Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T21:31:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Ana Beatriz Hosken Cunha1.pdf: 2921306 bytes, checksum: fcfea12af2cfc5e01f980d95e54c4495 (MD5) Ana Beatriz Hosken Cunha2.pdf: 363176 bytes, checksum: 185986cc5cf627ee2ca97b52bdd6e631 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-25 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Starting from our consume habits, which are inserted in a economical order of large scale production, create more and more critical environmental impacts and from the access possibilities to the natural resources of future generations seen as threatened being this, one of the preoccupations approached in the global Agenda 21 and that is inserted in the sustainability paradigm and in the sustainable development, this essay portraits and investigates, through the study case, the dynamics of the partnership and consume relations between the group Design Possível, Private Companies and NGOs, about the project that resulted in the elaboration of a book and twenty pieces of merchandising developed in 2006 and 2007. This reflection was done from the description by different points of view, the acting from the groups, as well as their relations, approaching the creation steps; elaborated by the designers from the group Design Possível, production, tailored by the NGOs and consumed done by the private companies; Girassol comunicações and Redecard. The results showed that we are facing sustainability relations , an action promotion, which contributed to build better environmental relations, to help to reuse raw material, to help to consume materials of good origin. / Partindo-se do pressuposto de que os nossos hábitos de consumo, inseridos numa ordem econômica de produção em larga escala, geram impactos ambientais cada vez mais críticos e que as possibilidades de acesso aos recursos naturais das gerações futuras encontram-se ameaçadas; sendo esta uma das preocupações abordadas na Agenda 21 global e que se insere por sua vez, no paradigma da sustentabilidade e do desenvolvimento sustentável, o presente trabalho retrata e investiga, através do estudo de caso, a dinâmica das relações de parceria e consumo entre o Grupo Design Possível, Empresas Privadas e ONGs, a partir do projeto que resultou na elaboração de um livro e vinte peças de merchandising desenvolvidas nos anos de 2006 e 2007. Esta reflexão foi realizada a partir da descrição pelos diferentes pontos de vista, da atuação dos grupos, bem como das suas relações, englobando as etapas de criação; elaborada pelos designers do grupo Design Possível, produção; confeccionada pelas ONGs e consumo realizada pelas empresas privadas; Girassol Comunicações e Redecard. Os resultados mostram que estamos diante de relações de sustentabilidade , uma promoção de ações, que contribuiu para construir relações ambientais melhores, ajudar a reutilizar matérias-primas, ajudar a consumir materiais de boa origem.

As of 2022 the European Union introduced a new Eco Design legislation which states emission limits for stoves sold in the EU. There are already requirements on emissions, but as both legislation are to be harder and there is a higher interest in Eco friendly products, there is an interest to study different ways to reduce the emissions from wood stoves. As stoves are today primarily seen as furniture that can provide some heat, easy usage is expected.  The objective of this report is to explore this connection between emission reduction and how viable, feasible and sustainable it might be if it where to be implemented in a real product. Using design thinking and the design thinking methodology, concepts where developed and tested using test stoves which where equipped to measure emissions of carbon monoxide and organic gaseous compounds. The testing was done in accordance with EN 16510 and the developed prototype was a catalytic filter mesh which was designed to be rotated so that air could flow around it instead of through it during startups and refueling. The theory behind it was that previous studies on similar catalytic mesh filters showed promising emission reductions. However, these test where done on static catalytic filters which where always in the path of the air in the flue system. That meant pressure drops due to restricted airflow in the stoves could result in impaired combustion and increased emissions.  