observadas em superfícies dentais submetidas ao clareamento, desencadeando sensibilidade, menor resistência ao desgaste, maior manchamento e aderência bacteriana. Uma forma de verificar a ocorrência de danos superficiais e sub-superficiais é através da permeabilidade e da avaliação superficial por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Assim, este estudo in vitro teve por objetivo avaliar a eficácia de clareamento em dentes manchados, a permeabilidade e a morfologia superficial do esmalte dental após tratamento com diferentes técnicas de aplicação do peróxido de hidrogênio a 35% (FGM) seguido ou não da aplicação de flúor. Foram utilizados 260 incisivos bovinos, com superfícies de esmalte de 10x10 mm de área. Após, os espécimes foram casualmente distribuídos (n = 10) e submetidos ao manchamento com café, chá preto e vinho tinto por 72 horas. As medidas de cor eram realizadas com espectrofotômetro de reflexão nos tempos inicial, após o manchamento e logo após a fase de clareamento. Após o período de manchamento os fragmentos eram clareados com peróxido de hidrogênio a 35% (FGM) - convencional, ativado com LED ou laser de Er:YAG seguido ou não da aplicação de flúor (Desensibilize KF 2%, FGM). Os grupos controles eram expostos: a saliva artificial e a aplicação de flúor + saliva artificial. O tratamento clareador foi realizado de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. No restante do período diário, os espécimes eram imersos em saliva artificial. A seguir, os fragmentos foram subdivididos em dois fragmentos de aproximadamente 5x5 mm de área, sendo um submetido à avaliação da permeabilidade e o outro a avaliação da superfície do esmalte através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O método de coloração histoquímica foi utilizado para evidenciar a extensão da permeabilidade no esmalte. Do esmalte eram obtidos três cortes avaliados em microscopia óptica, através de um software de digitalização de imagem (Axion Vision 3.1) verificando a penetração dos íons cobre em relação à espessura total do esmalte. As fotomicrografias eletrônicas de varredura das superfícies vestibulares do esmalte, com aumento de 2000X, foram digitalizadas e avaliadas. Para as análises estatísticas, foi considerado o valor de alteração de cor de cada fragmento nos diferentes tempos de observação e a média das três secções de um mesmo dente para a avaliação da permeabilidade. Em relação à MEV observou-se que em relação aos processos de clareamento, foi encontrado diferenças quando comparadas aos grupos controles. Os grupos controles apresentaram superfícies dentais lisas e regulares. Já os grupos tratados com PH35% e PH 35% + LED apresentaram superfícies dentais marcadas pela presença dos prismas de esmalte suavemente esboçados em meio a um esmalte interprísmático de textura lisa. A aplicação do Er:YAG promoveu a remoção da camada aprismática e exposição clara dos prismas de esmalte, depressões, tornando a superfície porosa e irregular. Nos grupos em que se aplicou o flúor, independente do tipo de clareamento realizado, observou-se superfícies relativamente cobertas por um precipitado fusiforme. Em relação à permeabilidade, os resultados demonstraram não haver diferença significativa. Já em relação à alteração de cor foi encontrada diferença estatística ente o agente aplicado ativado pelo Er:YAG, o método a alcançar as tonalidades de cor mais claras, quando comparado aos métodos convencional e ativado pelo LED. Concluímos que novos estudos são necessários para que se estabeleçam parâmetros adequados e seguros para a aplicação do laser. Isso fará com que se consiga não só melhor tonalidade de cor, mas menores efeitos deletérios na morfologia superficial do esmalte clareado. / Visual changes, micromorphological and histochemical can be observed in areas subjected to dental bleaching, triggering sensitivity, lower wear resistance, increased staining and bacterial adhesion. One way to check the damage to surface and subsurface is through the permeability and surface evaluation by scanning electron microscopy. Thus, this in vitro study was to evaluate the effectiveness of whitening stained teeth, permeability and morphology of enamel after treatment with different techniques of application of hydrogen peroxide 35% (FGM) whether or not the application of fluoride . We used 260 bovine incisors with enamel surfaces of 10x10 mm in size. After, the specimens were randomly distributed (n = 10) and subjected to staining with coffee, black tea and red wine for 72 hours. The color measurements were made at a reflection spectrophotometer in early times, after staining and after the bleaching stage. After the period of staining the fragments were bleached with