A research report submitted to the school of Education, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Science Johannesburg 2017 / South African learners perform poorly in national and international mathematics assessments (Howie, 2004). A contributing factor to this poor performance is low mathematics knowledge of mathematics teachers in South Africa (Howie, 2003). One means of addressing this is professional development programs. The Wits Maths Connect Secondary Project runs such a program. A test is required by the project in order to assess whether learners are making learning gains after being taught by teachers who participated in this program. The focus of this study is the design of a test used to assess learners’ algebraic attainment. The aim is to design an informative and fair test using Rasch analysis. A sample of 235 learners’ responses to 47 questions was analysed using the Rasch model. In this study, the mean person measure was 2,87 (SD=1,38) logits, while the mean item measure was 0,41 (SD=2,25) logits, suggesting that overall, the test was too difficult. For the learners who wrote this test the person separation index is 1,78 and the person reliability 0,76. This implies that the test may not be not sensitive enough to distinguish between learners of high attainment from learners with low attainment. Various ways of improving the test are discussed. / MT 2018

In 2011, Oregon was one of many states in the U.S. consolidating their education governance around an early learning, K-12, and postsecondary hub. This study uses legislator-voting data to investigate the relationship between this consolidated model and endogenous policy formulation processes. This study employs a separable temporal exponential random graph model (STERGM) to investigate how an education governance shift toward consolidated authority relates to bipartisan outcomes for education-related bills over time. Oregon legislator voting networks were analyzed for cohesion, centrality, and community detection measures, as well as by legislator attributes (e.g. gender, party, and title) to test the association they had on the likelihood of forming ties with other legislators. Finally, to study the relationship of bipartisanship with legislators’ likelihood to vote commonly, I added the legislators’ political party attributes within dyads to analyze the association that having different political parties had on legislators’ common votes. The results highlight evidence of legislator networks that were very dense at each time point included in the study, with a high likelihood of forming ties. However, when Oregon shifted to centralized education governance model their legislator networks became more distributed and cohesive when compared to other years included in the longitudinal study. It is possible that such a shift prompted collaboration among legislators resulting in mutuality that increased the likelihood for underrepresented groups of legislators (e.g. females and republicans) to vote commonly with their colleagues. Aligned with previous research, this study found that centralized governing bodies reinforced by political legislation provided collaborative initiatives for the legislative community. Attending to bipartisan voting patterns dynamically through a governance shift is a valuable investigation that will provide nuanced inferences about education governance and policymaking for states making similar consolidated governance shifts in the future.

[pt] As avaliações de proficiência em larga escala vêm exercendo um papel relevante no contexto educacional contemporâneo, pois servem, entre outros propósitos, para retratar mais precisamente o nível de desempenho escolar de uma grande quantidade de alunos avaliados, como também para fornecer subsídios mais sólidos ao aperfeiçoamento das políticas educacionais que vêm sendo implementadas. As escalas de proficiência utilizadas nessas avaliações revestem-se de uma grande importância nesse processo, visto que são utilizadas pelos avaliadores e pelos gestores educacionais como um instrumento capaz de aferir e interpretar a proficiência dos alunos nas diversas habilidades que compõem os domínios de conhecimento investigados. O objeto de estudo da presente tese são precisamente as escalas de proficiência utilizadas nos sistemas de avaliação em larga escala, que são tratadas em três diferentes abordagens: primeiro, há uma avaliação das diferentes abordagens para se obter uma associação entre os itens de um teste e os níveis ou pontos significativos de proficiência de diversas escalas atualmente empregadas. Depois, utilizando uma escala de proficiência em Matemática para a quarta série do Ensino Fundamental, é desenvolvida uma abordagem alternativa para caracterizar os níveis representativos de uma escala de proficiência escolar. Para isso foram utilizados métodos baseados em análise de conglomerados (cluster analysis) para a escolha do subconjunto de itens que caracteriza cada nível de proficiência. Por fim, é realizada uma interpretação pedagógica dos clusters formados, com base nos conhecimentos do ensino e da aprendizagem das habilidades básicas da educação matemática para a primeira etapa do ensino fundamental. A abordagem utilizada será a análise da natureza das operações mentais que caracterizam cada uma das competências e habilidades que compõem os clusters, tendo como pressupostos básicos as referências ao processo de aprendizagem da matemática. / [en] Large-scale evaluations have played a relevant role in the contemporary field of education, not only because of their importance in providing a more precise assessment of the proficiency of large numbers of students, but also because of their use as a means of producing more reliable elements that are used in the improvement of educational policies. The proficiency scales adopted in these evaluation programs are a very important part of this process, for they are employed by educational evaluators and decision-makers as an instrument able to gauge and interpret the students` levels of proficiency in the many different abilities that compose the knowledge domains under investigation. The object of this thesis is precisely the proficiency scales used in large scale evaluation systems, which are treated according to three different approaches: First an investigation is made about the relative merit of different methods of association between the items that make up a test and the significant points or levels of proficiency in several scales that have been employed by different evaluation programs. Then, by using a 4th-grade Mathematics proficiency scale, an alternative approach to characterize levels that are representative of a proficiency scale is developed. This is done by the use of a cluster analysis method aimed at choosing a subset of items that characterize each proficiency level. Finally, a pedagogical interpretation of the clusters formed along the proficiency scale is obtained through the consideration of teaching and learning of Mathematics education basic skills, related to the beginning series of the fundamental level. The methodology used in this process is the analysis of the nature of mental operations that characterize each one of the competencies and skills that are typical of each cluster, by adopting references to Mathematics learning processes as basic assumptions.

