The level of savings in South Africa has been described as dismal and on the verge of becoming an economic crisis. Household savings has declined to a level of dissavingand is therefore in need of rectification. Savings can be broken down into household, corporate and government saving. The purpose of this research is to identify measures to improve household savings in South Africa. A critical review of household savings is conducted in chapter two utilising secondary data to examine household savings, identify factors affecting savings as well as establish measures to improve household savings. The study gathers primary data from 10leading economists and financial experts located in South Africa.A qualitative study is undertaken as it helps provide intrinsic information on the thoughts and opinions of the sample group on measures to improve household savings. The research has revealed that South African households are not saving sufficiently and that there are a few key factors affecting households savings. The key factors are indentified and investigated in the literature review and further examined by the respondents for their expert opinions. The respondents have identified thathousehold savings behaviours are insufficiently contributing to savings and there is a lack of a savings culture to encourage positive savings growth. Consumers are caught up in a web of consumerism with easy access to credit as a result of financial liberalisation. These two factors have created a debt trend and left many households in a downward spiral of debt. The respondents have identified the main factors affecting households as: savings culture,financial literacy, consumerism, income levels, education and interest rates. Measures identified to improve household savings are: Tax breaks, government incentives to saving, education, budgeting as well as developing a national culture of saving. These suggestions help outline a path for government, corporations and individuals to follow in achieving greater household savings. The research has outlined measures to improve household savings and stressed that there is no one single measure to rectify the savings dilemma, but rather it is to identify and acknowledge that the savings solution lies in addressing each of the factors affecting saving with a view to improving saving as a whole. / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2011.

Orientador: Julio Assis Simões / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T09:30:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franca_IsadoraLins_D.pdf: 5631474 bytes, checksum: 9a99e057ecd00f5c6119292b83a36ec7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Neste trabalho procuro compreender a produção de subjetividades, categorias identitárias e estilos relacionados à homossexualidade num contexto de segmentação de mercado, a partir de um recorte no conjunto de espaços de sociabilidade e consumo freqüentados por homens que se relacionam afetivo-sexualmente com outros homens na cidade de São Paulo. Procuro compreender também como se articulam marcadores de diferença - como gênero, sexualidade, classe social, idade e cor/raça - atuantes na produção de sujeitos, categorias e estilos relacionados à homossexualidade e como a prática do consumo, seja nos ou dos lugares que serviram de base para a observação etnográfica, media essa articulação. Considero que essas duas pontas do consumo dos ou nos lugares estão intimamente articuladas, já que os lugares funcionam também como contextos que revelam ou possibilitam determinados usos de mercadorias ou que fazem circular informações a seu respeito. Selecionei três lugares para a pesquisa de campo, que denominei de lugares-chave, levando em conta o quanto me pareciam analiticamente interessantes, a partir da possibilidade de revelarem interseccionalidades e diferenças. No decorrer da pesquisa, conduzi a observação etnográfica nesses lugares e realizei entrevistas em profundidade com seus freqüentadores / Abstract: This research aims to understand the production of subjectivities, identity categories and styles related to homosexuality at venues visited by men who have sexual/affective relations with other men in a context of market segmentation in the city of Sao Paulo. I explore how social markers of difference - gender, sexuality, class, age and color/race - operate as categories of articulation in the production of subjects, identities and styles related to homosexuality. In addition, I examine how consumption practices - at the places or of places - are linked to this process. I argue that consumption at and of places are articulated,considering that places are contexts which reveal or enable certain uses of goods, and in which information about the places themselves is circulated through goods. Fieldwork was carried out in three key-places, which were selected by taking into account how analytically fruitful they seemed in revealing intersectionalities and differences. Fieldwork comprised ethnographic observation in these places and in-depth interviews with their regular visitors / Doutorado / Antropologia Urbana / Doutor em Ciências Sociais

This thesis focuses on the transformation of domestic ideology in the United States from the late eighteenth century to the early twentieth century. It traces the emergence and development of the doctrine of separate spheres in the Revolutionary and early national periods and then examines the rise of the home economics movement in the post-Civil War period as an agent and expression of the demise of the separate spheres ideology of domesticity. The doctrine of separate spheres developed from a longstanding sense of separateness from the public world of men experienced by colonial women. The emergence of this doctrine was facilitated and shaped by the events of the Revolutionary War, the development and spread of commercial and industrial economic activities, changes in religious practises and new notions about the nature and nurture of children. The complex interplay of these factors strengthened women's sense of disjunction from the male-dominated sector of society, but bolstered women's sense of moral authority and autonomy within their sphere, the home. Women saw their domestic role as essential to the preservation of traditional values and morality and therefore critical for the preservation of social harmony. Supported by the doctrine of separate spheres, women organized to protect and project home values, hoping to reform society by their influence. Noted domestic theoreticians such as Sarah Hale and Catharine Beecher helped articulate this doctrine for women, but their work should be viewed as expressions of widely felt notions about women's place in the family and society. The emergence of home economics is viewed as a challenge to the basic precepts of the doctrine of separate spheres, thereby calling into question the universality of the acceptance of this doctrine by middle class women in the nineteenth century. As urban reformers, scientists and college educated women, home economists found the doctrine of separate spheres inadequate and outmoded as a guide for modern living. These women sought to replace traditional homemaking practises and ideals with a new domestic ideology, home economics, which they thought would more effectively meet the needs of the family in the twentieth century. Home economics developed as a social reform movement in two phases, each one dominated by a different generation of women. The pioneer generation of home economists were traditionally educated women who sought to inculcate working class and immigrant women and children with middle class domestic values and ideas. They initiated programs of education in various institutions, ranging from the public schools to church-sponsored mission classes, to teach girls and women homemaking skills such as cooking, sewing and budgeting. Although traditional in their goals, these women created new forms which quickly led to developments which went beyond a re-assertion of domesticity expressed in the doctrine of separate spheres. Home economists began to see themselves as scientifically-trained experts, not as ordinary homemakers. This development both coincided and was furthered by the rise of the second generation of home economists, who were largely college graduates and subsequently professors and administrators in institutions of higher learning. This group of women shaped home economics to meet some of their own needs, both personal and professional, and in the process changed the focus of the movement. Home economists became more concerned with reforming the middle class home and homemaker in this period. Home economics became embedded in colleges as a new inter-disciplinary course of study for women and as a new profession. Home economists promoted a new ideology of domesticity which had as its foundation the emulation of certain aspects of men's sphere: business values of efficiency and rational organization, the use of technology and a reliance on expertise. A belief in the reforming power of science replaced traditional notions of piety in the home economics ideology. Home economists created elaborate hierarchies of expertise based on achieved levels of education, thereby undermining the sense of sisterhood supported by the doctrine of separate spheres. Insofar as women adopted the home economics ideology of domesticity, the homemaker role lost its authority and autonomy and women's sphere lost its boundaries and sense of mission which had informed nineteenth century women's notions of their role in society. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Department of Communication

