The primary purpose of the study was to develop an expert system that could C D perform medical diagnoses In selected problem areas, and C2) provide diagnostic Insights to assist medical students In their training. An expert system Is a computer-based set of procedures and algorithms that can solve problems In a given domain. Two research questions were proposed. The first was "Given a problem space defined by a matrix of diseases and symptoms, can a computer-based model be derived that will consistently perform accurate and efficient diagnoses of cases within that problem area?" The second question was "If the techniques derived from the model are taught to a medical student, is there a subsequent improvement of diagnostic skill?" An expert system was developed which met the objectives of the study. It was able to diagnose cases in the two problem areas studied with an accuracy of 94-95%. Furthermore, it was able to perform those diagnoses in a very efficient manner, often using no more than the theoretical minimum number of steps. The expert system employed three phases: rapid search by discrimination, confirmation by pattern matching against prototypes, and elimination of some candidates (impossible states) by making use of negative information. The discrimination phase alone achieved accuracies of 73-78%. By comparison, medical students achieved mean accuracies of 54-55% in the same problem areas. This suggests that novices could improve their diagnostic accuracy by approximately 20% by following the simple rules used in the first phase of the expert system. Curricular implications are discussed. When 49 first-year medical students at the Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine were exposed to some of the insights of the expert system by means of a videotaped 10- minute lecture, their diagnostic approach was modified and the accuracy of their diagnoses did improve. However, the degree of Improvement was not statistically significant. Recommendations for further research are made.

The Crime of Perjury and False Expert Report according to Section No. 346 of the Criminal Code Abstract A great deal of media attention has been dedicated recently to cases of experts facing the charge of perjury and false expert report pursuant to Section No. 346 of Act No. 40/2009 Coll. of the Criminal Code (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code). These cases reduce the experts' credibility in the eyes of the public, cast doubts on their practice as a whole and are therefore commonly used as an argument for adopting a new Law on the experts' conduit. In accordance with the aforementioned facts, the goal of this thesis is to provide a further insight into the crime of perjury and false expert report under Section No. 346 of the Criminal Code. The thesis consists of an introduction, five chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter gives a historical overview concerning perjury and false expert report followed by the definition of Section No. 346 of the Criminal Code, including its specific elements, and finally an analysis of several disputed cases that call into question the conclusion of criminal liability under Section No. 346 of the Criminal Code, such as the expert's consultant, the processor of the expertise or the formal and the material witnesses. The following chapter is divided into two...

This thesis addresses the use of expert evidence in criminal trial proceedings. The author's primary aim is to present a thorough analysis of this highly specific form of evidence as contained in the Criminal Procedure Code, Act No. 141/1961 Coll., to identify its insufficiencies, and to suggest some potential legislative modifications. The author is aware that the role of an expert in criminal proceedings is also determined in part by the Act on Experts and Interpreters, Act No. 36/1967 Coll., but he deals with this organizational norm only marginally, as his main goal is to analyze the possibilities of using expert evaluations within the framework of criminal procedure. In this thesis, the author describes the historical development of this type of evidence, discusses the concept of the role of the expert in legal theory, and above all, presents his views regarding the law currently in effect, describing the use of expert evidence from its initial stages of appointment of an expert to the preparation and presentation of the expert opinion and the evaluation thereof. The author also takes account of some currently topical issues such as the confrontation of experts and the use of computer software in the expert's work. Given that recodification of the Criminal Procedure Code is currently underway,...

Este trabalho analisa a influência da qualidade na elaboração dos laudos periciais, e seu impacto nas decisões judiciais. Mostra os pontos aos quais o perito deve se ater para que seu laudo atinja o objetivo: transmitir corretamente a mensagem desejada, o resultado da perícia, através de um discurso compreensível para o magistrado, que possui um modo de pensar diferente do profissional tecnológico. Vários fatores influenciam na qualidade do laudo, e um laudo bem elaborado, bem como a proposição dos quesitos, envolve conhecimentos multidisciplinares em sua confecção. / This work analyzes the influence of quality in the preparation of forensic reports, and its impact on judicial decisions. It shows the key aspects that the expert should take care for his/her report get to its main objective: to correctly convey the desired message, the result of expertise, in a way that is understandable to the magistrate, who has a different way of thinking that is different from the technology professional. Several factors influence the quality of a forensic report. The development process of a well prepared report and the proposition of the issues of fact to be clarified, involve multi and inter disciplinary knowledge.

O propósito desta dissertação é apresentar o uso da opinião de especialistas e outras questões relevantes acerca do assunto na avaliação das incertezas em estudos de análise de risco e confiabilidade, com apresentação de um estudo de caso prático. Em estudos de confiabilidade umas das principais preocupações está na determinação das frequências de ocorrência dos eventos e seu comportamento ao longo do tempo. Muitas vezes, os dados de frequência estão obsoletos, não estão disponíveis ou mesmo, não são suficientes para se avaliar a probabilidade de ocorrência de eventos. Nestes casos, a elicitação da opinião de especialista surge como uma alternativa a suplementar estas ausências de dados possibilitando assim uma melhor análise das incertezas. Baseado na condição da subjetividade, a elicitação dos especialistas tem como objetivo quantificar as incertezas a partir da experiência prévia e estado atual de conhecimento. Combinado com métodos matemáticos, a elicitação possibilita o gerenciamento de conflitos de informações de forma a atingir o consenso e possibilitar uma análise subjetiva dos problemas. / The purpose of this dissertationis to present the use of expert opinion and other relevant issues on the subjective assessment of uncertainties in risk analysis and reliability studies, presenting a practical case study. In reliability studies a major concern is to determine the frequencies of occurrence of events and their behavior through time. Often, the available data are not representative enough to evaluate the event probability or it is obsolete for use. In these cases, the elicitation of expert opinion is an alternative to supplement these data absences, Thus enabling a better uncertainties analysis. Based on the subjectivity condition, the elicitation of experts aims to quantify the uncertainty considering the previous experiences and current state of knowledge. Combined with mathematical elicitation methods, it enables the manegement of information conflicts in order to reach consensus and makes possible a subjective analysis of problems.

Berättelser och historier har sedan urminnes tider förtrollat och fängslat människor. Förr itiden samlades människor runt lägerelden för att ta del av berättelser, idag samlasmänniskor runt varumärken. Det förflutna, nuet och framtiden binds samman till ettsammanhängande process genom historier, istället för att vara lösryckta delar av ettsammanhang.Uppsatsens syfte var att undersöka varför storytelling inom marknadsföring är såframgångsrikt hos konsumenten. Vi ville få en förståelse över vad som fårkonsumenten att uppskatta denna sortens reklamform. Vår problemfråga ochutgångspunkt genom uppsatsen har varit:· Varför är storytelling i marknadsföring så framgångsrikt hos konsumenter?För att klarlägga begreppet ur flera synvinklar har vi varit i kontakt med konsumenter ifrom av fokusgrupper samt med experter inom storytelling och självaste reklambranschen.Vi har valt dessa tre intressegrupper för att få olika perspektiv urkonsumentens synvinkel. Vår ambition med denna uppsats har varit att utveckla ettförståligt ramverk kring begreppet storytelling inom marknadsföring. Till följd där av fåen förståelse vad som gör den så framgångsrik i konsumenters ögon. Svaret på vårproblemfråga blev då enkel:Relationen, identitet och uppmärksamheten är de tre faktorer som gör så att konsumententar till sig reklamen på ett djupare plan, och som gör storytelling så framgångsrikt hoskonsumenter. Människor vill tro på historier, storytelling skapar ett intressant grepp omvarumärkes kommunikationen och kan ge konsumenten något att drömma om. Idag finnsstorytelling överallt i dagens samhälle och kultur. Det är något vi utsätts för genom helalivet. De finns i vår musik, böcker, filmer, media, religion, arkitektur med mera. Depåverkar oss på många sätt, vissa är uppenbara så som religion och lagar, andra som ärdolda är propaganda och reklam.

L'arbitrage est un mode de résolution des litiges par l'intermédiaire d'un tribunal arbitral composé d'un ou plusieurs arbitres. Il permet, comme devant les tribunaux étatiques, de régler un litige en vertu d'une sentence rendue à l'issue d'une procédure arbitrale dans laquelle chacune des parties doit prouver ce qu'elle allègue afin d'établir la conviction des arbitres. C'est par le recours aux divers modes de preuve inspirés des différents systèmes juridiques notamment du système de Common Law et du système de droit civil que les plaideurs pourront atteindre cette finalité.En revanche, parce que l'arbitrage international ne possède ni for ni législation spéciaux, l'administration des preuves dans une instance arbitrale internationale revêt un caractère sui generis de fait que l'arbitrage international a reconnu un système de preuve qui a utilisé les avantages des divers systèmes juridiques. Ainsi, on retrouve que la preuve écrite, qu'elle soit sur support papier ou sur support électronique, est administrée selon le model civiliste qui donne la primauté à une preuve préconstituée à l'avance. Mais, en ce qui concerne la preuve par témoin, l'influence des droits de Common Law paraît claire surtout que dans la plupart des cas, le pouvoir de nommer et d'interroger les témoins revient aux plaideurs qui utilisent la méthode d'Examination lors de l'interrogation des témoins. C'est aussi le cas de l'expertise qui est souvent considérée comme une preuve orale dans laquelle il revient aux parties le pouvoir de désigner les experts et de les interroger suivant l'interrogatoire direct et le contre interrogatoire tout comme des témoins. Ainsi, les preuves dans l'arbitrage international peuvent être reparties en preuves écrites et preuves orales dont les premières sont constituées de l'écrit sur support papier ou sur support électronique et les secondes sont formées par la preuve par témoin et la preuve par expertise. / The arbitration is a method of resolving disputes through an arbitration tribunal composed of one or several arbitrators. He allows resolving a dispute under a sentence delivered after an arbitration procedure in which all parties have to prove what they adduce to convince the tribunal. It is by using various modes of proof inspired specially from the system of Common Law and the system of Civil Law that parties can achieve this purpose.On the other hand, because the international arbitration has neither a territory nor legislation, it was created a system which combines between best practices of Common Law and Civil Law. So, the written evidence is produced according to the practice of Civil Law which gives primacy to a proof written in advance. But for the oral testimony, it is the common Law which dominates the administration of this proof by giving parties the right to nominate and interrogate witnesses. This is also what happens when arbitrators decide to use an expertise in which the parties have the power to nominate experts and interrogate them as witnesses. So, the evidence in international arbitration can be divided into written evidence made up by the writing on paper medium and electronic medium and oral evidence formed by proof by witness and proof by expertise.

Este trabalho analisa a influência da qualidade na elaboração dos laudos periciais, e seu impacto nas decisões judiciais. Mostra os pontos aos quais o perito deve se ater para que seu laudo atinja o objetivo: transmitir corretamente a mensagem desejada, o resultado da perícia, através de um discurso compreensível para o magistrado, que possui um modo de pensar diferente do profissional tecnológico. Vários fatores influenciam na qualidade do laudo, e um laudo bem elaborado, bem como a proposição dos quesitos, envolve conhecimentos multidisciplinares em sua confecção. / This work analyzes the influence of quality in the preparation of forensic reports, and its impact on judicial decisions. It shows the key aspects that the expert should take care for his/her report get to its main objective: to correctly convey the desired message, the result of expertise, in a way that is understandable to the magistrate, who has a different way of thinking that is different from the technology professional. Several factors influence the quality of a forensic report. The development process of a well prepared report and the proposition of the issues of fact to be clarified, involve multi and inter disciplinary knowledge.

This study investigates the interface between science and law with reference to models of science described by members of New Zealand's Environment Court. The aim of the research is to identify differences and consistencies between the members of the Court in the way that they articulate their understanding of science and of scientific evidence. This research also aims to locate those individual models of science within a wider philosophical discourse concerning the nature of science. The research adopts a qualitative and interpretive approach that focuses on understanding the detail of contextual interactions arising from interviews with eight Environment Judges and 13 Commissioners. The interview group comprised all of the judges of the Court during the research period (1999 - 2000) and all but one permanent Commissioner. The analysis of interviews show a wide range of views concerning the scope and nature of science. Criteria significant to each individual's model of science have been identified as a series of micro themes. Those micro themes differ between individuals as to the combinations of criteria significant when locating the boundary between science and non-science. The analysis of interviews also identifies three macro themes that describe whether and how individuals differentiate science, technology and expertise. That analysis identifies a group of interviewees, comprising both judges and commissioners, that equates science with expertise without distinction as to any knowledge component or process considerations. The analysis of interview responses adopts a boundary-work approach that identifies how individuals locate the boundary between science and non-science through their articulation of the micro themes significant to their model of science. The study contributes to the discourse concerning the relationship of science and law within modern society. That discourse commonly addresses the appropriate legal framework to assess questions involving scientific expertise and invariably describes the legal process and the role of expert and decision maker within that process. However, that discourse rarely articulates the meaning of the terms science, scientist, or technology, assuming that science is a self-evident concept, its meaning having universal application and acceptance. This research challenges that approach and identifies wide differences in the models of science held by individual decision makers and differences in their expectations of evidence from expert witnesses. Aside from the implications of the research results for the discourse concerning the relationship of science and law, this research also has practical implications for the evaluation of expert scientific evidence within an adversarial system of law, and for expert evidence before the Environment Court. Suggestions to improve communication both within the Court and between the Court and parties appearing before it are made with a view to identifying consistent and fair expectations of experts and their evidence.

Palliativ vård är en speciell vårdform som inriktar sig på att ge lindrande vård till patienter som lever med en livshotande sjukdom. Den inriktar sig på att lindra patientens obehag och lidande, öka välbefinnandet och skapa förutsättningar för en förbättrad livskvalité. Själva sjukdomen står inte i fokus i den palliativa vården och den erbjuds därför människor med obotlig livshotande sjukdom. Syfte: Syftet var att genom en litteraturstudie beskriva faktorer som sjuksköterskor anger upplevelsen av palliativ vård. Metod: För att ge en objektiv och systematiserad sammanfattning av den befintliga kunskapen görs en litteraturstudie. Resultat: Den palliativa vården är komplex och resultaten beskriver nio faktorer. Dessa faktorer var professionell erfarenhet och kunskap, bristande professionell erfarenhet och kunskap, stärkande relationer, kollegialt stöd, bristande förmåga att hålla professionell distans, anhörigas förnekelse, bristande samarbete mellan sjuksköterska och läkare, holistisk omvårdnad och symtomkontroll samt bristande holistisk omvårdnad och symtomkontroll. Dessa faktorer påverkade sjuksköterskans upplevelse både positivt och negativt. Positivaupplevelser var att finna mening i sitt arbete, tillfredställelse, personlig utveckling och bekräftelse. Negativa upplevelser var meningslöshet, stress, otillräcklighet och oro. / Palliative care is a special kind of care that focuses on giving relief care to patients that are living with life threatening diseases. The disease is no longer in focus in palliative care and it is therefore offered to people who have an incurable life threatening disease. It focuses on relieving the patient’s discomfort and suffering, increase wellbeing and create conditions for an increased quality of life. Aim: The aim was to describe factors that influence on nurse’s experience of palliative care. Method: In order to give an objective and systematic conclusion of the current knowledge a literature study was chosen. Result: The palliative care is complex and nine factors emerged that play an important role in the nurse's experiences of palliative care. These factors were professional experience and skills, lack of professional experience and skills, strengthening relationships, co-worker support, and lack of ability to keep a professional distance, relative’s denial, lack of cooperation between the nurses and doctors, holistic care and symptom control and lack of holistic care and symptom control. These factors influenced nurse’s experiences, both positive and negative. Positive experiences were to find meaning in their work, satisfaction, personal development and confirmation. Meaningless, stress, inadequacy and anxiety were negative experiences.