This thesis investigates the role of regional organizations in peacemaking and peacekeeping, particularly on the effects of peace agreement duration. This is important because the United Nations has been traditionally seen as the default international peacekeeping force but recently, more responsibility is being given to regional organizations. This study hypothesizes that regional organizations’ ability to clear commitment problems, create specific agreements, and willingness to enforce agreements make them the most effective third parties to deal with many conflicts. However, the study also hypothesizes that regional organizations are less fit to mediate conflicts based around ethnicity, identity, or religious disparities. By utilizing a mixture of logistic regression and case studies, the results illustrate that regional organizations are an essential asset to creating agreements that elongate the duration of peace. In testing for the partiality of regional organizations, the specifics of agreements made, the willingness and capabilities of enforcement, the reason for the conflict and the institutionalization of the organization, quantitative and qualitative results illustrate that regional organizations are a valid tool for conflict management

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis will examine the emerging role of a sub-regional organization dealing with peacekeeping and peacemaking missions on the post-Cold-War period in West Africa. This examination will focus mainly on ECOWAS and ECOMOG, its military wing, as the most prominent sub-regional organization in conducting peacemaking and peacekeeping missions in Africa. This thesis will focus on the first generation interventions of ECOWAS/ECOMOG in undertaking peacemaking and peacekeeping missions in Liberia (1990 - 1997), Sierra Leone, (1998 - 2000), and Guinea Bissau (1998 - 1999)), and the second generation of interventions in Liberia in 2003 and in CoÌ te d'Ivoire (2003-2004). This examination aimed at assessing ECOWAS' strengths and limitations and comparing to which the second generation interventions have benefited from the lessons of the first. / Commander, Royal Moroccan Navy

Au début des années 1990, l’Afrique de l’ouest francophone (AOF) a connu une vague de processus de remise en cause des instances politiques et décisionnelles. En effet, lassées par des décennies de négation de leurs droits fondamentaux, les populations de cette partie du continent africain ont matérialisé leur désir de mettre à bas les régimes dictatoriaux préexistants, ouvrant la voie au plus grand mouvement de démocratisation des instances et de la vie publique qu’ait connu l’Afrique. Profitant de cette occasion inespérée, le droit de l’environnement tel qu’appréhendé alors dans les pays développés, notamment en Europe, a fait son apparition dans la sous-région ouest-africaine, s’introduisant sous sa forme actuelle au plus haut niveau des systèmes juridiques, par sa reconnaissance constitutionnelle.Depuis sa consécration et alors que le débat sur la prise en compte des problématiques environnementales au sein des mécanismes économiques continue de faire rage, il importe de se pencher sur l’apparition et l’évolution de ce droit jeune au sein des Etats d’AOF, sur son appréhension par les destinataires de la norme, en bref, sur son efficacité et son opportunité au sein d’Etats, obnubilés par la course au développement auquel ils aspirent légitimement. Les Etats sur lesquels portent nos recherches font en effet partie des Etats les moins avancés du monde, statut qui ne va pas sans complexifier la tâche aux différents processus de mise en œuvre des règles de protection de l’environnement. / In the early 1990s, several french-speaking West Africa countries (FsWAc) have experienced a wave of process to change legal framework and policy. Indeed, weary by decades of denial of their fundamental rights, the people of this part of Africa have realized their desire to overthrow the dictatorial regimes existing, paving the way for greater democratization movement that Africa has ever known. Taking advantage of this golden opportunity, environmental protection rules, apprehended as they’re in developing countries, particularly in Europe, were introduced in they current form at the highest level of legal systems, by its constitutional recognition. Since its consecration and while the debate on the consideration of environmental issues within economic mechanisms continues to rage, it is important to examine the onset and progression of rules of protection of environment within the FsWAc, on its understanding by the recipients of the standard, in brief, its effectiveness and timeliness within States, obsessed with the race to develop which they legitimately aspire. Indeed, all States on which our researches focuses, are part of the least developed countries of the world, a status that is not without complicating the task at different processes of implementation of the rules of environmental protection .