As questões por trás da qualidade no ensino são centrais na área da economia da educação e de particular interesse para os países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Este trabalho analisa os impactos de diferentes características dos alunos, professores, turmas, diretores e escolas no desempenho dos alunos da 4ª série em Matemática, utilizando-se dois conjuntos de painéis de escolas construídos com base no SAEB de 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003 e 2005. Por utilizar uma base de dados pouco explorada para estas questões no caso do brasileiro, conseguiu-se captar o efeito de importantes variáveis que influenciam o aprendizado. Além disso, diferentes medidas utilizadas para se construir rankings de escolas foram analisadas utilizando-se os dados do SAEB. Os resultados indicam que há uma série de dificuldades envolvidas na construção de rankings confiáveis para guiarem as decisões dos agentes com base em exames de avaliação educacional, devido à elevada estratificação no sistema educacional e ao problema de reversão para a média, que causam ruído nas estimativas. Disto resulta que na maioria dos casos existe um trade-off entre o ranking refletir, principalmente, o SSE dos alunos da escola, por um lado, e apresentar uma volatilidade, por outro. No quarto capítulo avalia-se o impacto do FUNDEF sobre uma série de indicadores educacionais ao longo dos anos 1999, 2001, 2003 e 2005. Para tal utiliza-se um painel de 2.837 municípios com informações sobre suas escolas particulares e municipais, tiradas do Censo Escolar, e sobre os recursos líquidos recebido do Fundo, informações estas contidas na base FINBRA do Ministério da Fazenda. As estimações do efeito-Fundef são feitas pelo método de diferenças em diferenças simples e através do ajuste de quatro modelos de Efeitos Fixos. Os resultados apontam que o FUNDEF promoveu um aumento de da maior parte dos insumos escolares considerados, e há indícios de que tenha melhorado a qualidade do ensino quando são analisados os indicadores de fluxo e rendimento escolar. / The questions behind the quality in education are central in the field of economics of education and of particular interest for developing countries like Brazil. This work analyses the impacts of different characteristics of the students, teachers, classes, headmasters and schools on 4th grade students outcomes in mathematics with the use of two panel data sets built from the five SAEBs cycles 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003 and 2005. Because it uses a data base yet not very explored for these questions in the Brazilian case, it was possible to capture the effects of important variables that influence achievement. Furthermore, different measures used to construct school rankings were analyzed using SAEBs data. The results point that it is hard to construct trustful schools rankings to guide agents decisions based on educational evaluation exams because of the high stratification in the educational system and the mean reversion problem, that cause noise on the estimates. This implies that in most cases there is a trade-off between the rankings reflecting mainly the SES of the students, for one side, and present volatility, on the other. In the 4th chapter the impacts of FUNDEF over many educational indicators are evaluated thru the years 1999, 2001, 2003 and 2005. For that purpose a panel of 2.837 municipalities with information on theirs municipal and private schools and the net revenue they received from FUNDEF is used. Schools characteristics were obtained from the Censo Escolar, and the net transfers from FUNDEF to each municipality were obtained on the Ministry of Finances data base named FINBRA. The Fundef-effect estimations are made with the simple difference-in-difference methodology and through the adjustment of four Fixed Effects models. The results points that FUNDEF had promoted an improvement on the schools inputs indicators and one can also infer that there has been an improvement on the quality of education when its effects on promotion and abandon rates are analyzed.

