Le moteur essence à allumage par compression (GCI), reposant sur la combustion partiellement prémélangée de l'essence (GPPC), peut potentiellement assurer des opérations efficaces et propres. Le moteur GCI s'est avéré efficace à forte charge, mais l'indice d'octane élevé de l'essence limite considérablement les opérations à faible charge. Le présent travail étudie le potentiel de l'utilisation de l'ozone, fort agent oxydant, pour améliorer la réactivité de l'essence et permettre le fonctionnement à faible charge de GCI. L'ozone peut être produit on board en équipant le moteur d'un générateur d'ozone, sans impact dramatique sur le coût du moteur et sur la complexité du contrôle du moteur. Les essais effectués avec un moteur monocylindre ont montré que l'ozone favorise la combustion HCCI de l'essence, permettant d'étendre la limite d’auto-inflammation et de réduire la température minimale nécessaire de celle-ci. Les diagnostics optiques ont montré que ces propriétés sont liées à une prolifération radicale accrue, amenées par des réactions à basse température induites par l'ozone. En parallèle, le processus de combustion GCI a été étudié dans des conditions de faible charge. Sans ozone, la température d'admission doit être considérablement augmentée pour permettre l'auto-inflammationdes mélanges essence-air pauvres. De plus, les résultats indiquent que le monoxyde d’azote (NO) contenu dans les gaz brûlés résiduels peut, dans certaines conditions, favoriser fortement la combustion GCI. Ensuite,l'effet de l'ozone a été étudié dans des conditions d'injection directe GCI. Les résultats démontrent qu’une stratégie avec double injection est nécessaire pour maximiser l’effet promoteur de l’ozone et pour contrôler le processus de combustion GCI. Enfin, l'utilisation d’une forte concentration d’ozone a permis d’atteindre des opérations à faible charge en mode GCI, avec des faibles émissions de NOx et de suie, et cela, sans avoir besoin d'augmenter la température ou la pression d'admission. / Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) engine, relying on Gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion (GPPC) has potential for efficient and clean operations. GCI engine showed to be effective at high load, however, the highoctane number of gasoline dramatically limits low load operations. The present work investigates the potential of using ozone, a strong oxidizing agent, to improve gasoline reactivity and enabling low load GCI operation.Ozone can be produced in-situ and on-demand by equipping the engine with an ozone generator, without a dramatic impact on the engine cost and the engine control complexity. Experiments in a single cylinder engine showed that ozone promotes gasoline HCCI combustion, making possible to extend the lean limit and reducing the minimum temperature needed for autoignition. Optical diagnostics showed that these properties are related to an increased radical proliferation related to ozone-induced low temperature reactions. In parallel, GCI combustion process was investigated under low load conditions. Without ozone, the intake temperature should be considerable increased to enable auto ignition of lean gasoline-air mixtures. Moreover, results indicated that the NO contained into residual burnt gases can strongly promote GCI low load combustion. Finally, the effect of ozone was investigated under GCI direct-injection conditions, demonstrating that low load GCI operation with low NOx and Soot emission can be achieved by seeding the intake of the engine with ozone without needing of increasing the intake charge temperature or boosting the intake pressure.

Ce mémoire aborde l’importance et la problématique de l’intégration d’éléments de la musique populaire brésilienne dans la composition de musique contemporaine de concert. Comme l’histoire de la musique peut le confirmer à travers ses grandes icônes, l’identification d’un peuple à sa propre culture sous la forme musicale est très importante, surtout dans le domaine de la composition. La présente recherche s’efforce de révéler les éléments qui incarnent l’essence du langage de la musique brésilienne dans ses différents styles, et de déterminer une manière de les intégrer dans un nouveau contexte esthétique, à savoir la composition contemporaine, sans qu’ils perdent leur lien avec la tradition et de façon qu’ils restent reconnaissables pour l’auditeur. / This dissertation will discuss the importance as well as problematize the insertion of elements from Brazilian popular music in the context of contemporary concert music composition. As the history of music can confirm by its great icons, the identification of a nation with its own culture though musical form is very important, especially in the field of composition. This research thus seeks to find elements that represent the essence of the Brazilian music language in its different styles and to determine how to apply them in a new aesthetic context – namely, contemporary composition – without losing their connection to tradition and while remaining recognizable to the listener.

Dans plusieurs marchés de l’essence, les prix semblent s’ajuster plus rapidement après des hausses que des baisses des coûts. Cet ajustement asymétrique pourrait entraîner un surcoût pour les automobilistes puisque les prix descendent plus lentement qu’ils le devraient. Plusieurs études ont été réalisées sur le sujet et la plupart indiquent la présence du phénomène. Au Québec, les rares études ont toutefois apporté des résultats mitigés. Ce mémoire vise à tester la présence d’ajustement asymétrique du prix de l’essence à Québec. Nous estimons trois modèles à correction d’erreur et deux d’entre eux indiquent la présence d’asymétrie. En particulier, nous trouvons que l’asymétrie s’observe en fonction de la marge bénéficiaire des essenceries et non du signe des variations des coûts, contrairement à ce que confirment plusieurs études. Plus précisément, le prix semble s’ajuster plus rapidement lorsque la marge est basse. Toutefois, nous estimons que l’asymétrie engendre un surcoût minime pour les automobilistes.

