 Bakgrund Schizofreni är en kronisk psykisk sjukdom som har stor påverkan på patientens beteende, tankar och känslor.  Syfte Litteraturstudiens syfte är att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser och erfarenheter av att arbeta med schizofreni patienter samt att beskriva hur de valda artiklarna beskriver urvalsmetod.  Metod Litteraturstudien baserades på totalt 11 kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar. Litteratursökningen gjordes i databaserna PubMed, Cinahl and PsycInfo.  Huvudresultat Sjuksköterskan har en stor roll när det gäller att stödja patienten till sjukdomsinsikt samt vid kommunikationen med patienten. Sjuksköterskans observationsförmåga gynnar sjukdomstillståndet samt supporten som sjuksköterskan visar till patienten betyder mycket under omvårdnadsperioden. Att tro på patienten kan resultera till positiva upplevelser båda för sjuksköterskor och patienter. Bra kommunikationsförmågan hjälper sjuksköterskan att bygga starka relationer med patienter. Sjuksköterskor visar båda positiva och negativa attityder mot schizofrena patienter men bemötandet kan hjälpa att förstärka eller försvåra relationer mellan sjuksköterskor, patienter och deras anhöriga.  Diskussion Patientens sjukdomstillstånd och relationen till anhöriga och sjuksköterskan påverkas av sjuksköterskans kompetens och förmåga samt attityder. Olika arbetssituationer, arbetsmiljöer och arbetsrelationer påverkar hur sjuksköterskor upplever deras arbete och vilka erfarenheter de har angående att arbeta med schizofrena patienter.  Slutsatser Det är viktigt att omvårdnaden till patienter med schizofreni ska ses som helhet. Sjuksköterskan ska ha bra kunskaper och förmåga för att kunna ge en bra omvårdnad så att patienten kan når sin välmående. Sjuksköterskor har behov av att vidare utbilda sig och få tillräcklig bra kunskap angående schizofreni som kan resultera till en god omvårdnad. /  Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric sickness which has a big effect on the patient´s behavior, thoughts and feelings.  Aim: This study´s aim was to describe nurses` experience working with people who have schizophrenia diagnose and to describe how the articles shows the selection for the method.  Method: This literature study was based on contains a total of 11 qualitative and quantitative articles. The data collection was done using PubMed, Cinahl and PsycInfo databases.  Main Results: The nurse has a big role in helping the patient understand the patient’s sickness and also during communication. The nurse´s ability to observe and give support at the period of the sickness mean a lot for the patient during the caring process. Believing in the patient leads to a positive result for both the nurse and the patient. A good ability to communicate can help improve the relationship between the nurse and the patient. Nurses’ show both positive and negative attitudes towards patients with schizophrenia but the meetings can help to strengthen relations between nurses, patients and their relatives.  Discussion: The patient’s understanding of the sickness as well as the relation with the families and the nurse is greatly affected by the nurse´s competence, ability and attitude. The different kind of job situations, environment and relationships influences nurses’ experiences working the schizophrenia patients.  Conclusion: It is important to see that the caring procedure of the patients with schizophrenia is a whole process. The nurse needs to have good competence and ability in order to give the patient good and quality at the care. The nurses needs to learn more to in order to achieve a good competence about schizophrenia which can lead to a good result of the caring process.

Multipel skleros är en kronisk, inflammatorisk autoimmun störning i det centrala nervsystemet och är en av världens mest förekommande neurologiska sjukdomar. Omvårdnadsteoretikern Katie Eriksson beskriver människan som en helhet av kropp, själ och ande, hon framhäver även att livet innebär ett lidande. Syftet var att beskriva individers upplevelser av att leva med multipel skleros. Denna litteraturstudie inkluderade sökningar i flera databaser för att finna vetenskapliga artiklar. Utifrån 13 resultatartiklar som berörde individers upplevelser av att leva med multipel skleros, genererades ett huvudtema Att känna sig motarbetad av kroppen och två teman Kroppsliga upplevelser och Själsliga och andliga upplevelser med subteman. Livet med sjukdomen innebar fler själsliga och andliga upplevelser än kroppsliga upplevelser. De olika temana identifierades med hjälp av Erikssons teori om att människan är en helhet. En betydande slutsats för studien var att livet med sjukdomen innebar en begränsning i vardagen. Litteraturstudien kan bidra till ytterligare kunskap och förståelse hos berörda personer, vilket kan leda till att individer med sjukdomen upplever minskat själsligt lidande. / Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disruption in the central nervous system and also one of the world’s most common neurological diseases. The nursing theorist Katie Eriksson describes the human being as a whole unit of body, soul and spirit. She also explains that suffering is a part of life. The aim of the study was to describe the experiences of individuals living with Multiple Sclerosis. This literature study included searches in several databases with the intention to find scientific results articles. 13 results articles which referred to experiences of individuals with Multiple Sclerosis, generated one main theme To feel discouraged by one’s body and two themes Physical experiences and Mental and spiritual experiences with subthemes. Living with the disease meant that the mental and spiritual experiences were more numerous than the physical experiences. The different themes were identified using Eriksson’s theory of the human being, as a whole unit. A conclusion of great importance was that living with the disease meant a limitation in everyday life. The literature study can contribute to further knowledge and understanding in people whom are involved in the disease. In turn, this can lead to decreased life suffering in people with Multiple Sclerosis.

