The overall aim was to investigate bachelor nursing students’ experiences with simulation as a learning approach conducted under various conditions. Additionally, the aim was to translate and validate questionnaires for the evaluation of simulation in a Norwegian context. Methods: Quantitative and qualitative methods were used. Nursing students responded to three questionnaires after attending either low- or high-fidelity simulation. Data were analyzed with statistics (I). Two evaluation questionnaires were subjected to a principal components analysis (II, III). Data were obtained from nursing students through focus group interviews, and analyzed with a qualitative content analysis (IV). Main findings: Independent of the fidelity level in the simulation and educational level, the students reported satisfaction and that the emphasized features in learning were present. Those who had used a paper/pencil case study were the most satisfied (I). Debriefing was reported to be crucial for learning, but in particular by attending the large groups, also as a stressful and intrusive situation (IV).The Norwegian version of the questionnaire, the Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence Scale, revealed no stable factor solution (II). The translated version of the Debriefing Experience Scale was shown to hold a good potential for evaluating debriefing, but benefited from reducing the subscales (III). To ensure safety and security were reported to be a prerequisite for learning, with the students requesting a more frequent use of simulation and a higher degree of familiarity with active learning in their program in general (IV). Conclusions: Simulation at all fidelity levels should be used in nursing education. To exploit the potential, the learning approaches should be integrated into the program in general through a systematic and structured building of a learning community. A further validation and testing of the questionnaires in different programs and contexts is needed.

Bakgrund: Självskadebeteende innebär att en person avsiktligen tillfogar sig fysiska kroppskador. Personer med ett självskadebeteende beskrivs som en svår grupp att behandla. Både inom somatisk och psykiatrisk vård framkom det att vårdpersonal upplevde det svårt att hantera och vårda personer med ett självskadebeteende. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av och attityder till att vårda personer med ett självskadebeteende. Metod: Tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar utgör resultatet i denna litteraturstudie och kvalitetsgranskades med IMRAD-modellen. Innehållsanalys med en manifest ansats användes för att granska, analysera och sammanställa resultatet. Resultat: Det resultat som framkom sammanställdes i fyra huvudkategorier. Dessa var vårdpersonalens kompetens och förhållningssätt, vårdpersonalens känslomässiga reaktioner, hanteringsstrategier för att klara arbetet och organisationens inverkan. Slutsats: Bristfällig utbildning och negativa attityder försämrar omvårdnaden. Det är därför viktigt att vårdpersonal får utbildning och handledning för att de ska få verktyg att hantera sina känslor och därigenom medverka till god omvårdnad för personer med ett självskadebeteende. / Background: Self-harm behaviour means that a person intentionally inflict physical injury to the body. Persons with a self-harm behaviour is described as a difficult group of patients to attend. Caregivers in the somatic and psychiatric care experienced it hard to handle and care for people with a self-harm behaviour. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe caregivers’ experiences of and attitudes towards caring for persons who engage in self-harm. Method: Ten qualitative scientific articles constitutes the result of this study and was quality-assured with the IMRAD-model. Content analysis with a manifest approach was used to examine, analyze and compile the results. Results: The results obtained were summarized in four main categories. These were caregivers’ competence and approach, caregivers’ emotional reactions, coping strategies to cope with the work and impact of the organization. Conclusion: Lack of education and negative attitudes deteriorates caring. Therefore it is important that caregivers’ get education and supervision so that they get tools for the management of feelings and thereby being able to participate in providing a good care for persons with a self-harm behaviour.