Acompanhando a crescente utilização de tecnologias de informática nas áreas da educação e saúde, com base nas propostas do EAD, foi desenvolvido, em 2013, o website Voz: fonoaudiologia e medicina, versão em língua inglesa norte-americana, a partir do CD-ROM Voz: fonoaudiologia e medicina, do Projeto Homem Virtual, volume 1, elaborado em 2006, em uma parceria entre a Universidade de São Paulo e a Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo a avaliação de sua eficácia como instrumento educacional, em relação aos aspectos cognitivos e subjetivos, no contexto de ensino de língua inglesa, mais especificamente no ensino de sua pronúncia, constituindo a fase final do projeto multicêntrico de desenvolvimento e avaliação do website. Os participantes desta pesquisa foram 30 alunos, sendo 15 do Curso de Letras e 15 do Curso de Tradutor da Universidade do Sagrado Coração, na cidade de Bauru, SP, que cursavam a disciplina denominada Fonética e Fonologia da Língua Inglesa, ministrada pela própria pesquisadora. O grupo de 30 alunos foi dividido em dois grupos iguais de 15 alunos, denominados Grupo Experimental (GE), aquele que fez uso do website como material complementar à disciplina, e o Grupo Controle (GC), que não fez uso do website. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio da aplicação de dois questionários, que reuniram dados relativos aos aspectos cognitivos - o Questionário anterior ao acesso do website e o Questionário posterior ao acesso do website, bem como do preenchimento da Ficha de Pesquisa Motivacional após o estudo. Foram utilizados, para o acesso ao website, três meios diferentes: tablet, smartphone e computador. Para a comparação entre os grupos, considerando cada questão e o número de acertos de cada aluno, foram aplicados o teste exato de Fisher e o Teste T Pareado, respectivamente. Para a comparação entre os diferentes meios de acesso ao website foi aplicada a Análise de Variância seguida do teste de Tukey. Após o estudo do website, os resultados revelam que o GE apresentou melhor desempenho em todas as questões em relação ao GC, bem como maior número de acertos por participante em relação às questões dos questionários. No que diz respeito aos meios de acesso, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para a comparação entre os três meios quando considerou-se a diferença entre o número de acertos nos questionários pré e pós. No que se refere à avaliação dos aspectos subjetivos, aferida pela Ficha de Pesquisa Motivacional, a análise dos dados revelou um website Impressionante. Dessa forma, o website mostrou-se eficaz como instrumento educacional considerando-se tanto sua avaliação relativa aos aspectos cognitivos quanto aos subjetivos, independentemente dos meios de acesso utilizados. São sugeridas, todavia, novas pesquisas, a fim de expandir a utilização e avaliar a eficácia do website em outros contextos de ensino de língua inglesa, com vistas a conferir a esse instrumento educacional a distância uma qualidade e eficácia ainda maiores. / Following the increasing use of computer technologies in the areas of education and health, based on Distance Education proposals, the website Voice assessment: speech-language pathology and audiology & medicine was developed, based on the Portuguese version of the CD-ROM Voice assessment: speech-language pathology and audiology & medicine, Virtual Man Project, volume 1, developed in 2006, in a partnership between the University of São Paulo (USP) and the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP). In this sense, this research aimed at evaluating its efficacy as an educational instrument concerning its cognitive and subjective aspects, in the context of English language teaching, more specifically in pronunciation teaching, being the last phase of the multicenter research project responsible for the website development and evaluation. 30 students participated in this research 15 from the Languages Teaching Course and 15 from the Translator Course at University of Sagrado Coração, in the city of Bauru, who were studying the subject English Phonetics and Phonology, whose teacher was the researcher. The group of 30 students was divided into 2 equal groups of 15 students, called Experimental Group which made use of the website as a complementary material for the subject, and the Control Group - which did not use the website. Data collection was carried out by means of two questionnaires, which gathered data related to the cognitive aspects the Pre-website Questionnaire and the Post-website Questionnaire, besides the Motivational Research Form, after the study. Three different means were used to access the website: tablet, smartphone and computer. For the comparison between the groups, considering each question and the number of right answers from each participant, the Fishers Exact Test and the Paired T- Test were used, respectively. For the comparison among the three different website access means, the Analysis of Variance was used followed by the Tukey Test. After the website study, results showed that the Experimental Group had a better performance in all the questions in relation to the Control Group, as well as a greater number of right answers per participant to the questions in the questionnaires. As to the access means, there was no significant statistical difference in the comparison among the three means when the difference between the number of right answers in the pre and post-website questionnaires was considered. In relation to the evaluation concerning the subjective aspects, assessed by the Motivational Research Form, data analysis revealed an Impressive website. Thus, the website showed efficacy as an educational instrument in relation to its evaluation both regarding the cognitive and the subjective aspects, independently of the means used. Nevertheless, further research is suggested aiming at expanding the use and evaluating the efficacy of the website in other contexts of English teaching in order to grant this Distance Education instrument greater quality and efficacy.

