Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo desta pesquisa é a analise dos conceitos de natureza, sociedade e educação que são referência da moral em Rousseau. O que nos leva a refletir sobre a ação individual e coletiva dos homens, que agem de acordo com os princípios de sua moral, pressupondo assim, um sujeito livre e responsável pelos seus atos. Para tanto, o filósofo, utiliza um método que consiste em reconstruir a história da humanidade e ao construir o Discurso sobre a origem e os fundamentos da desigualdade entre os homens, segue um processo de sociabilização dos homens que tem origem a saída do estado de natureza resultando no estado de civilidade . Refletindo o homem em seu limiar, Rousseau observou que as falsas luzes da civilização provocaram uma cisão entre o ser e o parecer, a qual se define pela perda da essência humana. Neste contexto, refletimos acerca dos conceitos que o genebrino utiliza a fim de pensar o homem para viver em meio social, bem como uma direção para que ele saia do estado moralmente degenerado e encontre outros caminhos, os quais são apresentados nessa dissertação, enquanto contribuição para a ética contemporânea no que se refere ao pensamento ambiental.

La présence de contraintes de plus en plus strictes sur les émissions de polluants on poussé les contruteurs vers l'injection directe essence (IDE), afin d'améliorer les performances et réduire la consommation de carburant et les émissions des moteurs à combustion interne. Par conséquent, de nouveaux défis sont introduits en termes d'optimisation de la combustion, en raison d'une plus complexe phénomenologie tandis que les modéles système demande des paramètres de calibration supplémentaires.Cette thèse présente le développement et la validation d'un modèle zéro-dimensionnel (0D) de combustion en IDE pour application en simulation système. Le modèle proposé détaille la physique de l'atomisation, et évaporation des gouttes, de la préparation du mélange air/carburant, de la propagation de flamme dans un mélange non-homogène ainsi que l'intéraction entre ces phénomènes.La phase liquide est discretisés en paquets groupant des gouttes de la même taille.Un modèle d'atomisation empirique basé sur la vitesse d'injection, les propriétés du carburant et les conditions thermodynamiques fournit les diamètres initiaux. Un modèle Lagrangien détaillant une dynamique de trainée/inértie, échange thermique et convection forcée décrit la pénétration liquide et l'evaporation des paquets. La formation du mélange air/carburant est décrite avec une PDF qui discretise la charge en un mécanisme de classes intéragissant les unes avec les autres et avec les paquets de gouttes. La propagation de flamme prend en compte les effets de l'hétérogéneité du mélange sur la vitesse de flamme et la formation des polluants.Le modèle proposé a été implémenté dans la plateforme Simcenter Amesim, dédiée á la modélisation de systémes multi-physiques, et intégrée dans le modèle de combustion essence CFM1D, de la librairie IFP-Engine.Des approche de modélisation de l'evaporation de carburant, de la dynamique de spray et de la formation du mélange, inspirés de la literature sur les moteurs Diesel, ont été adaptés aux conditions IDE.Le modèle a initialement été validé sur des mesures et des simulations RANS 3D réalisées avec le code IFP-C3D, d'une bombe d'injection à volume constant.Un vortex de tumble, dans un premier temps, et des variations rapides du voulume de la chambre ensuite, ont été ajoutés aux expériments numériques afin d'évaluer la réponse du modèle à l'aérodynamique dans la chambre de combustion et à des conditions thermodynamiques variables, en termes d'évaporation, développement du spray et distribution de la richesse. Des simulations d'injections dans un moteur entraîné,dont les résultats ont été comparés avec des mesures et des calculs CDF,complètent la validation du modèle avec à la fois des conditions thermodynamiques variable et de l'aérodynamique. / Future constraints on pollutant emissions pushed car manufacturers towards gasoline direct injection (GDI) technologies to improve engine performances and reduce fuel consumption and emissions. New challenges are then introduced in terms of combustion optimization due to a more complex phenomenology while system models require additional calibration parameters.This PhD work presents the development and validation of a Zero-Dimensional (0D) model of GDI combustion for system simulation. The proposed model focuses on physics of atomization and drop evaporation, fuel/air mixing, flame propagation in heterogeneous charge and mutual interaction between these phenomena.The liquid phase is discretized in parcels grouping drops of the same size. An empirical atomization model based on injection velocity, fuel characteristics and thermodynamic conditions provides initial diameters. A Lagrangian model including drag-inertia dynamics, heat-up and forced convection describes drop parcel penetration and evaporation. Fuel / air mixing is described using a discrete Probability Density Function (PDF) approach, based on constant-mixture-fraction classes interacting with each other and with the drop parcels. Flame propagation takes into account mixture heterogeneity effects on flame speed and pollutant production is modelled.The model was implemented in the Simcenter Amesim platform for multi-physical modelling and integrated in a generic Spark Ignition (SI) combustion chamber submodel, CFM1D, from the IFP-Engine library.Fuel evaporation, spray dynamics and mixture formation modelling approaches, inspired by literature on Diesel engines, were adapted to GDI operating conditions. The model was first validated on a constant-volume vessel with quiescent gas in different thermodynamic conditions by means of experiments and 3D RANS CFD simulations performed with IFP-C3D. A tumble vortex in a constant volume vessel, in a first time, and rapid variations of the vessel volume, in a second time, were then added to the numerical experiment in order to test the model response to in-cylinder flow aerodynamics and variable thermodynamic conditions, respectively, in terms of fuel evaporation, spray development and fuel/air mixing and equivalence ratio distribution. Computations of fuel injections in a motored engine complete the model validation campaign in variable thermodynamic conditions and with realistic aerodynamics and the results were compared to both experiments and CFD computations.