hydrogen peroxide 35% (FGM) - conventional activated LED or laser Er:YAG whether or not the application of fluoride (KF Desensibilize 2%, FGM). Control groups were exposed: the artificial saliva and fluoride application + artificial saliva. The bleaching treatment was performed according to the manufacturer\'s recommendations. The rest of the daily period, the specimens were immersed in artificial saliva. Next, the fragments were divided into two fragments of approximately 5x5 mm in size, being submitted to an evaluation of the permeability and the other to evaluate the enamel surface by scanning electron microscopy. The histochemical staining method was used to show the extent of the permeability of enamel. Enamel were obtained from three sections evaluated with optical microscopy, using a software image scanning (Axion Vision 3.1) verifying the penetration of copper ions in relation to the total thickness of enamel. The images of scanning electron photomicrographs of the vestibular enamel, an increase of 2000X were scanned and evaluated. For statistical analysis, we considered the color change of each fragment in different observation times and the average of three sections of the same tooth for assessing permeability. Regarding the SEM showed that in relation to the bleaching procedure, we found differences when compared to control groups. The control groups showed tooth surfaces smooth and regular. Since the groups treated with PH35% and 35% PH + LED tooth surfaces showed marked by the presence of enamel rods gently outlined in the midst of an enamel interprismatic smooth texture. The application of Er:YAG promoted the removal of the layer aprismatic and clear statement of the enamel prisms, depressions, making the surface porous and irregular. In groups that applied fluoride, regardless of the type of bleaching done, it was observed on surfaces covered by a precipitate fusiform. In relation to permeability, the results showed no significant difference. In relation to the color change was statistical difference between individual agents used and the Er:YAG method to achieve the color shades lighter when compared to PH35 and PH35% + LED. We conclude that further studies are needed to find themselves safe and appropriate parameters for the laser application. This will make you not only get better color tone, but less deleterious effects on enamel surface morphology cleared.

Für die Zuweisung von Genus im Deutschen wurden verschiedene Regeln vorgeschlagen. Genuszuweisung kann beispielsweise auf der Grundlage von Suffixregeln erfolgen. Diesen Regeln zufolge sind Derivations- und Diminutivsuffixe zuverlässige Genusindikatoren. Es finden sich nur wenige Ausnahmen zu diesen Regeln. Andere Nomen hingegen scheinen keine Genustransparenz zu haben. Ziel der durchgeführten Studien ist zu prüfen, inwieweit gesunde sowie aphasische Sprecher von formalen Genusindikatoren profitieren. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß gesunde Sprecher des Deutschen, anders als im Französischen oder Italienischen, in einer Genuszuweisungsaufgabe nicht von der Transparenz der Stimuli profitieren. Es wurden keine Reaktionszeitunterschiede zwischen der transparenten und intransparenten Bedingung gemessen. Aphasische Sprecher hingegen machen in der transparenten Bedingung weniger Fehler bei der Genuszuweisung als in der intransparenten Bedingung. Diese Ergebnisse werden im Kontext aktueller Sprachverarbeitungsmodelle diskutiert. Sie legen nah, daß Genus weder nur lexikalisch gespeichert ist noch ausschließlich auf der Basis von Regeln zugewiesen wird. Es wird angenommen, daß beide Strategien Teil der sprachlichen Kompetenz sind. / Different rules have been proposed for the assignment of gender to nouns in German. For instance, on the basis of derivational or diminutive suffixes gender can be assigned reliably, with only a few exceptions. However, there are several nouns that do not have any formal indication of gender. It was the aim to investigated whether normal and aphasic speakers benefit from formal gender cues. Results indicate that healthy speakers do not profit from gender cues in a gender assignment task. There are no differences in reaction times between the transparent and nontransparent condition. This contradicts findings from languages like French and Italian. However, Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics benefit from gender cues, although they do so in a different way. I interpret these findings within the context of current models of language processing and argue that gender is neither only lexically stored nor exclusively assigned on the basis of assignment rules. Both strategies seem to be part of German speakers' language competence.