This case study examined how senior exhibitions function in a progressive educational environment that employs traditional assessments. The researcher interviewed 18 students and three faculty members of The Crefeld School about the Creative Expression, one of the 14 exhibitions that students are required to complete for graduation. The researcher conducted a document analysis and content analysis of rubrics for two essays and the Creative Expression. The researcher conducted a survey of student participants and a questionnaire to assess students’ perceptions of authenticity. The researcher observed three students present their Creative Expression in front of faculty, students, and family. The researcher conducted a survey analysis based on Cooper’s (1976) and Whitney’s (1978) tests for polarity of sentiment and Hsu’s (1979) test for disagreement. The researcher used a program designed by Morris (1979) and transposed to Microsoft Excel by Liebermann and Morris (2015) in order to calculate p values and to determine the ES value based on the standard deviation. The researcher also attempted to conduct a point biserial Pearson Product Moment to determine if a relationship existed between results on a mathematics exam and results on the Creative Expression. The findings of the study revealed that students at The Crefeld School had a positive experience working on the Creative Expression; many of them identified how the project reflected their interests, prepared them for college and careers, and was a good representation of authentic assessment. Tests for polarity were used to measure participants’ perceptions of authenticity. The category of task had the least amount of disagreement, while the category of overall authenticity had the most disagreement. Document analysis and content analysis of rubrics showed how thorough the rubric descriptions were so students knew how they were being assessed; interviews with students and faculty revealed that the rubrics, while used as guidelines, were not followed strictly in any of the major assessments. Survey data revealed any disagreements in responses to survey questions, based on Cooper’s (1976) and Whitney’s (1978) tests for polarity. As no dichotomous variable existed, a point biserial test was unwarranted regarding results on a traditional assessments and on the Creative Expression. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-08T12:06:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth Feffermann.pdf: 2100813 bytes, checksum: b6c0416d31d4250d16ff6303e76a8008 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-08T12:06:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth Feffermann.pdf: 2100813 bytes, checksum: b6c0416d31d4250d16ff6303e76a8008 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-16 / The current research investigates the Pedagogical Coordinator’s perception of his/her own formative practice, both teacher trainer and evaluator, regarding educational evaluation centered on learner’s evaluation. The research is based on qualitative research methods, and includes document analysis and interviews held with 145 pedagogical coordinators from the SESI-SP School System; three coordinators were given semi structured interviews. For the selection of pedagogical coordinators, a reference matrix was prepared taking into account the following criteria: their professional responsibilities and studies carried out by the author of the present research on the role of the pedagogical coordinator. The theoretical background needed to approach the role of the pedagogical coordinator and the teacher training process was based on the discussions put forward by Libâneo (2004), Placco (2003, 2006, 2008), Nóvoa (2005, 2009), and Almeida and Placco (2006, 2011). Freitas (2005, 2009) and Fernandes (2009) provided a useful source for the discussion on educational evaluation and the evaluative dimensions within the school. The analysis was based on the coordinator’s own account of his/her role in the school setting and his/her training performance in the context of educational evaluation, thus giving rise to four categories: The Coordinator and his/her role in the school; the Coordinator and the formative support she/he gives to the teacher; the Coordinator and his/her actions towards formative assessment in the educational evaluative process; and the Coordinator and his/her role as evaluator in the improvement of his/her work. The analysis shows that a lot must still be done concerning the Coordinator’s perception of his/her work as the professional responsible for preparing teachers for the educational evaluation. We have to keep in mind that for teachers to build their professional identity they need to incorporate the actions of an evaluator and design their own project with a critical and inquisitive eye. It becomes evident that the work done by Pedagogical Coordinators promotes changes and improvement in the process of teaching and learning, although only to a very small extent. What may be seen as a weakness or even an ambiguity in the discourse is often due to the few opportunities given for in depth discussion about these discourses so that they can become effective practices. In this scenario, an institutional policy must be enforced in order to enhance the pedagogical coordinator’s professional background and promote better structural conditions, in the hope of building better teaching practices for students / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar qual a compreensão que o Coordenador Pedagógico (CP) tem de sua prática formativa, enquanto formador e avaliador, em relação