This thesis is about concept of time in work of french philosopher Gilles Deleuze. First of all is nescessery to introduce reader with philosophy of Henri Bergson and Deleuze's interpretation of Bergon's work and how Deleuze uses it for demonstration of his own thoughs. After Bergson, there is finally an art, Marcel Proust and his novel In Search of Lost Time, which is subject of Deleuze's early work. Philosopher's original interpretation of proustian time is introduced in context of other intepretations of his time and also in the context in relation to philosophy of Bergson. The second half of thesis talks about modern film, which was Deleuze's interest through 1980s. This thesis doesn't try to make any brave interpretations of Deleuze's work, but does try to introduce a problém of time in his work, The concept of time is something which is not a big thing in Deleuze's philosophy, but i tis something what is there for a whole time because of Henri Bergson's influence.

The rhetorical core of adaptation studies is a comparison between two texts, and the type of comparison that has sparked the most reactions, whether in its use or in speaking out against it, is fidelity criticism. As David Johnson and Simone Murray point out, fidelity criticism has long been rejected as an unscholarly mode of interpretative analysis because it is caught up in subjective value judgments and imprecise conjectures of a text’s “essence.” I contend, however, that the understanding of essences is critical to understanding both fidelity and the adaptation experience because something like essence is fixed in the human consciousness. Recent research in neuro-studies suggests that the mind creates “essences” by recognizing networks of structural elements in objects (namely texts for the purposes of this paper). The essence then becomes an experienced-based abstraction that can be recalled whenever useful. The individual is able to use the abstraction the mind creates to interpret the world, including the object itself, other objects, and the relationship all those objects have with him/herself, the individual. That relationship, in turn, influences and changes both the object and the individual interpreting the object. Thus the concept of a text’s essence, though often disregarded, becomes a useful interpretative tool when understood through a combination of overlapping theoretical traditions. Combining a reception-based structural and Heideggerian utilitarianism with recent neuroscientific findings grants productive insights clarifying our understandings and definitions of essence, especially in regard to adaptations in particular.