The central issue of this study revolves around the necessity of the church to understand its essence in order to maintain a healthy balance between its identity and its relevance. The point of departure of this thesis is based on the supposition that in its attempt to remain relevant, the possibility exists that the church may in the process loose its identity. Yet on the other hand, the possibility exists that in its attempt to preserve its identity, the church may become irrelevant. While the point of departure of this study is based on the above premise, it is also postulated that it is essential for the church to reconsider the essence of its being, in order to fully appreciate the irrefutable meaning of church. Balance between identity and relevance seems nonexistent within the church unless the church understands the fundamental nature and real meaning of itself. In the Prolegomena, introductory remarks analyse the hypothesis as stated above, followed by an explanation of the research problem, a stimulus, the methodology applied, the purpose of the thesis, a chapter defining the terminology applied and a brief explanation of the close relationship between identity and relevance to other areas relative to the church as indicated in point 3 below. Within the thesis it is argued that the essence of the church is an attribute that every member of the church universal must necessarily partake of in order to belong thereto. Historical indications are employed whereby deductions can be made by which the essence, identity and relevance of the church may be demarcated. Discussions include: the origin and nature of the church; the current academic debate about the person of Jesus; the relationship between the kingdom and the church, and the implied current crisis of the church. The thesis closes with the formulation of the conclusion based on this research, namely that in order for the church to maintain a healthy balance between identity and relevance, theologians and church leaders - although situated in a variety of differing contexts - need to acquire a fresh understanding of the essence of the church and who constitutes the church / Systematic Theology & Theological Ethics / D. Th. (Systematic Theology)

Abstract  Children according to children  From a phenomenological perspective of childhood sociological approach I have had interviews with eight children made a qualitative survey. The purpose of which was to seek knowledge about children's views on children, and to explore the essence of the phenomenon of children. What emerges from the interviews is that there is a clear differentiation between children and adults. Children and adults do not according to children do the same things, and it is the size acording to them to see if it is a child or not.  Being a child is a temporary state, but for the children is the beginning and the end difficult to define. Age has a part in it but also how children play.  Based on my interviews I see children describe children as playing thinking phenomena when they analyze children from an outside perspective. / Sammanfattning  Barn enligt barn  Utifrån ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv med barndomssociologiskt synsätt har jag genom intervjuer med åtta barn gjort en kvalitativ undersökning, där syftet varit att söka kunskap om barns syn på barn, samt att utforska essensen i fenomenet barn.  Det som framkommer i intervjuerna är att det finns en tydlig differentiering mellan barn och vuxna. Barn och vuxna gör, enligt barn, inte samma saker och det går på storleken att se om det är ett barn eller ej. Att vara barn är ett temporärt tillstånd men för barnen är början och slutet svåra att definiera. Åldern har med saken att göra men också leken.  Utifrån mina intervjuer ser jag barnen beskriva barnen som lekande tänkande fenomen där de i stort intar en utifrån-position i sina svar på de frågor jag ställer.

The intention of this diploma work is based on legacy of Master Peter de Letovic which is till now unknown. He worked at Prague University before initiation of the Hussite Revolution. The thesis proceed from his question Utrum cuiuslibet spiritus rationalis eadem essentia sit substantialiter ratio memoria et voluntas which gave him Master Matthew de Knin at quodlibet in the year 1409. The principal part of the thesis deal with a critic transcription and translation of manuscript from the codex UK Praha X H 18. The author, furthermore, attempt to interpret the question in a commentary and classify it in the context of philosophical thoughts at Prague University. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

[pt] Os principais aspectos da teoria da definição que são discutidos nesta tese são os seguintes: 1) a natureza das definições; 2) a metodologia empregada na formulação de definições; 3) o papel que as definições exercem na ciência em geral; 4) as características que distinguem axiomas e hipóteses de definições; 5) a distinção entre definições nominais e reais; 6) a relação entre definição e demonstração. Um exame de diferentes pontos de vista, através da história da filosofia, em conexão com estes aspectos, mostra que não é possível alcançar rigor científico sem o emprego de definições claras e rigorosas, e conduz à conclusão de que definições têm um papel epistemológico fundamental. / [en] The main aspects of the theory of definition that are discussed in this thesis are the following: 1) the nature of definitions; 2) the methodology used in the formulation of definitions; 3) the role that definitions play in science in general; 4) the characteristics that distinguish axioms and hypotheses from definitions; 5) the distinction between nominal and real definitions; 6) the relation between definition and demonstration. An examination of different points of view throughout the history of philosophy in connection with these aspects shows that it is not possible to reach scientific rigor without the employment of clear and exact definitions, and leads to the conclusion that definitions have an essential epistemological role.

The title of this thesis is Christ in Tropical Africa - in the Tension Between Identity and Relevance. Within a few years Africa will be the greatest Christian continent, and African Christianity will then no longer see itself as a mere continuation of Western Christianity. On the threshold of the 21st Century, this insight challenges Christian theology and missiology which have for a long time answered the helm of the Western missionary movements. This contribution to the scholarly debate on cultural and religions identity issues deals with the question how the recent development ought to be integrated in a systematic reflection, and how Africans - especially African theologians - themselves attempt to highlight the necessity of a relevant and authentic African Christianity and theology. The post-colonial and partly post-missionary era has resulted in a sense of departure and transition which has created space for a renewed and adjusted conception of the question of identity. This dissertation present a critical discourse on African themes and questions concerning identity issues in the perspectives of studies in the areas of theology, anthropology, philosophy, and religion. The discourse shows the complexity of what is called identity, africanity etc. and threw critical light on a tendency of making generalizations and constructions. Dangers of constructions of which Christian African theologians have not always been sufficiently conscious. The interdisciplinary perspective of this study is widening the question of identity while it still constitutes a hermeneutical key to understand the concerns of Christian theology in the tropical part of Africa. African theology is situated in the tension between identity and relevance. This become obvious in African christological proposals. The thesis put a critical test question to the theologians who have contributed with new Christ-titles and -models: Have they both managed to give grounds for the significance of christology for human freedom and identity (the relevance of christology), and at the same time secured the continuity and agreement with the original theological content of christology (the identity of christology in the New Testament)? The question can only partly be answered affirmatively. In some cases the actual understanding of life and conception of reality in a certain context provides the decisive criterion in the interpretation of Biblical concepts and christological titles. This creates hermeneutic problems which are dealt with in the close of the thesis. / <p>Contains an English summary</p>

La Tesis se propone estudiar, analizar y reflexionar sobre la situación del individuo humano en la actualidad en relación con el problema de la definición de su esencia. La superación de la metafísica, la crítica al proyecto ilustrado, la vuelta a las cosas mismas y la necesidad de superar la problemática del hombre actual hacen necesario plantear un nuevo ámbito para la imbricación del hombre en el mundo. Esta es la propuesta de Zubiri, en el contexto de lo que se considera el "tercer horizonte". Por eso, para alcanzar los objetivos de la tesis, se toma a Zubiri como hilo conductor y se mantiene un continuo diálogo entre este pensador y otras formas contemporáneas de humanismo: Nietzsche, Buber y, especialmente, Heidegger.El concepto de sustantividad y, en el caso del hombre, el de sustantividad individual se ofrece como un sólido principio con el que tratar de explicar la situación del hombre en el mundo y la posible evolución futura de sus notas esenciales. Respecto a las notas del ser humano, encontramos que el conjunto de aquéllas que son constituyentes y fundantes en el individuo es lo que podemos definir como "esencia del hombre". Para Zubiri, al igual que para Heidegger, "ser" y "tiempo" no son fundamento para la realidad sino todo lo contrario: el fundamento es, para Zubiri, "la realidad"; mientras que, para Heidegger, es el "se" del "se da", que representa lo esencial hacia lo que es perentorio dirigir nuestro nuevo pensar.Concluye el trabajo indagando sobre la compatibilidad entre una realidad como fundamento y la presencia del hombre en el mundo, una realidad en la realidad, que dispone de un proyecto vital que precisa de un pleno enfoque humanista como requisito para conseguir su realización durante y a través de la ejecución de este su proyecto vital. / The purpose of the Thesis is to study, analyze and reflect on the situation of the individual human being in the present, in relation with the problematic of the definition of the human essence. The overcoming of Metaphysic, the criticism to the 'Enlightenment project', the return to the realism of things and the necessity to go beyond the current problematic of Man make necessary to consider a new ambit for the overlapping of Man in the World. This is the proposal of Zubiri in the field of his consideration of 'The third Horizont'. In this Thesis Zubiri is considered as a conductor wire to be contrasted, in continuous dialogue, with other philosophers: Nietzsche, Buber and, mainly, Heidegger. The Zubiri's concept of 'sustantividad' and in the case of Man 'sustantividad individual' shows up as a solid principle to explain the human being situation in the World and the possible evolution of his essential notes. With respect to these notes, we find that the whole of them that are constituent and fundamental for the individual can be defined as the 'essence of Man

The aim of this exam is about possibility to position a didactical theory of Curriculum for compulsory school, preschool class and the leisure-time centre 2011 (Lgr11). I use Michael Foucault’s discourse analysis to study the syllabuses for social sciences subjects History and Religion. The main theme is to seek what kind of world does these two social study subjects construct for students in high school. The point of using Foucault’s discourse is to seek specific knowledge and words which is used for power positioning. The didactical theory has worked as a base from which to discuss how to evaluate this. In the discussion the author suggests a theoretical view for further development of a didactical theory. The main angle of the approach is to develop didactical theory and to create bigger space for pupils in knowledge. The didactical theory is a useful tool for teachers view on pupil’s intake of knowledge and how the pupils work in classrooms.