The Testing showed promising result with the variable filter outperforming a stationary filter setup. The variable filter showed 16\% reduced carbon monoxide emissions and 25\% reduced organic gaseous compound emissions compared to the stationary filter setup. Furthermore the benefits of variable filters is believed to increase as the amount of filters stacked increase since it would in a stationary setup provide a lot of air restriction which could have serious effect on how easy the product would be to start and maintain. As for usability the setup is believed to be implementable in such ways that no additional work would be necessary from a user perspective and thus not discourage new users from choosing a stove which produces less emissions. / Från och med 2022 inför Europeiska Unionen Eco Design direktivet med utsläppsgränser som måste föjlas vid försäljning av kaminer i EU. Det finns redan liknande krav på usläpp, men då de troligen ökar i framtiden och intresset för miljövänliga produkter ökar, så finns det det intresse att studera lösningar som minskar utsläppen från vedkaminer. Eftersom vedkaminer i dagens läge inte bara behöver värma ett hus, utan ses också som en möbel så är användarvänligheten av ytersta vikt.  Syftet med denna raport att utforska kopplingen mellan minsking av utsläpp och hur det skulle kunna implementeras på ett rimligt sätt i en verklig produkt. Genom användning av Desing thinking och Design research methodology, utvecklades koncept och testades i en kamin som mätte bl.a kolmonoxid och organiskt gasformiga föreningar. Testerna gjordes i enlighet med EN 16510 och den utvecklade prototypen var ett katalytiskt filternät som var designat för att roteras så att luft kan strömma runt den istället för genom vid uppstart och påfyllning. Teorin var att tidigare studier på liknande katalytiska nätfilter visade på lovande utsläppsminskningar. Dessa tester gjordes dock på statiska katalytiska filter som alltid var i vägen för luften i rökkanalen. Det innebar att tryckfall på grund av begränsat luftflöde i kaminerna kunde resultera i försämrad förbränning och ökade utsläpp.  Testningen visade lovande resultat med det variabla filtret som överträffade en stationär filteruppsättning. Det variabla filtret visade 16 \% minskade kolmonoxidutsläpp och 25 \% reducerade utsläpp av organiska gasformiga föreningar jämfört med den stationära filteruppsättningen. Dessutom tros fördelarna med variabla filter öka när mängden staplade filter ökar då en stationär uppställning skulle ge en hel del luftbegränsningar som kan ha allvarliga effekter på hur lätt produkten skulle vara att starta och underhålla. När det gäller användbarhet tros installationen vara genomförbar på ett sådant sätt att inget ytterligare arbete skulle behövas ur ett användarperspektiv och därmed inte avskräcka nya kunder från att välja en kamin som har linkande lösning.

Mendi (Mendi, 2020) is a company founded to provide accessibility of brain enhancement training to the ordinary citizen, they reside in Stockholm, Sweden. The Mendi brain training headset has been developed to aid users using neurofeedback. This technology allows for display of brain activity in real-time, and the implementation of the Mendi headset is meant to teach the user how to better regulate their brain activity. With the possibility to start sustainable design in conjunction with the market release of the product, this project was initiated to serve the future progress of sustainable development. The work conducted in this paper is based on development methods used to assess the current state of the product as well as the phases of the product life cycle in which sustainable solutions can be applied. The methods used are life cycle assessment, material research and analysis, design for disassembly, assessment of production and use, market research of similar products, and research literature on modern methodology in sustainable design. Quantitative assessment was created through comparative analysis using the program CES EduPack (Granta Design, 2019), where data of the current product is used as a reference throughout. This is combined with research findings of best practice in sustainable development of products; tools used in the development contained concept generation in the form of sketching, CAD, and 3D printing. The result is described quantitatively in the parts where data has been available, it is also presented through life cycle scenarios, giving examples from assumptions based on research of empirical studies and results from design methods used throughout. The result present scenarios of a redesigned product and how this differ from the existing prototype in the form of economic and, environmental sustainability. The final concept was created through guidelines of eco design, built around the previous work of the product for plausible implementation in upcoming development. The product uses snap-fits to enable disassembly, press-fit to avoid any mixing of materials, has reduced amount of materials and contains materials that lower the life cycle CO2 emission and energy use. Economic factors are similarly assessed, quantitative analysis of life cycle costs combined with assumption driven scenarios showing potential gains and losses that could occur from said changes. Combined, the results are meant to work as a guideline for any future endeavors made in the field of sustainable development by Mendi and their partners. / Mendi (Mendi, 2020) är ett företag som grundades för att ge den vanliga medborgaren tillgång till hjärnförbättringsträning, de är bosatta i Stockholm, Sverige. Mendi-headsetet för hjärnträning har utvecklats för att hjälpa användare genom något som kallas neurofeedback. Denna teknik möjliggör visning av hjärnaktivitet i realtid, och implementeringen av Mendi-headsetet är tänkt att lära användaren att bättre reglera sin hjärnaktivitet. Med möjligheten att starta hållbar design i samband med marknadsutsättningen av produkten inleddes detta projekt för att tjäna framtida framsteg inom hållbar utveckling. Arbetet i denna artikel bygger på utvecklingsmetoder som används för att bedöma produktens nuvarande tillstånd samt faserna i produktlivscykeln där hållbara lösningar kan tillämpas. De metoder som används är livscykelbedömning, materialforskning och analys, design för demontering, bedömning av produktion och användning, marknadsundersökning av liknande produkter och forskningslitteratur om modern metodik i hållbar design. Kvantitativ bedömning skapades genom jämförande analys med programmet CES EduPack, där data för den aktuella produkten används som referens genomgående. Detta kombineras med forskningsresultat om bästa praxis för hållbar utveckling av produkter; verktyg som användes i utvecklingen innehöll konceptgenerering i form av skisser, CAD och 3D-utskrift. Resultatet beskrivs kvantitativt i de delar där data har kunnat erhållas, det presenteras också genom livscykelscenarier, vilket ger exempel från antaganden baserade på forskning om empiriska studier och resultat från designmetoder som använts genomgående. Resultatet presenterar scenarier för en nydesignad produkt och hur denna skiljer sig från den befintliga prototypen i form av ekonomisk och miljömässig hållbarhet. Det sista konceptet skapades genom riktlinjer för eko-design, byggd kring produktens tidigare arbete för sannolik implementering i kommande utveckling. Produkten använder snäppanpassningar för att möjliggöra demontering, presspassning för att undvika blandning av material, har minskat antal olika material och innehåller material som sänker livscykeln CO2-utsläpp och energianvändning. Ekonomiska faktorer bedöms på liknande sätt, kvantitativ analys av livscykelkostnader i kombination med antagandedrivna scenarier som visar potentiella vinster och förluster som kan uppstå från tidigare nämnda förändringar. Sammantaget är resultaten avsedda att fungera som en riktlinje för framtida utveckling som görs inom området hållbar utveckling av Mendi och deras partners.

Bakalauro baigiamasis darbas šviečiantis dekoratyvus objektas „220“ sukurtas 2010 m. Darbo tikslas – sukurti šviečiantį objektą atskleidžiant dirbtinės šviesos, meniškumo ir funkcionalumo galimybių sintezę, panaudojant floristines medžiagas. Tikslui pasiekti buvo keliami tokie uždaviniai: išanalizuoti literatūrą pasirinkta tema; suprojektuoti šviečiantį dekoratyvų objektą; išnagrinėti technologinius gaminamo darbo ypatumus; sukurtą objektą pritaikyti pasirinktam interjerui. Lietuvos interjeruose pasigendu savito, išskirtinio apšvietimo, netikėtų, originalių šviestuvų ar šviečiančių objektų parinkimo ir pritaikymo interjere. Europoje šiuo metu sparčiai populiarėja rankų darbo šviestuvai. Į Lietuvą ši mada po truputį ateina. Yra keletas dizainerių, kurie gamina būtent tokius šviestuvus. Tai Dovas Serapinas, Eduardas Bytautas, Laura Keblytė. Manau šią tendenciją vertėtų populiarinti. Tokie daiktai ne tik atlieka savo funkciją, bet ir yra traktuojami kaip meno kūriniai. Atlikus darbą gautos tokios išvados: 1. Nors apšvietimo dizainui dar tik apie 100 metų, jo raida gausi faktais, atradimais, besikeičiančiomis mados tendencijomis. Dabar populiariausi ekologiško dizaino šviečiantys objektai. Inovatyvus ir perspektyvus šviečiantis objektas privalo taupiau naudoti elektros energiją, o jo gamybai panaudotos medžiagos turi natūraliai irti gamtoje. 2. Šiuo metu Lietuvos ir užsienio privačiuose interjeruose dominuoja minimalizmas. Interjerų paletėse populiarios balta, juoda, ruda... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Bachelor‘s Thesis is a luminous decorative object „220“ made in 2010. The aim is to create a luminous object combining the synthesis of artificial light, artistic and functional opportunities and using floristic materials. In order to achieve the goal the following objectives have been set: to analyse the literature on the chosen subject, design a luminous decorative object, determine the technological peculiarities, adjust the created object to the interior, prepare theoretical part. Lithuanian interior lacks unique and special lighting, more exactly, there are no surprising, original lights, or luminous objects that can be applied in the interior. At present handmade chandeliers or illuminators become more and more popular in Europe. This fashion is slowly coming to Lithuania too. Some designers who make such chandeliers are Dovas Serapinas, Eduardas Bytautas, Laura Keblytė. I suppose, that this tendency has to be popular in future. The mentioned objects do not onle fulfil their main function, but also are pieces of art. Having performed the work the following conclusions have been set: 1. Light desing is relatively new, just about 100 years, but its development is featured by facts, discoveries, changing fashion trends. At present the most popular are ecological luminous objects. Innovative and perspective luminous object is obliged to use less electricity and its material has to disintegrate or decompose naturally in nature. 2. Recently in foreign... [to full text]

Product-oriented environmental improvement is a great challenge for SMEs. There are two main reasons for this; firstly, a contradictory situation exists because SMEs lack the knowledge and competence to adopt the mainstream principle holistic approach of environmental product policy and regulations, and, secondly, there is a growing demand to incorporate environmental management system (EMS) and product dimension via ecodesign. To address these issues, this research focused on a product-oriented environmental management system (POEMS) that has been specifically developed to solve these problems. However, POEMS studies so far lack methodological development and focus more on how to incorporate EMS and eco-design rather than how to interpret the contents and improve POEMS as a standard tool. This research aimed to develop a new model, namely, component-based POEMS (CPOEMS). The C-POEMS model is a first attempt to define a potential standardised form of POEMS in its contents and structure, and form the basis for a useable self-help format for SMEs. A C-POEMS model, comprising stages of process, categories of functional areas/units, and elements, and a diagnosis template, as a component-based application, are developed and formulated. Through primary research, the C-POEMS conceptual model was verified and applicability of a C-POEMS component to SMEs was validated. C-POEMS made major contributions of two aspects: (1) methodological development of POEMS; (2) improvement of the format applicable for SMEs incorporating mainstream principles. Regarding methodological development of POEMS, arguments of existing POEMS methods were revealed, and the suggestions as well as analytical information in this research would provide benefit for further research in this field. The C-POEMS improved POEMS by providing clear contents and structure with predefined prior and iii correlated categories of functional area/units, which are helpful for SMEs. In addition, a diagnostic approach would help SMEs recognise their own problems and focus areas. As a result, SMEs can reduce the initial time to identify a structure of product-related environmental management, and increase opportunities to focus on major targets and product aspect for environmental improvements. Because of time constraint and underdevelopment of POEMS, there remain problems, in particular, to fully integrate EMS and eco-design, and the asymmetric situation between maintaining the broad scope of POEMS and focusing upon specific areas and user demand. However, this C-POEMS model provides a foundation for the development of EMS for SME’s and for ongoing development of POEMS.

Avec l’homogénéisation d’un mode de développement à l’image de celui des pays occidentaux les ressources terrestres sont de plus en plus mises à mal rendant de plus en plus urgent un développement durable. Pour atteindre un tel développement, il est nécessaire d’intégrer la dimension environnementale dès les premières étapes du processus de conception de produits. De nombreux outils d’écoconception ont été développés pour satisfaire aux conditions du développement durable. Cependant, ces outils ne sont généralement pas adaptés à la conception de systèmes mécaniques complexes car soit trop spécifiques soit trop généraux ou reposent sur des règles empiriques souvent invérifiables. C'est pourquoi nous proposons dans ce travail de recherche de mettre en place une méthodologie et des outils adaptés à la conception de systèmes complexes. Les travaux effectués nous ont amenés à développer 4 approches méthodologiques permettant à chaque fois d’apporter des réponses aux aspects problématiques identifiés : 1. Les outils d’écoconception actuels sont-ils adaptés à la prise en compte des dimensions multiples de la conception de systèmes ? 2. Comment identifier et hiérarchiser les axes d’amélioration environnemental les plus prometteurs ? 3. Comment déterminer les solutions technologiques adaptées à un système complexe et garantissant la meilleure performance environnementale ? 4. Quelles fonctionnalités pour des performances environnementales optimales pour un système complexe? D’abord, l’approche Pareto/ ACV, introduit dans le chapitre 3, repose sur une simplification du système en considérant que les principales sources d’impact sont générées par une faible partie du système. C’est une approche qui consiste à réaliser une succession d’ACV pour chaque alternative proposée, c’est un processus d’optimisation fastidieux. Toutefois Cette approche fourni des résultats « justes » et est bien adaptée aux raisonnements des concepteurs. En effet par leur expérience du métier et par leur connaissance du produit, le concepteur peut facilement identifier les principaux contributeurs d’impacts. Nous avons, ensuite, développé une approche combinant plans d’expériences et ACV, présentée dans le chapitre 4. Cette approche s’appuie sur une modélisation complète du produit. Le principal apport de la méthode DoE/ ACV est la possibilité de hiérarchiser les paramètres du système en fonction de leur influence sur la performance environnementale du système. Afin de répondre aux limites identifiées lors de l’étude des deux outils précédents nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche basée sur la satisfaction des contraintes (CSP) combinée avec l’ACV et présentée dans le chapitre 5. La phase la plus fastidieuse consiste à modéliser le système (définition des variables de conception, des contraintes du système sous la forme d’équation et des variables de performances que l’on souhaite satisfaire). Il est nécessaire de recueillir des informations sur chaque processus et composants du système, sur la phase d’usage, la maintenance, etc. L’avantage par rapport aux outils précédents est la capacité de l’outil à garantir un ensemble complet de solutions et permet au concepteur de choisir une solution valable selon des variables de performance (amélioration de la performance environnementale selon des indicateurs environnementaux) et contraintes spécifiées lors de la définition du cahier des charges. En complément à l’approche CSP/ ACV, nous avons proposé l’approche EcoCSP, dans le chapitre 6, dans laquelle les spécifications fonctionnelles ne sont plus figées. La méthode ecoCSP permet d’appréhender la configuration de l’architecture produit correspondant à une évolution des performances fonctionnelles. L’approche méthodologique EcoCSP est utilisée pour faire des arbitrages fonctionnels qui modifient l’unité fonctionnelle du système avec les conséquences que cela entraine / The tendency towards a homogenous mode of development modeled on that of Western countries means that sustainable development has become increasingly urgent. In order to implement such development, it is not enough to make superficial reductions of environmental impacts; it is necessary to thoroughly redefine products and their expected performances in such a way that the consequences are compatible with sustainable development. Many ecodesign tools have been developed to meet the requirements of sustainable development. However, these tools are not generally suitable for the design of complex systems because there are either too specific, too general or based on rules of thumb often unverifiable. That is why we propose in this research to develop a methodological approach for ecodesign complex systems. This research work has led us to develop four methodological approaches each time to provide answers to the identified problem areas: 1. Are the current eco-design tools adapted to take into account the multiple dimensions of system design? 2. How to identify and hierarchize the most promising areas of environmental improvement at the early stages of the design process? 3. How to determine technological solutions adapted to a complex system and guarantee the best environmental performance? 4. Which are the necessary features for optimal environmental performances for a complex system? First, the Pareto / LCA approach, introduced in Chapter 3, is based on a simplification of the system considering that the main sources of impact are generated by a small part of it. It consists of a succession of LCA for each proposed alternative; it is a tedious process optimization. However, this approach provides “good” results and is well suited to designers’ reasoning. Indeed by their industry experience and knowledge of the product, the designer can easily identify the main contributors to impacts. Then we developed an approach presented in Chapter 4 that combines Design of Experiment (DoE) and LCA. This approach is based on a complete modeling of the product. The main contribution of the DoE / ACV approach is the ability to prioritize the system parameters according to their influence on the environmental performance of the system. To address the limitations identified in the study of the two previous tools we have proposed a new methodological approach based on Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) combined with LCA and presented in Chapter 5. The most time consuming step is to model the system (definition of design parameters, constraints, equation and performance). It is necessary to gather information about each process and system components, the use phase, maintenance, etc. The advantage over previous tools is the ability of the approach to ensure a complete set of solutions, allowing the designer to choose a good one that complies to environmental performance and constraints specified in the definition specifications. In addition to the CSP / LCA approach, we propose an EcoCSP approach, in Chapter 6. In it, the functional specifications are no longer “frozen”. The approach EcoCSP allows us to understand the configuration of the product corresponding to a change in functional performance. The EcoCSP is used to make functional trade-offs that affect the functional unit of the system with the consequences this entails.

The challenge of transitioning to an environmentally sustainable system of production and consumption is both a major risk and a significant opportunity for companies involved in the design and manufacture of products. One approach that might assist companies in meeting this challenge is ‘eco-innovation’, which aims to deliver new products and processes that provide customer and business value but significantly decrease environmental impacts. <br /> The aim of the research was to understand how eco-innovation tools can be developed and introduced to a company such that they are adopted into the long-term practices of the company and contribute to the development of eco-innovative products. A ‘toolbox for eco-innovation’ was developed by adapting existing innovation tools for the purposes of eco-innovation. The initial toolbox was tested through in-house trials before subsequent trials in industry with a refined suite of tools. One-day workshops were held with six producers of electrical and electronic equipment. Four of these companies went on to participate in more in-depth tool introduction studies in which the tools were customised to the specific needs of the company and its design team. Formal tool feedback sessions and individual interviews with members of the design team were used to asses the effectiveness of the tool customisations. The organisational drivers and barriers for the long-term adoption of eco-innovation tools were also investigated. <br /> The contributions to knowledge of this research are: <br /> <ul> <li>The development of a toolbox for eco-innovation.</li> <li>The validation of tool customisation as an approach to improving the introduction of eco-innovation tools.</li> <li>The definition of a generic process for tool introduction based on tool customisation which is appropriate for workshop-based design and innovation tools (including eco-innovation tools).</li> <li>Insights into the organisational drivers and barriers for the long-term adoption of eco-innovation tools.</li> <li>A model for the management of eco-innovation activities. </li> </ul>

<p>Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Thailand that develop and manufacture electrical and electronic products are among other SMEs in the world meeting increasingly stringent legal and customer requirements related to environmental issues. Obstacles for the SMEs around the world to meet these requirements are almost the same in form of lack of knowledge, budget and resources. The differences between SMEs in Thailand and SMEs in the EU, Japan or even Korea are that these countries have been developed the eco-design concept and SMEs have been involved in eco-design activities for many years. This process and activities are new both for the SMEs and for the supporting institutes and organisations in Thailand. Thailand has just started to build up the infrastructure to support the SMEs to implement the eco-design concept and to work more with product related environmental issues. The focus right now for the SMEs in this research is to comply with the EU Directives, RoHS and WEEE, and this is where the main investments are made, e.g. in order to be able to export to the demanding EU market.</p><p>This research is investigating what kind of environment demands that SMEs in Thailand that develop and manufacture electrical and electronic products have on their products, how they handle these requirements and also what obstacles there are for implementing a more product related environmental concept, also known as eco-design, Design for the Environment (DfE), Green Design or Environmentally Oriented Design. A research in form of interviews and factory visits has been done with five different SMEs in Thailand. These five SMEs have also participated in the first official eco-design projects in Thailand with funding from the government in Thailand and also some from the EU. Interviews have been conducted with involved parties in these project such as institutes and experts provided by Universities. These interviews were made in order to get their opinion and experience about the present situation for SMEs in Thailand that develop and manufacture electrical and electronic products to work with product related green issues.