La réduction des émissions de CO2 et de polluants est un des enjeux essentiels pour faire face aux problèmes liés au changement climatique. Dans le secteur des transports, la technologie de recirculation des gaz d’échappement (EGR) est souvent utilisée dans les moteurs turbo-compressés à allumage commandé pour réduire la consommation de carburant, inhiber les risques de cliquetis et réduire les émissions de NOx. Cependant, des taux d’EGR élevés restent difficiles à atteindre car ils réduisent le dégagement de chaleur et la stabilité du moteur. L'augmentation du niveau de turbulence et la mise en oeuvre de systèmes à allumage commandé avancés n’apportant pas d'améliorations suffisantes dans des conditions aussi extrêmes, la chimie de la combustion pour les très hautes dilutions suscite un intérêt croissant. Le présent travail vise à comprendre la chimie de combustion des flammes prémélangées essence/air très diluées et à établir un mécanisme cinétique détaillé par modélisation multi-échelle afin de prévoir les caractéristiques de combustion avec une précision suffisante dans des conditions de forte dilution.Ce travail adopte une approche de modélisation multi-échelle et cible la vitesse de flamme laminaire (SL) d'un substitut d'essence, appelé TRFE et qui est constitué d'isooctane, de n-heptane, de toluène et d'éthanol. Pour la modélisation à l’échelle microscopique, la réaction entre le cétène et le radical hydroxyle, qui pourrait être importante pour la SL dans des conditions très diluées, est étudiée théoriquement à l'aide de méthodes de structure électronique ab initio pour la surface d'énergie potentielle (PES) et Rice -- Ramsperger -- Kassel -- Marcus Theory couplé à l'équation maîtresse (RRKM / ME) pour les coefficients de vitesse. Des PES détaillées sont obtenues, les voies dominantes sont identifiées et leurs coefficients de vitesse phénoménologiques sont dérivés pour être utilisés dans la modélisation de la combustion. Pour la modélisation à l'échelle macroscopique, les paramètres cinétiques, thermodynamiques et de transport importants pour la vitesse de la flamme laminaire dans des conditions très diluées sont d'abord identifiés à l'aide d'une analyse de sensibilité réalisée sur une version initiale du mécanisme TRFE de départ. Les réactions sensibles impliquent principalement HO2, les espèces C2 - C3 et des radicaux issus du carburant. Le mécanisme initial, via un travail spécifique à chacun des sous-mécanismes, est mis à jour à l'aide des paramètres cinétiques les plus récents issus de la littérature. Enfin, un mécanisme détaillé adapté aux calculs de vitesse de flamme laminaire dans des conditions de forte dilution est validé. Une corrélation mathématique de SL est établie pour l'utilisation dans des simulations numériques de la dynamique des fluides (CFD). / Reducing CO2 and pollutant emission is the essential challenge when dealing with climate change problems. In the transport sector, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology is often used in turbocharged gasoline spark ignition (SI) engines to increase fuel economy, inhibit knock tendency, and reduce NOx emissions. However, high EGR ratios are still difficult to achieve, as they result in reduced heat release and engine stability. As increasing turbulence level and advance spark ignition systems could not bring sufficient improvements at such extreme conditions, growing interest is cast onto the combustion chemistry under high dilution. The present work aims to understand the combustion chemistry of highly-diluted gasoline premixed flames and to establish a detailed kinetic mechanism by multi-scale modeling to predict combustion characteristics with sufficient accuracy at highly-diluted conditions.This work adopts a multi-scale modeling approach, and targets on the laminar flame speed (SL) of a gasoline surrogate, which is named toluene reference fuel with ethanol addition (TRFE) and consist of isooctane, n-heptane, toluene, and ethanol. For micro-scale modeling, the reaction between ketene and hydroxyl radical, which might be important to the SL at highly-diluted conditions, is studied theoretically using ab initio electronic structure methods for the potential energy surface (PES) and Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus Theory coupled with Master Equation (RRKM/ME) for the rate coefficients. Detailed PES is obtained, dominant pathways are identified, and their phenomenological rate coefficients are derived to be utilized in combustion modeling. For macro-scale modeling, firstly, important kinetic, thermodynamic, and transport parameters to the laminar flame speed at highly-diluted conditions, are firstly identified using sensitivity analysis based on a starting mechanism. Sensitive reactions are found to mostly involve HO2, C2--C3 species and fuel radicals. Secondly, in the sub-mechanisms where these reactions lies, diluted flames of the corresponding fuels are studied and chemical detail of the dilution effects are explored. The starting mechanism is updated by state-of-the-art kinetics parameters found in the literature for each sub-mechanisms. Finally, a detailed mechanism suitable for laminar flame speed calculations at highly-diluted conditions is established after validation. A mathematical SL correlation is generated for the use in computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations.

