Dietary intake is a strong determinate of the health of an individual. Healthy eating is an important prevention to non-communicable diseases. If behaviour is to be changed insight into what the attitudes and barriers are to eating healthily amongst adolescents is imperative. This can provide knowledge for future prevention campaigns for healthy eating to prevent overweight and obesity. The purpose of the study was to quantitatively describe what attitudes adolescent females have towards healthy eating and what potential barriers omits them from adopting healthy eating behaviours. Data collection was done using structured questionnaires. Girls (N=73) from 3 public all girls’ high schools within Durban, KZN, participated in this study. The findings revealed that overall adolescent girls have a positive attitude to healthy eating. A lack of time, the foods sold in the school shop and the conveniences of less healthy food have been identified as barriers to healthy eating. / Health Studies / M. A. (Public Health)

Introdução Evidências sugerem impacto das características do ambiente nas taxas de obesidade, por mediadores em nível comunitário, como acesso a comércios, disponibilidade e custo de alimentos. Porém, há insuficiente compreensão sobre a interação do meio nas práticas alimentares. Objetivos Ampliar a compreensão a respeito das relações entre o ambiente e as práticas alimentares em diferentes contextos socioeconômicos e de acesso à alimentação em que vivem indivíduos no município de São Paulo. Métodos Estudo de abordagem qualitativa baseado em dados de auditoria de ambiente alimentar, inquérito e entrevistas individuais. A amostragem propositiva abrangeu diversos estratos do ambiente socioeconômico e alimentar no município de São Paulo e incluiu 48 indivíduos adultos de ambos os sexos. O roteiro de entrevistas semiestruturadas foi elaborado a partir de duas perguntas norteadoras: Como é a percepção dos indivíduos sobre os estabelecimentos de comercialização de alimentos no bairro em que vivem e a sua influência nas práticas alimentares? e Como é a rotina de aquisição, preparo e consumo dos alimentos no bairro em que vivem e como isso se relaciona ao consumo de frutas e hortaliças e de alimentos ultraprocessados?. Para a categorização dos discursos aplicou-se análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. A trajetória interpretativa foi conduzida sob o referencial teórico das representações sociais. A análise de clusters hierárquica foi utilizada para o agrupamento dos indivíduos, retendo-se dois grupos: cluster 1 e cluster 2, diferenciados pelo nível socioeconômico e pela disponibilidade de alimentos saudáveis nos locais avaliados. Resultados As representações sociais sobre os ambientes alimentares estudados corresponderam às características aferidas em auditoria, revelando desigualdades entre os locais estudados. No cluster 1, caracterizado pelo maior nível socioeconômico e pelo melhor acesso à alimentação saudável, prevaleceu a percepção favorável sobre a disponibilidade de feiras, sacolões e supermercados, destacando oportunidades para a aquisição de alimentos com qualidade, variedade e preços acessíveis, dentre os quais as frutas e hortaliças. Os indivíduos do cluster 2 viviam em locais de menor nível socioeconômico e de menor acesso à alimentação saudável e representaram a falta de acesso à estabelecimentos de comércio de alimentos e a indisponibilidade de frutas e hortaliças. Nos dois clusters verificou-se a representação social: refrigerantes, salgadinhos, biscoitos recheados e fast-food se encontra em todo lugar, sobre a disponibilidade de alimentos ultraprocessados. A preocupação com a saúde foi a principal motivação para o consumo de frutas e hortaliças entre os dois clusters, e o gosto, a falta de hábito e o custo foram identificados como barreiras. Sobre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, no cluster 1 ocorreu maior percepção sobre as barreiras, como a preocupação com a saúde. Já no cluster 2, se destacaram as motivações para este consumo, como o gosto e a presença de crianças. Conclusão A forma como conhecem e compreendem as características do ambiente alimentar está refletida em algumas ações dos sujeitos sobre as suas práticas de aquisição e consumo de alimentos. / Background Evidences suggest an impact of environmental characteristics on obesity and non-communicable diseases rates, by mediators at the community level such as access to markets, cost and availability of food. However, there is insufficient comprehension about the interaction of the environment in food pratices. Objective Enhancing knowledge about the relations between the environment and eating habits in different socioeconomic and food access contexts, whereupon São Paulos individuals live. Methods This is a qualitative study based on food environment audit data, inquiry and individual interviews. The purposeful sampling comprised different strata of the socioeconomic and food environments in São Paulo and included 48 adults of both genders.The script for semi-structured interviews was drawn from two guiding questions: How is the perception of the individuals on the food establishments in the neighborhood they live in, and their influence on eating habits? and How is the acquisition routine, preparation and consumption of foods in their neighborhood, and how does it relate to the consumption of fruits and vegetables, and ultra-processed food?. For categorizing the speeches Bardins content analisys was applied. The interpretative trajectory was conducted under the theoretical framework of social representations. The hierarchical clusters analisys was used for grouping individuals, retaining two groups: cluster 1 and cluster 2, differentiated by the socioeconomic level and by the availability of healthy foods at the locations assessed. Results The social representations about the food environments investigated corresponded to the characteristics measured in audit, revealing disparities between the locations assessed. In cluster 1,characterized by higher socioeconomic level and better access to healthy food, prevailed favorable perception about the availability of fairs, grocery stores and supermarkets, standing out opportunities to food acquisition with quality, variety and affordable prices, among which are fruits and vegetables.Individuals from cluster 2 lived in places of lower socioeconomic level and less access to healthy food, and they accounted for the lack of access to food establishments and the unavailability of fruits and vegetables.In both clusters there was the social representation: soft drinks, snacks, cookies and fast food are everywhere, about the availability of ultra-processed food. The concern about healthcare was the main motivation for fruits and vegetables consumption among both clusters, and the taste, the lack of habit and costs were identified as barriers. Regarding to ultra-processed food consumption, in cluster 1 there was a greater awareness about the barriers, like the concern for healthcare. On the other hand, in cluster 2, the motivations for this consumption were highlighted, such as the taste and the presence of children. ConclusionThe way individuals know and understand the environmental characteristics is reflected in some of their actions about the purchasing practices and food consumption.