</p><p>The research shows that these companies have the possibilities and conditions to work further on with the eco-design concept in the future. Their participation in the eco-design projects has been a good experience and there is evidence of strong support from the management and owners, environmental awareness, pro-active work and motivation among the companies. The obstacles are as mentioned above concerning lack of resources, knowledge and experience of how these environmental demands and requirements will affect the product development process. This lack of experience depends mostly on the fact that these eco-design projects are the first projects in this field for the companies. These five companies have now built up a fundamental knowledge but are still in need of further support. The communication between the SMEs and supporting parties are important and also one factor these five companies think is functioning well.</p>

The purpose of this study was to investigate how work with Lean and environmental aspects affect one another, and if possible and beneficial from a business point-of-view, how they could be integrated into a single model. It was found that several of the fundamental concepts concerning Lean and environmental aspects support one another. Further, Lean has the potential to improve the environmental performance of a company, and can contributeto the environmental work by its proactive approach, structured way of operating and long-term way of thinking. The environmental perspective can contribute to Lean with its more holistic view; additional cost savingsand improvements might be found when looking at the operations from an environmental point-of-view. The study showed that it is not only possible to integrate Lean and environmental work, but that it also has the potential to be beneficial from both a business and an environmental standpoint. Integration can reduce the risk of sub-optimization, and synergies can be achieved. With this knowledge, the authors composed a model for how Lean and environmental work can be practised and integrated.

Face to the growing awareness of environmental concerns issued from human activities, eco-design aims at offering a satisfying answer in the products and services development field. However when the considered products become complex industrial systems, there is a lack of adapted methodologies and tools. These systems are among others characterised by a large number of components and subsystems, an extremely long and uncertain life cycle, or complex interactions with their geographical and industrial environment. This change of scale actually brings different constraints, as well in the evaluation of environmental impacts generated all along the system life cycle (data management and quality, detail level according to available resources...) as in the identification of adapted answers (management of multidisciplinary aspects and available resources, players training, inclusion in an upstream R&D context...). So this dissertation aims at developing a methodology to implement ecodesign of complex industrial systems. A general methodology is first proposed, based on a DMAIC process (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control). This methodology allows defining in a structured way the framework (objectives, resources, perimeter, phasing...) and rigorously supporting the ecodesign approach applied on the system. A first step of environmental evaluation based on Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is thus performed at a high systemic level. Given the complexity of the system life cycle as well as the exploitation variability that may exist from one site to another, a scenario-based approach is proposed to quickly consider the space of possible environmental impacts. Scenarios of exploitation are defined thanks to the SRI (Stanford Research Institute) matrix and they include numerous elements that are rarely considered in LCA, like preventive and corrective maintenance, subsystems upgrading or lifetime modulation according to the economic context. At the conclusion of this LCA the main impacting elements of the system life cycle are known and they permit to initiate the second step of the eco-design approach centred on environmental improvement. A multidisciplinary working group perform a creativity session centred on the eco-design strategy wheel (or Brezet wheel), a resource-efficient eco-innovation tool that requires only a basic environmental knowledge. Ideas generated during creativity are then analysed through three successive filters allowing: (1) to pre-select and to refine the best projects; (2) to build a R&D projects portfolio thanks to a multi-criteria approach assessing not only their environmental performance, but also their technical, economic and customers' value creation performance; (3) to control the portfolio balance according to the company strategy and the projects diversity (short/middle/long term aspect, systemic level...). All this work was applied and validated at Alstom Grid on electrical conversion substations used in the primary aluminium industry. The methodology deployment has allowed initiating a robust eco-design approach recognized by the company and finally generating a portfolio composed of 9 eco-innovative R&D projects that will be started in the coming months.