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions empiriquement les liens de causalité, au sens de Granger, entre le développement financier et la croissance économique dans le cadre de l'UEMOA et de la CEDEAO. La plupart des études dans ce domaine sont réalisées dans les domaine temporel. Ici, nous associons les domaines temporel et fréquentiel par l'utilisation de modèles multivectoriels autorégressifs. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons la méthode de décomposition de Geweke (1982, 1984) améliorée par Chen et al. (2008) afin d'obtenir, en plus des relations causales temporelles et fréquentielles, les causalités instantanées et la dépendance. Cette thèse apporte aussi une contribution théorique en proposant une méthode de calcul des p-values plus adaptée aux échantillons de petite taille. Les applications portent d'abord sur les relations causales entre finance et croissance dans les domaines temporel et spectral. Ensuite, nous examinons l'influence de l'inflation sur ces relations. Enfin, nous étudions les relations causales entre croissance et Investissements Directs Etrangers (IDE) conditionnellement au développement financier et à l'ouverture économique. / The framework of Geweke (1982, 1984) improved by Chen et al. (2008)is used in this thesis to conduct Granger causality between finance and growth in the context of West Africa. We adopt the time - and frequency- approaches to bring out instantaneous causality and dependence by employing vector autoregressive models. In this work, we propose p-values computations more suitable for small sample size. Empirical investigations examine, successively, causal links between finance and growth, the impact of inflation on these links, and the conditional relationships between growth and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to financial development and economic openness.

This thesis deals with main principles and goals of Nigerian foreign policy, their evolution - success and failures, during the 50 year's existence of independent Nigeria. First chapter determinates the principles and goals, which more or less apply for each and every Nigerian government, militaristic and civil as well. Remaining three chapters describe and analyze the development of Nigeria's external relations in the three contexts of Nigeria's international interaction: domestic, regional and external.

This study is concerned with Canadas policy towards peace, security and development in Africa. It examines Canadas response to these issues in relation to the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD), the African Union Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Security Mechanism. With the intensification of violent conflicts in parts of Africa and their impact on individuals, communities, and socioeconomic development, African leaders transformed the OAU into the AU and established APSA to promote regional and human security in Africa. At the sub-regional level, West African leaders established the ECOWAS Security Mechanism to address the (human) security deficit in the West Africa region. These institutional transformations coincided with the launching of the NEPAD, which became one of the central instruments of engagement between Africa and the international community to address the peace, security and development challenges on the African continent. Canadas response to the NEPAD under the Liberal government of Jean Chrtien came in the form of a $500 million Canada fund for Africa (CFA) that among other things supported the capacity building of APSA and the ECOWAS Security Mechanism. The promotion of human security played a key role in Canadas approach to the AU and ECOWAS peace and security capacity building. I use a non-imperial internationalist approach that draws on the theoretical insights of a constructivist approach to international relations to provide an understanding of the Canadian governments policy. I argue that the Canadian governments policy towards the AU and ECOWAS can be understood in terms of the moral identity that Canada has built or acquired over the years in Africa. While this moral identity provides the means through which Canadian interests are pursued in Africa, it appears that the interest in maintaining this image has overshadowed the need for the Canadian government to craft an overarching policy and put resources behind the rhetoric of promoting peace and security, particularly human security in Africa.

Development economists generally argue that poor countries at their early stages of development are often faced with limited domestic resources for development, and can therefore borrow from the developed nations to boost their rate of growth and development. This financing gap problem, which is based on the Harrod-Domar growth theory, has made developing countries, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, to accumulate large amount of external debt that they could no longer sustain. Moreover, there is now a growing concern that the large external debt service payment is retarding economic growth and investment in the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs), while also displacing current expenditure in priority sectors like health, education, and social infrastructure. This dissertation therefore, examines the impact of external debt on economic growth and investment in ECOWAS Sub-Saharan Africa over the period 1980-1999. Unlike the traditional debt and growth studies that use a-spatial methods, this study employs spatial autoregressive growth and investment models to determine the effects of spatial interaction and spatial dependence among ECOWAS countries during the period of the crisis. It is obvious that countries are spatial entities that interact with one another, and as such, the growth trends in one country may actually depend on the growth trajectories of others. Based on the above assumptions, the models use external debt service and total debt stock ratios, which are extracted from the World Bank and African Development Bank databases, as key or control variables plus other explanatory variables. The maximum likelihood estimation of both models yield mixed results across time. The results indicate the presence of both positive and negative spatial dependence in ECOWAS countries across time. While external debt service ratio is found to have an inverse relationship with economic growth in most periods under investigation, the total debt stock to GDP ratio only affect growth in fewer periods than expected. With regards to public investment, the external debt service ratio is found to have no impact on public investment in ECOWAS countries. However, the total debt stock to GDP ratio is found to have a negative relationship with public investment in most periods, which suggest that relying on foreign capital to boost growth and investment could be counter productive in Sub-Saharan Africa. (author's abstract)