"Connected" This paintings are about acces to be connect with all life around us. It´s based on our candidness and the aim.

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This thesis began as an exploration of how to create an immersive design through an immersive design experience. The project I used to study this inquiry was the design of a new country pavilion at Epcot in Walt Disney World based on Peru. This project revealed that in architecture, the design process is integral to the outcome; they are interwoven and cannot be separated. Weaving has emerged throughout every level of this investigation, from the intertwining of the overarching ideas to the physical and metaphysical weaving within the project. The method in which I worked became a weaving of the study of artifacts with the use of traditional architectural techniques and the exploration of emerging design technologies. Traditional architectural design processes must be iterated on and adapted to better address more specialized sectors of the industry. For a themed entertainment project specifically, the design process must be catered to understanding and enhancing the user experience. I argue that a more immersive, multimedia design process is necessary to appropriately address these issues. / Master of Architecture / This thesis began as an exploration of how to create an immersive design through an immersive design experience. The project I used to study this inquiry was the design of a new country pavilion at Epcot in Walt Disney World based on Peru. This project revealed that in architecture, the design process is integral to the outcome; they are interwoven and cannot be separated. Weaving has emerged throughout every level of this investigation, from the intertwining of the overarching ideas to the physical and metaphysical weaving within the project. The method in which I worked became a weaving of the study of artifacts with the use of traditional architectural techniques and the exploration of emerging design technologies. Traditional architectural design processes must be iterated on and adapted to better address more specialized sectors of the industry. For a themed entertainment project specifically, the design process must be catered to understanding and enhancing the user experience. I argue that a more immersive, multimedia design process is necessary to appropriately address these issues.

This research began with an exploration of the phenomenon of cultural conflict and fusion in the process of architectural modernization in Taiwan. It will examine the impact of modern and contemporary theories on the practice of architecture of the island. It will then seek out the essence of Chinese classical architecture in order to develop an approach for the development of the future Chinese/Taiwanese architecture. In addition, the findings of the study could serve as a reference for scholars who would pursue historical and theoretical studies of in the subject, or for architects who are seeking design concepts to enhance their projects. The study utilizes an interpretive-historical methodology. It emphasizes that researchers should investigate social phenomena within broader and more complex contexts of what to uncover the underlying cultural factors. To highlight their significance, the author will pursue a hypothetic project to examine and demonstrate the meaningfulness and applicability of the concepts learned from the research. Efforts were made to discover ways in which Taiwanese and Chinese architectural culture can deal with foreign influences, such that it will be able to enjoy the benefits of modernization while maintaining its unique character and identity. Moreover, it will attempt to uncover ways in which Chinese architecture can in fact influence the global contemporary architectural culture. Finally, it is hoped that this work will produce a useful reference for students, scholars and architects who wish to develop design projects that reflect and celebrate regional cultures. / Ph. D.

Two long-standing and erroneous claims have plagued Marxism for the past century. First, Marx held no static view of human-nature. Second, Marx's theory of alienation was the naive view of a young Marx, which was jettisoned in his wiser adult years. Both views are demonstrable false. Moreover, the validity of his theory of human nature, and alienation, are contingent upon the acceptance of each other. One cannot fully comprehend his view of alienation without understanding his view of human nature, and vice versa. Upon demonstrating Marx's theory of human nature, and defending it as a crucial bedrock for the theory of alienation, mainstream rejections of each will be considered, and critiqued. The constant misunderstanding of Marx's theory of human nature comes in his unique theory of essence. He is an essentialist, with a fluid conception of man's essence. One's historical essence is an ensemble of socio-historical reflections, dialectically interplaying off a historically transcending essentialism.