Introdução Evidências sugerem impacto das características do ambiente nas taxas de obesidade, por mediadores em nível comunitário, como acesso a comércios, disponibilidade e custo de alimentos. Porém, há insuficiente compreensão sobre a interação do meio nas práticas alimentares. Objetivos Ampliar a compreensão a respeito das relações entre o ambiente e as práticas alimentares em diferentes contextos socioeconômicos e de acesso à alimentação em que vivem indivíduos no município de São Paulo. Métodos Estudo de abordagem qualitativa baseado em dados de auditoria de ambiente alimentar, inquérito e entrevistas individuais. A amostragem propositiva abrangeu diversos estratos do ambiente socioeconômico e alimentar no município de São Paulo e incluiu 48 indivíduos adultos de ambos os sexos. O roteiro de entrevistas semiestruturadas foi elaborado a partir de duas perguntas norteadoras: Como é a percepção dos indivíduos sobre os estabelecimentos de comercialização de alimentos no bairro em que vivem e a sua influência nas práticas alimentares? e Como é a rotina de aquisição, preparo e consumo dos alimentos no bairro em que vivem e como isso se relaciona ao consumo de frutas e hortaliças e de alimentos ultraprocessados?. Para a categorização dos discursos aplicou-se análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. A trajetória interpretativa foi conduzida sob o referencial teórico das representações sociais. A análise de clusters hierárquica foi utilizada para o agrupamento dos indivíduos, retendo-se dois grupos: cluster 1 e cluster 2, diferenciados pelo nível socioeconômico e pela disponibilidade de alimentos saudáveis nos locais avaliados. Resultados As representações sociais sobre os ambientes alimentares estudados corresponderam às características aferidas em auditoria, revelando desigualdades entre os locais estudados. No cluster 1, caracterizado pelo maior nível socioeconômico e pelo melhor acesso à alimentação saudável, prevaleceu a percepção favorável sobre a disponibilidade de feiras, sacolões e supermercados, destacando oportunidades para a aquisição de alimentos com qualidade, variedade e preços acessíveis, dentre os quais as frutas e hortaliças. Os indivíduos do cluster 2 viviam em locais de menor nível socioeconômico e de menor acesso à alimentação saudável e representaram a falta de acesso à estabelecimentos de comércio de alimentos e a indisponibilidade de frutas e hortaliças. Nos dois clusters verificou-se a representação social: refrigerantes, salgadinhos, biscoitos recheados e fast-food se encontra em todo lugar, sobre a disponibilidade de alimentos ultraprocessados. A preocupação com a saúde foi a principal motivação para o consumo de frutas e hortaliças entre os dois clusters, e o gosto, a falta de hábito e o custo foram identificados como barreiras. Sobre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, no cluster 1 ocorreu maior percepção sobre as barreiras, como a preocupação com a saúde. Já no cluster 2, se destacaram as motivações para este consumo, como o gosto e a presença de crianças. Conclusão A forma como conhecem e compreendem as características do ambiente alimentar está refletida em algumas ações dos sujeitos sobre as suas práticas de aquisição e consumo de alimentos. / Background Evidences suggest an impact of environmental characteristics on obesity and non-communicable diseases rates, by mediators at the community level such as access to markets, cost and availability of food. However, there is insufficient comprehension about the interaction of the environment in food pratices. Objective Enhancing knowledge about the relations between the environment and eating habits in different socioeconomic and food access contexts, whereupon São Paulos individuals live. Methods This is a qualitative study based on food environment audit data, inquiry and individual interviews. The purposeful sampling comprised different strata of the socioeconomic and food environments in São Paulo and included 48 adults of both genders.The script for semi-structured interviews was drawn from two guiding questions: How is the perception of the individuals on the food establishments in the neighborhood they live in, and their influence on eating habits? and How is the acquisition routine, preparation and consumption of foods in their neighborhood, and how does it relate to the consumption of fruits and vegetables, and ultra-processed food?. For categorizing the speeches Bardins content analisys was applied. The interpretative trajectory was conducted under the theoretical framework of social representations. The hierarchical clusters analisys was used for grouping individuals, retaining two groups: cluster 1 and cluster 2, differentiated by the socioeconomic level and by the availability of healthy foods at the locations assessed. Results The social representations about the food environments investigated corresponded to the characteristics measured in audit, revealing disparities between the locations assessed. In cluster 1,characterized by higher socioeconomic level