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser et comprendre les relations interafricains des processus d'intégration régionale en cours dans la partie occidentale du continent. Pour cela, nous partons de l'hypothèse que l´appartenance des Etats à plusieurs organisations d'intégration régionale est le principal problème de la construction et la consolidation d'une unité intégrée économique, politique, sociale et culturellement. L´objectif qui a conduit à la levée de cette hypothèse est venu de l'observation des incohérences entre les objectifs (communs à tous) l'intégration régionale et la création fragmentée d´institutions économiques et monétaires, basée sur les liens coloniaux et les luttes intestines est un frein à l'intégration régionale ouest-africaine. Dans cette première partie de l'enquête, qui a débuté par une brève introduction, avant de faire une revision de la littérature, et aboutit à la déscrition des processus historiques et de principe de l'intégration régionale, montrant que, malgré d'être présentées comme des organismes complémentaires d'intégration économique et monétaire en Afrique de l'Ouest, la CEDEAO, l'UEMOA et ZMOA représentent des intérêts particuliers tant sur le plan interne qu´externe, et donc le rêve de l'unité politique et économique réel prend du temps à se matérialiser. / O objetivo desta tese é analisar e compreender as relações interafricana a partir dos processos de integração regional em curso na parte ocidental do continente. Para tanto parte-se da hipótese de que o pertencimento dos Estados a múltiplas organizações de integração regional constitui o principal problema da construção e da consolidação de uma unidade integrada econômica, política, social e culturalmente. Este objetivo que originou o levantamento desta hipótese partiu da observação das incoerências entre os objetivos (comuns a todos) da integração regional e a criação fragmentada de instituições econômicas e monetárias, baseadas nos laços coloniais, e nas rivalidades internas constitui um freio integração regional oeste africano. Nesta primeira parte da pesquisa, que iniciou com uma breve introdução, passou por uma revisão da literatura, antes de descrever historicamente os processos e tentativos de integração regional permite concluir que apesar de da serem apresentadas como complementares, as organizações de integração econômica e monetárias da África Ocidental, nomeadamente a CEDEAO, UEMOA e ZMOA, representam interesses particulares tanto interna quanto externamente, e consequentemente o sonho da real unidade política e econômica demora a se concretizar. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze and understand the relationships Inter African from regional integration processes underway in the western part of the continent. For this we start from the assumption that the States belonging to multiple organizations of regional integration is the main problem of the construction and consolidation of a unit integrated economic, political, social and culturally. This goal led to the lifting of this hypothesis came from the observation of inconsistencies between objectives (common to all) regional integration and the creation of fragmented economic and monetary institutions, based on colonial ties, and the infighting is a brake West African regional integration. In this first part of the survey, which began with a brief introduction, went through a literature review, before describing historical processes and tentative regional integration shows that despite of being presented as complementary organizations of economic integration and monetary West Africa, namely ECOWAS, UEMOA and ZMOA represent particular interests both internally and externally, and thus the dream of real political and economic unity takes to materialize.

Maintaining the peace and security by regional arrangements in Africa (focusing on peace-keeping operations) Abstract The present thesis focuses on the issue of peace-keeping operations maintained by the regional and sub-regional organizations in Africa, namely African Union and ECOWAS. The main statement of the thesis is the following: The United Nations is unable to react effectively to threats to international peace and security, especially in cases of mass violations of human rights in intrastate conflicts, that have severe impact on particular region including refugee crisis or spreading the conflict to other states of the region. In the thesis, particular instruments of the above-mentioned international organizations, that create the framework for operations for maintaining peace and security in the region, are described. Attention is also paid to the relevant bodies of the African union and ECOWAS such as Peace and security council of the AU or African standby force. The thesis elaborates on problematic or controversial issues from international law perspective. In the first place, the concept of humanitarian intervention and related concept of responsibility to protect is underlined. It is demonstrated that African Union and ECOWAS have significant contribution to these concepts when implementing...