謝佼杏. / "2003年12月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2003. / 參考文獻 (leaves 96-100). / 附中英文摘要. / "2003 nian 12 yue". / Xie Jiaoxing. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2003. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 96-100). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Chapter ´ؤ. --- 導論 --- p.5頁 / Chapter 二. --- 消費社會的身份建構 --- p.11頁 / Chapter 三. --- 中國的現代生活方式與白領人士 --- p.33頁 / Chapter 四. --- 硏究背景與硏究問題 --- p.38頁 / Chapter 五. --- 分析部分 --- p.45頁 / Chapter 六. --- 結論 --- p.88頁 / 附錄1被訪者的基本資料 --- p.92頁 / 附錄2 ELLE的讀者基本情況 --- p.95頁 / 參考書目 --- p.96頁

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-02-16T19:30:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Cavalheiro Arantes.pdf: 7021027 bytes, checksum: af8afa8ff94692e9266b532db05a3e8a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-16T19:30:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Cavalheiro Arantes.pdf: 7021027 bytes, checksum: af8afa8ff94692e9266b532db05a3e8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-06 / This paper aims at exposing the concept and functioning of behavioral advertising on Internet, its main legal implications and the parameters that must be observed by suppliers to ensure the lawfulness of said practice. This paper will show that for the advertising to be directed to a certain consumption’s profile, consumer data must be collected and used by suppliers. As the behavioral advertising on Internet has to use personal data and deal with technological mechanisms, which, in many cases, are not properly informed to consumers, it may violate their rights to privacy and information. The purpose of this paper, however, is to rule out extreme opinions that consider behavioral advertising and the way data is collected for this intent unlawful, as well as to present a legal solution that respect consumers’ rights to privacy and information, and concurrently, allow the practice of behavioral advertising on Internet / Esta dissertação tem a finalidade de expor o conceito e o funcionamento da publicidade dirigida na Internet, suas principais implicações jurídicas e os parâmetros que devem ser observados pelos fornecedores para garantir a licitude da prática de direcionamento publicitário. Como será exposto no decorrer deste trabalho, a publicidade, para ser dirigida a determinado perfil de consumo, pressupõe a coleta e a utilização de dados dos consumidores pelos fornecedores. Justamente por estar inserida nesse contexto de utilização de dados pessoais e de uso de mecanismos tecnológicos que, em muitos casos, não são adequadamente informados, a publicidade dirigida na Internet pode, a depender do caso concreto, violar os direitos à privacidade e à informação do consumidor. A proposta desta dissertação, no entanto, é afastar o entendimento radical de que a publicidade dirigida e a forma de coleta de dados para esse fim seriam práticas ilícitas por si só, além de apresentar uma solução jurídica que visa respeitar os direitos à privacidade e à informação do consumidor e, ao mesmo tempo, permitir a prática de direcionamento publicitário na Internet

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Philosophy

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / MA / Unrestricted

The mature market presents challenges to marketers because much of the information about the marketplace is based on younger consumers, differing from older consumers in many important ways. The research project was commisioned with two main objectives: to determine what is required to cater for customers falling into the age bracket of 60-75, enabling marketers to successfully target the mature consumer and retain these customers. A qualitative methodology was selected to collect and analyse information to enhance understanding of the perceptions with regard to the functional, social and emotional needs of the mature market sector. Abraham Maslow is known for postulating the 'Hierarchy of Needs Theory', stating that human beings are motivated by their unsatisfied needs. It is necessary to understand and investigate the relative importance of the functional, emotional and actualisation components of mature consumer needs. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology ))

The mature market presents challenges to marketers because much of the information about the marketplace is based on younger consumers, differing from older consumers in many important ways. The research project was commisioned with two main objectives: to determine what is required to cater for customers falling into the age bracket of 60-75, enabling marketers to successfully target the mature consumer and retain these customers. A qualitative methodology was selected to collect and analyse information to enhance understanding of the perceptions with regard to the functional, social and emotional needs of the mature market sector. Abraham Maslow is known for postulating the 'Hierarchy of Needs Theory', stating that human beings are motivated by their unsatisfied needs. It is necessary to understand and investigate the relative importance of the functional, emotional and actualisation components of mature consumer needs. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology ))