Since the transformation from Political Economy to Economics and from Classical to Neoclassical theory in the late nineteenth century, a theory of human behavior has constituted the initial foundation upon which all economic theory is based and developed. Two main theories of human behavior developed by William Stanley Jevons and Carl Menger have been generally accepted to have ushered in this Marginalist Revolution. Jevons marginal utility theory popularized by Alfred Marshall is still extensively used today, while the Austrian approach of Menger was effectively removed from academic discussion in the nineteen thirties; mainly as a result of the annexation of Austria and the dissolution of the Austrian School of Economics. Given the inability of economists to fully operationalize the marginal utility theory and realistically explain and resolve a broad range of behavioral anomalies using Neoclassical and Post-Neoclassical Economics, this thesis attempts to examine and address the most fundamental issues of human behavior in economics to explain how utility theory and modern Neoclassical and Post-Neoclassical Economics are flawed and how a realistic theory of human behavior, developed from the scholarly work of the early Austrian Economists, can be used to develop the basis of a scientific economics, derived from observation, that holds the potential to both expand the scope of economic understanding, redirect the focus of the discipline, and possibly unify the many disparate theories in the field.

Since the transformation from Political Economy to Economics and from Classical to Neoclassical theory in the late nineteenth century, a theory of human behavior has constituted the initial foundation upon which all economic theory is based and developed. Two main theories of human behavior developed by William Stanley Jevons and Carl Menger have been generally accepted to have ushered in this Marginalist Revolution. Jevons marginal utility theory popularized by Alfred Marshall is still extensively used today, while the Austrian approach of Menger was effectively removed from academic discussion in the nineteen thirties; mainly as a result of the annexation of Austria and the dissolution of the Austrian School of Economics. Given the inability of economists to fully operationalize the marginal utility theory and realistically explain and resolve a broad range of behavioral anomalies using Neoclassical and Post-Neoclassical Economics, this thesis attempts to examine and address the most fundamental issues of human behavior in economics to explain how utility theory and modern Neoclassical and Post-Neoclassical Economics are flawed and how a realistic theory of human behavior, developed from the scholarly work of the early Austrian Economists, can be used to develop the basis of a scientific economics, derived from observation, that holds the potential to both expand the scope of economic understanding, redirect the focus of the discipline, and possibly unify the many disparate theories in the field.

Tyrimo objektas – paramos įtaka jaunųjų ūkininkų elgsenai. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti paramos įtaką jaunųjų ūkininkų ekonominei elgsenai. Uždaviniai:  atskleisti ūkininkų elgsenos teorinius ypatumus;  parengti paramos įtakos jaunųjų ūkininkų ekonominei elgsenai identifikavimo metodiką;  atlikti anketinę apklausą ir atvejų analizę;  nustatyti paramos ir kitų veiksnių įtaką jaunųjų ūkininkų ekonominei elgsenai. Tyrimo metodai – naudojami mokslinės literatūros sisteminė ir lyginamoji analizė, statistinių duomenų analizė, teiginių grupavimo apibendrinimo ir grafinio vaizdavimo metodai. Tyrimo rezultatai:  pirmojoje darbo dalyje išnagrinėta mokslinės literatūros apžvalga apie ūkininkų elgseną, paramos įtaka jų ekonominei elgsenai, sudarytas paramos įtakos jaunųjų ūkininkų ekonominei elgsenai teorinis modelis. Nustatyta, kad ūkininkų ekonominė elgsena gali būti orientuota pagal tris sritis: gamybinę, investicinę, aplinkos apsaugos. Sudarius teorinį modelį nustatyta, kad didžiausią įtaką jaunųjų ūkininkų ekonominei elgsenai daro ES investicinė parama ir bendradarbiavimas su patyrusiais ūkininkais.  antrojoje darbo dalyje išnagrinėti jaunųjų ūkininkų ekonominę elgseną atskleidžiantys metodai, nustatytas dažniausiai taikomas metodas – anketinė apklausa. Pateikta atsakymų aprašomoji statistika, siekiant statistiškai reikšmingų rezultatų – atsakymų variantai pergrupuoti.  trečiojoje darbo dalyje atliktas paramos įtakos jaunųjų ūkininkų ekonominei elgsenai tyrimas. Anketinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Research object – influence of support on young farmers‘ behavior. Research aim – to indentify the impact of support on young farmers‘ economic behavior. Objectives:  to reveal the theoretical peculiarities of farmers‘ behavior;  to develop metodology for identification of the support influence on economic behavior of young farmers;  to conduct a questionnaire survey and case studies;  to determine the influence of support and other factors on economic behavior of young farmers. Research methods: systematic and comparative analysis of scientific literature, statistical data analysis, grouping, aggregation, visualization. Research results:  The first part examines scientific literature on the farmers behavior, influence of support on their economic behavior, creates theoretical model of influence of support on young farmers' economic behavior. Economic behavior of farmers can be oriented to three areas: production, investment, environmental protection. Theoretical model determines that economic behavior of young farmers is the most impacted by the EU's investment support and cooperation with parents.  The second part examines the methods that reveal economic behavior of young farmers, the most common method - a questionnaire survey. Descriptive statistics of the answers is presented.  The third part analizes the influence of support on economic behavior of young farmers. Questionnaire surveys and case studies have determined the economic behavior of young farmers is... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosEF_DISSERT.pdf: 995177 bytes, checksum: 9410eaadcd9007008d6315880e77910d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-10 / Rogram relying on sociological interface between Economic Sociology, Sociology of Moral Theory of Socialization and Social Stratification, this dissertation research makes use of theoretical contributions Luic Boltanski, Charles Taylor, Axel Honneth, Pierre Bourdieu and Bernard Lahire to problematize the generally about the physical and symbolic production and social reproduction of the type of "economic ethics" predominant in the new petite bourgeoisie Brazilian. In other words, the goal is to explain and analyze the objective conditions (economic needs and moral grammar) and intersubjective (modes of socialization and social networks) and update the social genesis and contextual transcontextual beliefs, biases, inclinations and cultural regularities observed the economic behavior of individual profiles for the fractions of the urban petty bourgeoisie and commercial upward Natal / RN. With regard to methodological strategies adopted in data collection will be conducted qualitative interviews (semistructured) and ethnographic notes. In turn, the analytical treatment of the collected empirical content is based on the approach dispositionalist (Pierre Bourdieu, Lo?c Wacquant and Bernard Lahire) that emphasizes the study of the past embedded agents and the different contexts of incorporation / activation / inhibition of "provisions" individual cultural / Se apoiando em programa sociol?gico de interface entre Sociologia Econ?mica, Sociologia da Moral, Teoria da Socializa??o e Estratifica??o Social, a presente pesquisa de disserta??o se serve das contribui??es te?ricas de Luic Boltanski, Charles Taylor, Pierre Bourdieu e Bernard Lahire para problematizar de modo geral a respeito das condi??es materiais e simb?licas de produ??o e reprodu??o social do tipo de ?tica econ?mica predominante na nova pequena burguesia brasileira. Dito de outro modo, o objetivo ? explicitar e analisar as condi??es objetivas (necessidades econ?micas e gram?tica moral) e intersubjetivas (modos de socializa??o e redes de sociabilidade) da g?nese social e atualiza??o contextual e transcontextual de cren?as, propens?es, inclina??es e regularidades culturais observadas no comportamento econ?mico de perfis individuais relativos a fra??es da pequena burguesia comercial urbana e ascendente de Natal/RN. No que se refere ?s estrat?gias metodol?gicas adotadas na coleta dos dados, ser?o realizadas entrevistas de tipo qualitativo (semiestruturadas) e anota??es etnogr?ficas. Por sua vez, o tratamento anal?tico do conte?do emp?rico coletado apoia-se na abordagem disposicionalista (Pierre Bourdieu e Bernard Lahire) que enfatiza o estudo do passado incorporado dos agentes e os diferentes contextos de incorpora??o/ativa??o/inibi??o das disposi??es culturais individuais

O Plano Brasil Novo ou Plano Collor, como ficou conhecido foi lançado em março de 1990 por Fernando Collor de Mello, primeiro presidente eleito por voto direto no Brasil em quase 30 anos, tendo como principal marca o inédito confisco das aplicações financeiras privadas por um período de 18 meses. A brusca retirada de moeda de circulação, que fez sumir de um dia para outro cerca de 75% do dinheiro que irrigava a economia brasileira, provocou uma ruptura não apenas no sistema econômico-financeiro do País, como também nas relações sociais e na cultura econômica vigentes, alterando a dinâmica do cotidiano e o comportamento econômico da população urbana. / The New Brazil Plan or Collor Plan, as it was known was launched in March 1990 by Fernando Collor de Mello, the first president elected by direct vote in Brazil in almost 30 years, having main feature the unprecedented confiscation of private financial investments for a period of 18 months. The abrupt withdrawal of circulation money, which wiped out about 75% of the money that irrigated the Brazilian economy from one day to the next, provoked a rupture not only in the country\'s economic-financial system, but also in social relations and economic culture, changing the daily dynamics and the economic behavior of the urban population.

The extended protection offered to reputed trademarks in article 8(5) EUTMR and in particular the illusive concept of detriment to distinctive character has been causing difficulties for both legislators and courts throughout Europe since the concept was introduced by Frank Schechter in 1927. Detriment to distinctive character, or blurring as it also called, has undergone several changes since its implementation in the first trademark regulation due to case law from the CJEU and no case has had a bigger impact in this area than the Intel judgement. In Intel the court sought to resolve any uncertainties about detriment to distinctive character once and for all by developing the global appreciation test which was to consider all factors relevant to the case at hand. This test was however rather undermined by the introduction of the unsupported requirement that the proprietor had to prove a change in the economic behavior of the consumer. Since Intel, the number of claims regarding detriment to distinctive character has decreased due to the strictness of the requirement and the unwillingness of the court to sufficiently explain what sort of evidence that would effectively prove such change. As it stands, the concept of detriment to distinctive character is in serious risk of becoming redundant due to the current test for blurring not being fit for purpose.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:01:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_FabianoSilvaRocha.pdf: 6036893 bytes, checksum: b670ab9131dc028000fa7b0790fffafd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-30 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / The present paper comprehends a field study of the economic life of the inhabitants of Cariongo village in Santa Rita/MA. For the undertaking of this research we made use of a method which contemplated both qualitative and quantitative data analyses in loco observation and statistics thus, allowing us to interpret that the inhabitants of that village face a situation of crisis in the production of manioc flour, precisely, for having their right to farm their lands revoked by the INCRA, which had intervened in an agrarian conflict between the inhabitants and local grileiros . Therefore, it occurred to us that the inhabitants of Cariongo are now undergoing what we identified as a process of reconfiguration of their economic behavior. The interpretations made thereof were basically conducted by the theoretical and methodological orientation of the economic sociology of Karl Polanyi and Max Weber, apart from the analytical discussion on subsistence economies highlighting the historians Fernand Braudel and Immanuel Wallerstein who defend a rather contrary perspective to that of the neoclassical economic theory in the face of the expansion of the historical capitalism world economy. Thus, the economic field is the ultimate point of the present research and practically of the entire debate, however, there is no intention of limiting the discussion to this field alone, this way, the focus on that social reality also takes into consideration its relation to both political and cultural fields (with analysis of the educational capital) precisely given that we understand the multiple dimensions of social life as undoubtedly inseparable aspects, yet it is not about harmonious relations, the social realm is one of struggle between the agents, a realm of contention between those who dominate and those who are dominated. In regard to this analysis of the political and cultural fields we made use of the theoretical propositions of Pierre Bourdieu with his notion of domination and symbolic violence as means of appropriation of both economic and cultural capital. / Este trabalho ocupa-se de um estudo de campo sobre a vida econômica dos moradores da Vila Cariongo, em Santa Rita/MA. Para a realização desta pesquisa utilizamos o método misto quali-quanti observação in loco e estatística , desta maneira, tornou-se possível interpretar que os moradores daquela Vila enfrentam uma situação de crise da produção de farinha de mandioca, justamente por terem suas terras agricultáveis interditadas pelo INCRA, este que intermediou um conflito agrário entre moradores e grileiros locais . Diante deste problema, percebemos que os moradores do Cariongo enfrentam o que identificamos como um processo de reconfiguração dos comportamentos econômicos. As interpretações aqui realizadas foram conduzidas basicamente pelas orientações teórico-metodológicas da sociologia econômica de Karl Polanyi e Max Weber, além da discussão analítica sobre as economias de subsistência, com destaque aos historiadores Fernand Braudel e Immanuel Wallerstein que defendem uma posição contrária à teoria econômica neoclássica frente à expansão da economia-mundo do capitalismo histórico. Neste sentido, o campo econômico é o ponto nevrálgico da pesquisa e de praticamente todo o debate, no entanto, não há o intuito de reduzir a discussão a este único campo, sendo assim, o enfoque sobre aquela realidade social também considera a sua relação com o campo político e o campo cultural (com análise do capital escolar), justamente por entendermos as múltiplas dimensões da vida social como aspectos indubitavelmente inseparáveis, contudo não se trata de relações harmônicas, o espaço social é o espaço de lutas entre os agentes, o espaço de disputas entre dominantes e dominados. No que se refere a esta análise do campo político e do campo cultural fez-se uso das proposições teóricas de Pierre Bourdieu com a sua noção de dominação e violência simbólica enquanto mecanismos de apropriação do capital econômico e do capital cultural.