Sammanfattning  Bakgrund  Övervikt och fetma definieras som ”onormal eller överdriven ansamling av fett som utgör en risk för hälsa”. Förekomsten av fetma har globalt fördubblats sedan 1980-talet. Enligt barnhälsovården var 2011 8,0 - 13,5 % av Sveriges fyraåringar överviktiga och 1,8 - 2,7 % hade fetma.  Syfte  Att belysa barn och ungdomars (8-19 år) erfarenheter av att leva med övervikt eller fetma samt granska hur den metodologiska aspekten datainsamlingsmetod beskrivs.  Metod  Litteraturstudie med deskriptiv design. Sammanställning av tolv artiklar med kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats samt mixed metod. Systematisk databassökning i PubMed.  Resultat  Barn och ungdomar har svårt att identifiera sig som överviktigt/feta. Kroppsuppfattning är individuellt och skiljer sig mellan könen, flickor identifierar sig i större utsträckning som överviktiga/feta.  Barn och ungdomar med övervikt/fetma upplever i större utsträckning utsatthet/mobbning än normalviktiga i t.ex. skola, vid fysisk aktivitet eller sociala medier där vänner och/eller familjemedlemmar ger viktrelaterade kommentarer. Samband kan ses mellan utsatthet/mobbning under ungdomsåren och senare i livet.  Reducerad livskvalitet är vanligt förekommande i form av försämrat självförtroende, depression samt påverkad fysisk aktivitet.  Generellt finns en god förståelse gällande sund livsstil, detta uppfattas svårt att leva efter och familjen har en viktig stöttande roll. Trygghet och tillhörighet återfinns även hos andra överviktiga/feta kamrater.  Slutsats  Barn och ungdomar med övervikt/fetma mår sämre än normalviktiga. Detta visar sig i sämre kroppsuppfattning, reducerad livskvalitet och utsatthet/mobbning. Därför är av stor vikt att i tidigt skede uppmärksamma barn och ungdomar med viktproblematik, detta för att i erbjuda adekvata vårdinsatser. / Abstract  Background  Overweight and obesity is defined as abnormal or an overexaggerated amount of fat that creates a risk for ones health. The presence of obesity has doubled globally since the 1980's. According to the Child Health Care 2011 were 8,0 - 13,5 % of Swedens four year olds considered to be overweight, and 1,8 - 2,7 % are considered obese.  Purpose  The purpose of the literaturestudy is to describe the experiences of children and adolescents (8-19 years) living with overweight/obesity and examine how the methodological aspect of data collection method is described.  Method  The methods consisted of: a literature study with descriptive design, a systemativ computer based search with PubMed and a summary of 12 qualitative and quantitative studys and mixed metod.  Results Children and adolescents have a hard time identifying themselves as overweight/obese. Body image is individual and there is a clear distinction between the sexes, where girls tend to identify themselves more as overweight/obese. Children and adolescents tend to experience a greater degree of bullying and vulnerability then would children of normal weight, in school, social media and when exerting themselves physically from friends and family members who make weight related comments. Correlations can be seen between vulnerability and bullying in both the youth ages and into adulthood. Reduced quality of life is often experienced through weakened sense of self-confidence, and depression, as well as poorer performance in physical activity. Children and adolescents in general have a good understanding of what it means to have a healthy lifestyle, but find it difficult to follow. Family has a very important role in supporting this lifestyle, security and belonging are also found in other overweight/obese peers. Conclusion Children and adolescents who are overweight/obese feel worse than normal weight peers. This shows itself through poorer body awareness, reduced quality of life and vulnerability/bullying. Therefore it is of great importance to the early attention to children and young people with weight problems, in order to offer appropriate health care interventions.

This study elucidates the feelings and the experiences by working with the complex of problems of self-injurious behaviour, of six professionals. The purpose with this study has been to examine the feelings and the experiences of the professionals, coming up when they meet and treat young girls with self-injurious behaviour. The empirical basis of this study is built on interviews of six female professionals, working in the County of Kalmar. The statements of the informants were analyzed out of Goffman’s Role Theory and the norm perspective on social behaviour. Through the interviews we saw that the professionals act out of the rolls that they are expected to. There are expectations from the colleagues, from the clients and from the community that every professional handles in an individual manner. The way they handle the problematic situations varies between persons and depends on the character of the circumstances. The result shows that the work of the professionals arouses many feelings. It varies what kind of feelings they experiences but they do feel fear, powerlessness, sadness, happiness and most of all frustration. They handle their feelings through tutorial, support from the co-workers and through reflection.

Varje år är omkring 40 miljoner människor runt om i världen i behov av palliativ vård. Att som sjuksköterska vårda patienter som befinner sig i livet slut är en speciell vårdform. Målet för vården inte längre är att bota utan att lindra lidande och stödja patienten i den sista tiden i livet. Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att arbeta i palliativ vård. Metoden som användes var en litteraturstudie som grundades på 13 vetenskapliga artiklar. I resultatet framkom två teman Att göra gott för patient och närstående och Att inte räcka till. Sjuksköterskorna strävar efter att ge personcentrerad omvårdnad, skapa vårdrelationer, vilket bidrar till arbetstillfredställelse. Därför bör mer utbildning inom palliativ vård ingå i sjuksköterskors utbildning för att stärka professionen och sjuksköterskors självkänsla. / Every year there are about 40 million people around the world in need of palliative care. For a nurse it is a special form of care to care for these patients in their end of life. The goal is no longer to cure but to ease and to aid the patient in it's last days of life. In this study, the purpose was to shed light on nurses experiences of working in palliative care. The method used was a literature study based on 13 scientific articles. The result showed two themes, one, To make the patient and their loved ones feel comfortable, and two, To not be enough. The nurses are committed to give personalized care, make care relations, which makes for work satisfaction. Therefore should more education about palliative care be a part of a nurses education, to strengthen the profession, and nurses self-esteem.

No description available.

Ledarskap är en viktig del i sjuksköterskors profession. Genom ett välfungerande ledarskap kan sjuksköterskor bidra till förhöjd vårdkvalité samt ökad patientsäkerhet. Trots betydelsen av ledarskap inom sjuksköterskeprofessionen saknas tillräcklig kunskap och forskning inom ämnet för att möta framtidens krav på vården. Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors uppfattningar av ledarskap inom professionen. Studien utfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie med nio kvalitativa artiklar som grund för resultatet. I resultatet framkom fem teman: Vikten av kommunikation och relationer, Den reflekterande omvårdnadsledaren, Omvårdnadsledare som inspirerar och motiverar, Omvårdnadsledaren i organisationen och Kunskaper hos omvårdnadsledaren. I resultatet belyste sjuksköterskor egenskaper som var önskvärda hos ledare. Sjuksköterskor uppmärksammade förmågan till god kommunikation, vårdandet av relationer, klinisk kunskap samt motivation som de viktigaste egenskaperna hos ledare inom professionen samt belyste betydelsen av självreflektion och självkännedom. För att utveckla framtidens ledare inom vården finns ett behov av fortsatt forskning inom omvårdnadsledarskap. / Leadership is an important part of the nurses’ profession. With a well-functioning leadership can nurses contribute to a higher care quality and increased safety for patients. Despite the importance of leadership within the nursing profession, there is still a need of knowledge and research about the topic to meet the future demands. The aim of this study was to describe nurses’ experiences of leadership within the profession. This study was conducted as a literature study, and the result was based on 9 qualitative articles. The result showed five themes: The importance of communication and relationships, The reflective nursing leader, Nursing leader who inspire and motivate, Nursing leader in the organization and Knowledge of the nursing leader. In the result the nurses highlighted the desirable properties of the leader. The nurses put emphasis on the ability to use effective communication, to nurturing relationships, clinical knowledge and the ability to motivate as the most important properties in leaders within the profession, and highlighted the significance of self-reflection and self-awareness. In order to develop future leaders in nursing, there is a need for further research in nursing leadership.

Prostatacancer är en cancerform som drabbar män i övre medelåldern. Cancerformen påverkar patienter både fysiskt och psykiskt genom symtom och biverkningar från behandling. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva hur patienter som behandlas för prostatacancer upplever sin situation. Studiens resultat utgick ifrån tio vetenskapliga artiklar som besvarade studiens syfte. Resultatet bearbetades och resulterade i fem kategorier: socialt stöd, brist på information, emotionell påverkan, förändrad sexualitet och upplevelse av behandlingspåverkan. I resultatet framkom det att stöd från vänner, familj och sjukvård var en viktig del i hanteringen av sjukdomen samt att patienter med prostatacancer upplevde informationsbrist från sjukvården. Patienterna upplevde en emotionell påverkan både fysiskt och psykiskt som beskrevs som oro och depression. Sexualiteten blev förändrad hos de flesta patienterna som genomgått behandling samt att de olika behandlingarna gav biverkningar som kunde vara svåra att hantera. Tidigare forskning visar att patienter upplever att de är bristfälligt informerade om prostatacancer och dess behandlingar. Därför bör ytterligare forskning fokusera på varför det är en informationsbrist från sjukvården och samhället. / Prostate cancer is a form of cancer that men in the upper middle age fall victim to. This cancer form affects the patients both physically and mentally through symptoms and side effects from the treatment. The aim of the literature study was to describe how patients, who have been treated for prostate cancer, experience their situation. The result of the study was based on ten scientific articles which answered the purpose of the study. The result was processed and it resulted in five categories: social support, lack of information, emotional impact, changed sexuality and experience of treatment. The result showed that support from family and health care was an important part in dealing with the disease and that patients with prostate cancer felt a lack of information from health services. The patients experienced an emotional effect on both their physical and mental health, described as anxiety and depression. Sexuality changed for most of the patients who went through treatment, and the different treatments caused side effects that could be difficult to deal with. Previous research show that patients are not fully informed about prostate cancer and its treatments. For this reason further research should focus on why there is a lack of information from the health services and the society.