The purpose of this research was to identify the contributors to optimal sexual experiences. At present, there is a lack of clinical knowledge, research knowledge and in-depth public discourse concerning the nature of healthy sexuality. The theoretical and research literature in this area has focused almost exclusively on defining and conceptualizing sexual dysfunctions with little attention paid to either normal or satisfactory experiences. Very little theory exists on the nature and components of optimal sexuality. To date, no empirical investigations have been done to determine the contributors to optimal sexual experiences. In order to identify the contributors to optimal sexual experiences, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 individuals who reported having experienced “great sex”. A phenomenologically-oriented content analysis was performed on interview transcripts to determine the contributors to optimal sexual experiences. Analysis led to the identification of seven major contributors, two pathways towards optimal sexual experiences and two minor contributors. The major contributors included developmental contributors, individual qualities overall, individual qualities in-the moment, skills, relationship qualities overall, relationship qualities in-the-moment and environmental, situational and preparatory contributors. Each of these larger themes was also characterized by a variety of more specific themes. The two pathways that led to optimal sexual experiences included individual qualities that facilitated relationship qualities and relationship qualities that facilitated individual qualities. Finally, the minor contributors consisted of personal proclivities and miscellaneous contributors. Noteworthy findings of this investigation are discussed and then compared and contrasted with existing research and theory. The implications of this work for the general public, sex therapy, sex education, theory and research are considered as well as the strengths and limitations of this study.

This study explores male students’ experiences in physical education in an urban secondary high school in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of body habitus, social, and physical capital, the purpose of this qualitative case study is to develop a better understanding of Saudi youth body dispositions that influence their experiences in physical education. The paper reports upon data generated by semi-structured interviews with 27 male students between the ages of 15 and 20, all of whom attended one public secondary school in Makkah during the fall of 2012. The PE teacher and the school director were also interviewed. The study emphasizes that the early childhood experiences in particular the socialization process within the family and among neighbourhood friends is important in shaping their body habitus. The study reveals that students coming to the PE class embodied different social practices and attitudes that reflect their family’s social and material conditions. In addition, family and peers influences on students’ PE participation intersected with other conditions such as institutional barriers (i.e. lack of funding, PE equipment, changing and showering rooms) and the PE teacher’s pedagogical approach. The study indicates that the more initial support students receive from their social networks in physical activity, the more they actively participate in the PE class. Students with high physical body skills have a high level of participation in PE while those with low physical body skills have a low level of participation, some then being marginalized. Hygiene is another issue that concerns some students in ways that prevents them from participation in PE. Surprisingly, the Saudi adult masculine identity associated with traditional clothing (thawb) is also a condition that influences student PE participation.

Over the past ten years, there has been a consistent increase in opioid use, which has resulted in an increase in enrolment in methadone maintenance therapy [MMT]. With retention in MMT being a key factor, in order to understand the process of retention, it is important to gain an understanding of individual perceptions and experiences. No research in Ottawa, Ontario has addressed the perspective of MMT from people enrolled in MMT; therefore, nursing based research was undertaken. The objective was to understand the process and experiences associated with MMT from the perspective of persons who are enrolled in treatment. Twelve participants were engaged in semi-structured interviews. These participants described that, although MMT can positively affect the people who use such a treatment option, it continues to have a negative impact that repeatedly affects MMT initiation and delivery. The theoretical framework of Hardt and Negri’s “Triple Imperative of Empire” was used to analyze the research participants’ interviews within the current MMT program, to help develop a more inclusive healthcare service that addressed the current barriers hindering access and retention in treatment. The integration of this framework can help engage persons in treatment, tailor treatment to patient specific needs, and as a result increase access and retention in MMT programs.