and better access to healthy food, prevailed favorable perception about the availability of fairs, grocery stores and supermarkets, standing out opportunities to food acquisition with quality, variety and affordable prices, among which are fruits and vegetables.Individuals from cluster 2 lived in places of lower socioeconomic level and less access to healthy food, and they accounted for the lack of access to food establishments and the unavailability of fruits and vegetables.In both clusters there was the social representation: soft drinks, snacks, cookies and fast food are everywhere, about the availability of ultra-processed food. The concern about healthcare was the main motivation for fruits and vegetables consumption among both clusters, and the taste, the lack of habit and costs were identified as barriers. Regarding to ultra-processed food consumption, in cluster 1 there was a greater awareness about the barriers, like the concern for healthcare. On the other hand, in cluster 2, the motivations for this consumption were highlighted, such as the taste and the presence of children. ConclusionThe way individuals know and understand the environmental characteristics is reflected in some of their actions about the purchasing practices and food consumption.

Il est maintenant bien établi en psychologie qu’une part significative des comportements et des choix sont influencés par des processus non-conscients. Les comportements alimentaires n’échappent pas à cette règle. L’objectif de cette thèse consistait à adapter et utiliser des méthodologies et les avancées issues de la psychologie cognitive pour étudier les comportements alimentaires. A cette fin, un paradigme d’amorçage a été utilisé. L’amorçage repose sur le fait que la perception d’un stimulus (l’amorce), qu’elle soit consciente ou non, peut entrainer une modification du traitement d’un autre stimulus (la cible), et aboutir à une modification du comportement. Evolutivement et fonctionnellement étroitement liée à l’alimentation, l’olfaction s’avère être une modalité particulièrement intéressante pour l’étude d’effets d’amorçage implicites sur des comportements alimentaires. Quatre études ont été mises en place pour étudier les effets d’odeurs alimentaires sur des choix alimentaires et des consommations. Pour la première fois, nous avons apporté des preuves scientifiques montrant : (1) qu’une odeur de fruit non-consciemment perçue peut avoir un impact sur les intentions de choix et sur les choix en situation réelle de consommation chez des adultes « sains », les guidant vers plus de fruits ou légumes ; (2) qu’une odeur de viande diffusée peu de temps avant le déjeuner semblerait pouvoir augmenter la consommation du plat principal chez des personnes âgées atteintes de la maladie d’Alzheimer. L’ensemble de ces résultats vient appuyer l’idée que l’utilisation d’amorces (olfactives) alimentaires conduirait à l’obtention d’effets « amorce-spécifique » / It is now well established in psychology that a significant part of human behaviours and decision-making is influenced by unconscious processes. Eating behaviours do not escape to this rule. The aim of this thesis consisted in adapting and using methodologies and advances from cognitive psychology in order to study eating behaviours. To this end, a priming paradigm was used. This paradigm is based on the fact that the perception of a stimulus (the prime), whether it is consciously or unconsciously perceived, may modify the processing of another stimulus (the target), and have an impact on a subsequent behaviour. Evolutionarily and functionally closely related to food, olfaction represents a modality particularly interesting to study implicit priming effects on eating behaviours. Four studies have been carried out to study the effects of food odours on food choices and intake. For the first time, scientific evidences have been provided to reveal: (1) that non-consciously perceived fruity odours can impact intentions of choices and choices in a real situation of consumption in ‘healthy’ adults, guiding them toward more fruit and vegetables; (2) that an odour of cooked-meat, diffused before lunchtime, would seem to be able to increase the intake of the main course, in elderly people with Alzheimer's disease. Taken together, these results support the idea that the use of (olfactory) food primes would lead to priming effects ‘specific to the food cue’

Dietary intake is a strong determinate of the health of an individual. Healthy eating is an important prevention to non-communicable diseases. If behaviour is to be changed insight into what the attitudes and barriers are to eating healthily amongst adolescents is imperative. This can provide knowledge for future prevention campaigns for healthy eating to prevent overweight and obesity. The purpose of the study was to quantitatively describe what attitudes adolescent females have towards healthy eating and what potential barriers omits them from adopting healthy eating behaviours. Data collection was done using structured questionnaires. Girls (N=73) from 3 public all girls’ high schools within Durban, KZN, participated in this study. The findings revealed that overall adolescent girls have a positive attitude to healthy eating. A lack of time, the foods sold in the school shop and the conveniences of less healthy food have been identified as barriers to healthy eating. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Esta investigación busca determinar la asociación entre el riesgo de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) y el comportamiento alimentario en estudiantes de nutrición y dietética de una universidad privada de Lima. A 264 estudiantes se les aplicó una encuesta sobre sus datos personales y los cuestionarios EAT-26 y TFEQ-r21. Se utilizaron la prueba de Chi cuadrado para para analizar la asociación entre las variables categóricas y la prueba de t de student para variables numéricas. Del total de estudiantes incluidos en el estudio, el 18,2% presentó riesgo de padecer TCA. El mayor riesgo fue encontrado en estudiantes de segundo año de la carrera y el menor riesgo en los de último año (p=0,048). De las 3 subescalas del cuestionario TFEQ-r21, “restricción cognitiva” fue la subescala con las puntuaciones más altas, indicando alto riesgo a tener comportamiento alimentario inadecuado en estudiantes de ambos sexos con un promedio de 2,93(DE:0,45; p<0,001). Se encontraron asociaciones positivas entre el riesgo de padecer TCA con el peso corporal (p=0,027), el autorreporte de residencia en mujeres (no vivir con familia) (p=0,013) y con la no omisión de comidas en hombres (p=0,010). En conclusión, se encontró alta prevalencia de riesgo de padecer TCA, sobretodo en los estudiantes de segundo año académico y de sexo femenino en la carrera de nutrición y dietética. Además, se encontró una alta tendencia a la restricción cognitiva en los estudiantes de la carrera. Debe haber mayor conciencia y preocupación por prevenir, detectar y abordar los TCA en los estudiantes de nutrición, puesto que los TCA no sólo pueden afectar su salud física y mental, sino también su criterio profesional a futuro. / The aim of this research is to determine the association between eating disorder risk and disordered eating behaviour in students of the career of nutrition and dietetics of a private university in Lima. A survey of personal information and two questionnaires: EAT-26 and TFEQ-r21 were applied to 264 students. The Chi-square test was used to analyze the association between categorical variables and the Student’s t-test for numerical variables. Of the total of students included in the study, 18,2% presented a risk of suffering from eating disorders; the highest risk was found in second-year students of the degree and the lowest risk in seniors (p=0,048). Of the 3 subscales of the TFEQ-r21 questionnaire, “cognitive restriction” was the subscale with the highest score in students of both sexes with a mean of 2,93 and a SD of 0,45 (p<0,001) indicating a high risk of disordered eating behaviours. Positive associations were found between risk of eating disorders and body weight (p=0,027), self-report of residence (p=0,013) in women (living without family) and with the non-omission of meals in men (p=0,010). In conclusion, high tendency to cognitive restriction and high prevalence of risk of suffering from eating disorders was found in nutrition students, especially those in the second year of studies and in women. Greater awareness and concern to prevent, detect and address eating disorders in nutrition students is needed, since eating disorders can not only affect physical and mental health, but also professional judgment of the students in the future. / Tesis

Undersökningen som är en korrelationsstudie från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv vände sig till kvinnor i en normalpopulation. Deltagarna var mellan 19 och 59 år. Ett syfte var att undersöka samband mellan kroppsmissnöje, skam och känslor, attityder och beteenden kopplade till ätande. Kroppsmissnöje konceptualiserades och mättes som missnöje med kroppsform. Skam konceptualiserades och mättes som body shame (skam över den egna kroppen). Enligt feministiska objektifieringsteorier lärs flickor tidigt att se sin egen kropp från en utomstående observatörs perspektiv. En del av de flickor och unga kvinnor som i kulturen erfar sexuell objektifiering internaliserar normer som objektifierar deras kroppar. Detta förutsätts kunna leda till skamkänslor och ätproblem. Eftersom kroppsnormerna är orealistiska är de omöjliga att mot-svara och misslyckandet med detta genererar ytterligare skamkänslor. Menopausen kan för många individer innebära mindre exponering för sexuell objektifiering varför skamkänslor kan antas minska. Ett ytterligare syfte var därför att undersöka ålders samband med skam. Resultatet indikerar att såväl kroppsmissnöje som skam är riskfaktorer för utvecklandet av attityder och beteenden kopplade till ätproblem. Kroppsmissnöje korrelerade starkt positivt med skam och det förelåg ett svagt negativt samband mellan ålder och skam.