Bakgrund: Postpartumdepression (PPD) drabbar mellan 8-15% av alla kvinnor som föder barn och innebär stora påfrestningar för både modern, partnern och spädbarnet. Utvecklandet av PPD har multifaktoriella orsaker som tidigare psykiatrisk sjukdom, dåligt parförhållande och brist på socialt stöd. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka kvinnors upplevelser av postpartumdepression. Metod: Studien är en litteraturöversikt där vetenskapliga artiklar motsvarande studiens syfte granskades. Samtliga artiklar hade kvalitativ ansats och söktes i databaserna Cinahl och Pubmed. Resultat: Studiens resultat indelades i tre övergripande teman: moderskap, diagnostisering - samt stöd. Kvinnor som drabbas av PPD uppfattar sig vara misslyckade mödrar samt upplever känslor av hopplöshet och utmattning. Stigmatiseringen kring PPD samt att bli diagnostiserad med psykiatrisk sjukdom, och rädslan av att bli uppfattad som en otillräcklig mor, leder till motvilja att uppsöka vård. Vårdpersonalen uppfattas ofta normalisera kvinnornas depressionssymptom vilket leder till att dessa kvinnor tappar förtroende för vården och inte känner sig sedda eller tagna på allvar. Partnerns och den närmaste omgivningens stöd spelar en betydande roll för att identifiera symptom, söka hjälp och tillfriskna. Slutsats: PPD upplevs av drabbade kvinnor både som ett personligt och socialt stigma, där den egna förmågan till moderskap och lämplighet ifrågasätts. Resultaten indikerar behov av förbättrat bemötande från vården, samt nytänkande inom tillgänglighet och prevention. / Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) affects between 8-15% of all women who give birth to children and poses major new challenges for the mother, partner and baby. The causes behind the development of postpartum depression are multifactorial; a previous psychiatric illness, poor partner relationship and a lack of social support. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore women's experiences of postpartum depression. Method: The study is a literature review in which scientific papers corresponding to the study's aim were reviewed. All reviewed articles had a qualitative approach and was searched in the databases CINAHL and Pubmed. Results: The results of the study were divided into three overarching themes: maternity, diagnosis and support. Women who suffer from PPD perceive themselves to be a failure as mothers and experience feelings of hopelessness and exhaustion. The stigma surrounding PPD and beeing diagnosed with a mental illness, as well as the fear of being perceived as an inadequate mother, are leading to reluctance to seek care. Health care workers are often perceived to normalize women's depressive symptoms which leads to that these women lose trust in the health care system and do not feel they are seen or taken seriously. Support from partner and the immediate surrounding plays a significant role in identifying symptoms, helpseeking and the process of recovery. Conclusion: PPD was experienced by the affected women as both a personal and a social stigma, where their ability to motherhood and suitability was questioned. The results indicate the need for improved treatment of health care, as well as innovation in availability and prevention.

In order to grow and survive, a firm must create value with consumers in ways that both fit in with consumer demands and stand out from competitors. Focusing on and understanding consumer and firm assessments of value and creation of value has become a central scope in the contemporary strategic management and marketing literature for understanding and explaining firm survival and success. Consequently, the overall aim of this thesis is to provide a conceptually and empirically grounded understanding of consumers’ and managers’ value assessments and behavior in value creation. This thesis draws on a consumer experience perspective and theories on social construction, organizational identity, self-congruence, and the theory of attractive quality, and combines multiple qualitative and quantitative studies. The findings in this thesis shed light on the interplay between consumers, firms, and contextual structures in value creation. Contextual structural, cultural, and political forces are shown to affect and be affected by the shared and individual cognitions of value creation that firms and consumers use in their assessment and creation value. The results of the study enhance the understanding of how firms can adopt various strategic schemas or organizing logics to optimize different types of use value creation when choosing between opposing and contradictive demands in their value creation. Furthermore, the thesis provides a deeper understanding of the hierarchical nature of consumer judgments of value that can be used to enhance the effectiveness of firm prioritizations and as a foundation for future value-creating strategies.