This thesis investigated the experiences of children who have a parent with a mental illness, using qualitative methods. It is divided into three separate sections, the first two written as standalone journal papers. Paper 1 is a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative studies exploring children's experiences of having a parent with a mental illness. The review used specific databases, a search of qualitative journals and a general internet search to identify relevant studies, and the subsequent application of inclusion/exclusion criteria and a quality appraisal assessment. 14 studies meeting inclusion and quality criteria were identified exploring the experiences of 163 children and young people aged between 5 and 22 years, from a range of countries, with a variety of parental mental health diagnoses. The review then involved synthesising the findings of these studies to generate five overarching themes which were found to influence children's experiences. Children who had some knowledge and understanding of their parent's mental illness were more likely to use effective coping strategies, have a more positive relationship with their parent, and experience fewer negative effects on them as a child. Paper 2 is an original research study which explored the experiences of children who have a parent with bipolar disorder, to see how this might impact on the child's emotional wellbeing. This qualitative study used 'In My Shoes', a computer assisted interview tool, to explore the experiences of ten children from England aged between 4 and 10 years. Subsequent comparison with their parent's accounts enabled greater insight into family life. Child and parent interview data was analysed using thematic and content analyses. The four main themes that emerged from the child interviews were: knowledge and awareness of bipolar disorder; perception of parents; managing family life with a 'bipolar' parent; and living in a family with bipolar disorder. The study concluded that further research was needed to understand children's perspectives, which should be taken into account when developing appropriate services and interventions to support children and parents with mental illness, including bipolar disorder. Finally the third section of the thesis was a critical appraisal of the literature review, research study and research process as a whole, including methodological reflections, implications for future research and clinical practice, and the researcher's personal reflections in undertaking the research. The findings were deemed vitally important for the future of families in which a parent has bipolar disorder.

This is a qualitative study based on interviews and the essay is composed by Siham El Hajoui and Nahrin Issa, students of Södertörns Högskola. The title of the study starts with a quote, taken from one of the respondents that reflects the expectations that people have of psychologist today. The purpose of this study is to investigate on how psychologist’s gets affected by their profession, how they draw a line between work and the remaining life and if they empathize with their clients. The study does also discuss the expectations that exists on psychologists, by their clients or in general. The study is based on six interviews with psychologists, who have been working at least 3 years as legitimized psychologists. The result of the study shows that the respondents experience that the psychologist occupation is difficult, and that one is required to have work experiences to be able to handle it in a good way. It was shown that it exists expectations on the respondents that affects them in a way that makes them use different strategies to be able to draw a line between work and the private life. The result was analyzed with the help of previous research about how to draw the line between work and remaining the life, doctors’ sympathy with patients, job burnout and with the help of theories about roles and empathy. / Detta är en kvalitativ studie i sociologi, baserad på intervjuer och skriven av Siham El Hajoui och Nahrin Issa. Studiens titel börjar med ett citat taget ur ett av de erhållna intervjusvaren, som speglar de förväntningar som människor kan ha på psykologer idag. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur psykologer påverkas av sitt arbete, hur de drar gränsen mellan arbete och övrigt liv samt om de känner empati för sina klienter. Det sker även en diskussion kring människors förväntningar på psykologer. Studien avgränsas genom ett fokus på sex stycken legitimerade psykologer, som har arbetat inom yrket i minst 3 år.                       Resultatet visar att de utvalda respondenterna upplever att psykologyrket är ett tungt yrke, och att det därmed krävs erfarenhet för att lära sig om hur en kan hantera all information på bästa sätt. Det visar sig även att det existerar förväntningar på respondenterna, som gör att de påverkas och använder sig av olika strategier för att kunna dra en gräns mellan arbete och privatliv. Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av tidigare forskning som handlar om gränsdragning mellan arbete och övrigt liv, läkares medlidande med patienter och arbetsrelaterad utbrändhet, samt teorier gällande roller och empati.