The aim of this work is based on analysis of the development of selected macroeconomic indicators and our own research, show what, how and why it affects the psychology, mentality and the economic behavior of people in the Czech Republic and Russian Federation.Work consists of analytical and research components. In the analytical section, I briefly describe the transformation process of the nineties, in addition to significant milestones in the modern history of selected countries, the impact of policies on people's behavior, the demographic situation and trend analysis of economic indicators in the Czech Republic and Russian Federation.Furthermore, I described how to work the political and economic developments in the life of the individual and society.In a research project, I analyzed the results of the inquiry.

Master thesis was focused on comparative analysis of economic behavior on chosen population of Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. The main goal of this thesis was to define basic trends of the economic behavior in the different dimensions such as history, politics, economics, law and psychology. In the beginning of the thesis was set up hypothesis concerning main factors contributed to the related topic: adaptation, control, trust and fear. Analytical part was focused on research of relationship between defined factors and the process of choosing economic behavior strategy.

À partir du IVe siècle, dans la littérature épiscopale et monastique, un lexique récurrent emprunte au monde économique gréco-romain les termes pour indiquer de nouveaux domaines sémantiques propres au christianisme, notamment le problème du salut et la dialectique de la rédemption. Grâce à ce langage métaphorique, la thésaurisation, l’investissement, le commerce, l’usure, l’endettement deviennent objets d’analyse et de réflexion, au lieu d’être simplement condamnés comme on le lit souvent. Cette étude est construite sur l’interprétation de ce langage théologico-économique dans les textes homilétiques des Pères de l’Église et les règles monastiques (fin IVe-début IXe s.). Il est nécessaire de comprendre la fonction de ce langage dans la construction d’une nouvelle façon de penser les échanges matériels, qui met en relation directe les comportements économiques des hommes et le salut dans l’au-delà, pour s’interroger ensuite sur son rôle dans la formation d’une rationalité économique et administrative médiévale. Dans ses discours sur l’avarice, la pauvreté et l’aumône, la patristique définit en effet les règles d’un comportement économique chrétien et détermine l’usage correct de la richesse en vue d’une gestion chrétienne dans la sphère privée et publique. Les catégories du « bon » et du « mauvais » chrétien commencent à intégrer des notions d’ordre économique, tandis que l’inclusion/ exclusion de la société des fidèles se joue aussi sur la base des comportements économiques. Le monde monastique occidental qui s’épanouit à partir de la fin du IVe siècle hérite de cette tradition lexicale patristique, en produisant à son tour des catégories administratives fondatrices d’une rationalité économique médiévale. Les méthodes d’enquête utilisées et les problèmes posés relèvent d’une histoire des pratiques et du pouvoir : les pratiques de la langue et de la construction de vocabulaires spécialisés, dont la valeur concrète réside dans la capacité à signifier les choses, à forger la réalité, à modeler les conduites et le pouvoir produit et légitimé par la création d’un langage d’autorité. / From the fourth century, in the episcopal and monastic literature, we find a vocabulary that borrows terms from the Greco-Roman world of economy to denote new semantic domains of Christianity, i.e. the problem of salvation and the dialectic redemption. Through these metaphors, investment, trade, usury, debt become objects of linguistic analysis and moral judgment. Our investigation is built around the interpretation of this theological and economic language over a period from the fourth to the ninth century. The corpus of sources includes texts of Cappadocian Fathers, Chrysostom, Ambrose, Zeno of Verona, Brescia Gaudence, Chromatius of Aquileia, John Cassian, Augustine, Caesarius of Arles, Salvian, and monastic rules (IV-IX cent.). It is necessary to understand the function of language in the construction of a Christian way to think and to represent economy, in a system of exchanges between the earth and the Kingdom of Heaven. In preaching on greed, poverty, almsgiving, the Church’s fathers defines the rules of economic behavior and determines the Christian right use of wealth for a Christian stewardship in the private and public spheres. The categories of 'good' and 'bad' Christians begin to incorporate notions of economic order, while the inclusion / exclusion from society is also on the basis of economic behavior. The western monastic world inherits lexical patristic tradition, producing administrative categories of medieval economic rationality. These phenomena, also conveyed by the metaphorical language of Christians, have shaped new social and political ties and a new image of society, opening the way to the Middle Ages.