The purpose of this quantitative study was first to investigate the comparative incidence of electromagnetic aftereffects (EMEs) during the past year among near-death experiencers (NDErs), people who experienced a close brush with death without an NDE (CBrs), and people who reported never having experienced a close brush with death (LCErs). The second purpose was to investigate a possible change in EME incidence among the three groups before and after a critical life event. The third purpose was to investigate the relationship between the reported overall depth and specific components of the subjective experiences of people who have had a close brush with death -- NDErs and CBrs -- and their reported incidence of EMEs. I used the Near-Death Experience Scale (Greyson, 1983), and developed the Close Brush with Death Question form, Life Changing Event Question form, and Electromagnetic Effects Questionnaire for this study. The final sample included 36 NDErs, 20 CBrs, and 46 LCErs. The results of this study firmly supported more reported problems with EM devices experienced by NDErs compared to CBrs or LCErs. Especially with respect to EM devices such as lights and cell phones, as well as the emotional state of individuals affecting EM devices, this study showed more reports of problems with these devices between before and after NDEs for NDErs compared to before and after a life changing event for LCErs. Moreover, findings of this study showed a correlation between the depth of NDEs and EMEs. This study has important implications for counselors working with NDErs. Findings from this study show that NDErs have a strong possibility of experiencing electromagnetic interferences when close to electromagnetic devices such as cell phones, computers, lights, and watches after their NDEs. This phenomenon can be a stressor in the lives of NDErs and their families and friends. As some participants in this study indicated, information about EMEs can reduce NDErs' stress. Thus, counselors can use information from this study to psychoeducate their NDEr clients and work with them to develop strategies to cope with EMEs, thereby hopefully reducing the stress of EME-related NDE aftereffects.

The Journal of Contemporary Psychology (Revista de Psicología Contemporánea RPC) a periodic publication of the Editorial el Manual Moderno (MM) is celebrating its 5th birthday. In the present study a description of some significant experiences along the first five years of RPC are described, focused on the communication between the author and MM, among the collaborators, subscriptions, promotions and forum participation, among others. An analyses of the published articles is also presented as well as the tendencies for the future. The present article will be of interest for psychologists that develop editorial activities or that are going to begin the edition of a journal of psychology. / La Revista de Psicología Contemporánea (RPC), publicación periódica de la Editorial El Manual Moderno (MM), cumple su primer lustro de existencia. En el presente trabajo se hace una descripción de algunas experiencias significativas tenidas a lo largo de los cinco primeros años de la RPC, en relación a la comunicación establecida entre el autor y MM, comunicación con los colaboradores, suscripciones, promoción, participación en foros, etcétera. También se realiza un análisis de los trabajos publicados hasta el momento en la RPC, así como las tendencias futuras de la revista. La lectura del texto resultará de interés para los psicólogos que desarrollan actividades editoriales o que piensan iniciar la edición de una revista de psicología.

Bakgrund​: För kvinnor är bröstcancer den vanligaste cancerformen i världen. Bröstcancer behandlas ofta genom mastektomi. En mastektomi innebär ett kirurgiskt ingrepp där hela eller delar av bröstet opereras bort. Förlusten av en kroppsdel påverkar människan både fysiskt och psykiskt. Syfte:  Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att belysa kvinnors upplevelser efter mastektomi som behandling av bröstcancer.   Metod: Litteraturöversikt baserad på tio kvalitativa artiklar som valdes utifrån relevans till syftet. Artiklarna hittades i Cinahl Complete, Pubmed och Science Direct, genom sökningar inom årspanet 2009-2019. Fribergs metod användes för att granska artiklarnas resultat. Likheter och skillnader delades in i teman. Resultat: Resultatet av litteraturöversikten presenteras i 4 teman ​Upplevelser av kvinnlighet, ​ Fysiska kroppsförändringar som upplevs av den subjektiva kroppen, Upplevelsen av stöd som främjar adaption ​ och ​Upplevelsen av inre adaptiva processer. Diskussion: Kvinnors upplevelser av sina förändrade kroppar diskuterades. Författarna använde sig av Callista Roys adaptionsmodell för att få en djupare förståelse hur människan behöver anpassas sig till nuvarande livsomständigheter för att kunna hantera sin livssituation. Förlust av bröst innebär fysiska kroppsförändringar, förändrad psykologisk och kvinnlig identitet. / Background​: Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women worldwide. Breast cancer is often treated through a mastectomy, involving a surgical procedure where either the whole or part of the breast is removed. The loss of a body part affects a person both physically and mentally.  Aim: The aim of of this literature review was to explore women’s experiences after having a mastectomy as treatment for breast cancer. Method: The​ ​literature review was based on ten qualitative articles selected based on relevance to the aim. The articles were found in Cinahl Complete, Pubmed and ScienceDirect, through searches within the 2009-2019 year span. Friberg's method was used to review the articles' results. Similarities and differences were divided into themes. Results: The results of the literature review were presented in four main themes. The four main themes included ​Experiences of femininity ​ , ​The physical body changes as experienced by the subjective body ​ , ​Experience of support that promotes adaptation ​ and ​The experience of an internal adaptive process. Discussion: Women's experiences of their changed bodies were discussed. The authors used Callista Roy's adaptation model to gain a deeper understanding of how humans need to adapt to their current living conditions in order to manage their life situation. The loss of a breast involved physical and mental changes and adjusting to these difficulties may be difficult for the woman.