à avaliação educacional, com foco na avaliação da aprendizagem. A metodologia utilizada foi de abordagem qualitativa, recorrendo como procedimentos metodológicos à análise documental e à aplicação de questionário para 145 coordenadores pedagógicos da rede escolar SESI-SP, sendo, destes, selecionados três profissionais para realização de entrevista semiestruturada. Para a seleção dos CP foi elaborada uma matriz de correção, que teve como critério suas atribuições e as discussões e os estudos realizados por mim sobre a função desse profissional. O referencial teórico foi desenvolvido a partir das discussões propostas por Libâneo (2004), Placco (2003, 2006, 2008), Nóvoa (2005, 2009), Almeida e Placco (2006, 2011) e para abordar a função do coordenador pedagógico e o processo de formação de professores; e, especialmente Freitas (2005, 2009) e Fernandes (2009), para discorrer sobre a avaliação educacional e as dimensões avaliativas presentes no interior da escola. A análise foi realizada com base no que o próprio coordenador relatou ser a sua função na escola e a sua atuação como formador no contexto da avaliação educacional, que foram traduzidas em quatro categorias: o CP e sua função na escola; o CP e o acompanhamento formativo que realiza com o professor; o CP e sua ação formativa no processo da avaliação educacional; e, o CP e sua função como avaliador no desenvolvimento do seu trabalho. Como resultado, a análise revela que muito ainda necessita ser discutido e aprofundado, no que se refere à compreensão que o CP tem de seu trabalho como formador de professores em relação à avaliação educacional, pois, ao estar constituindo sua identidade profissional, necessita incorporar, em sua atuação, a ação de avaliador e elaborar seu projeto formativo com um olhar investigativo e de diagnóstico. Fica evidente que o trabalho realizado pelos CP promove movimentos e deslocamentos para mudanças e melhorias no processo de ensino e aprendizagem nas escolas em que atuam, mas, ainda de forma incipiente. Muitas vezes, aquilo que aparece como uma fragilidade do discurso, ou até uma ambiguidade, está ligado a poucas oportunidades que são oferecidas para que esses discursos sejam discutidos em profundidade e possam se tornar práticas efetivas. Nesse sentido, há necessidade de implementação de uma política institucional que possibilite a formação do CP, bem como condições estruturais para sua atuação, na perspectiva de mudança e aprimoramento das práticas docentes e aprendizagem dos estudantes

Since its establishment the Institute of Education Sciences has been creating opportunities and driving standards to generate research in education that is high quality rigorous, and relevant. This dissertation is an analysis of current practices in Goal III and Goal IV studies, in order to (1) better understand of the types of schools that agree to take part in these studies, and (2) an assess how representative these schools are in comparison to important policy relevant populations. This dissertation focuses on a subset of studies that were funded from 2005-2014 by the Department of Education, IES, under the NCER grants-funding arm. Studies included were those whose interventions were aimed at elementary students across core curriculum and ELL program areas. Study schools were compared to two main populations, the U.S population of elementary schools and Title I elementary schools, as well as these populations on a state level. The B-index, proposed by Tipton (2014) was the main value of comparison used to assess the compositional similarity, or generalizability, of study schools to these identified inference populations. The findings show that across all studies included in this analysis, participating schools were representative of the U.S. population of schools, B-index = 0.9. Comparisons were also made between this collection of schools and the respective populations at the state level. Results showed that these schools were not representative of any individual states (no B-index values were greater than 0.90). Across all included studies, schools that agreed to participate were more often located in urban areas, had higher rates of FRL students, had more minority students enrolled, and had more total students, in both district and school, than those schools in the population of U.S. schools. It is clear that the movement of education research is to be relevant to a larger audience. Through this study it is clear that, across studies, we are achieving some representation in IES funded studies. However, the finer comparisons, study samples to individual state and individual studies to these populations, show limited similarity between study schools and populations of interest to policy makers using these study findings to make decisions about their schools.

A Educação Permanente é introduzida no Brasil, em 2003, como ideia central da Política de Gestão da Educação no Trabalho em Saúde pelo Ministério da Saúde, passando a desenvolver ações significativas no interior do Sistema Único de Saúde. Em 2004, inicia-se como uma Política Nacional de Educação Permanente em Saúde, por meio da Portaria 198/GM/MS de 2004 que descreve a estratégia como um novo conceito pedagógico no setor saúde, introduzindo a educação na vida cotidiana dos profissionais, prevendo a transformação das situações diárias em aprendizagem e analisando reflexivamente os problemas da prática. Estudos que avaliam as ações de Educação Permanente nos serviços de saúde ainda são incipientes na realidade nacional, necessitando-se de maiores evidências científicas para dar maior visibilidade a esta política. O estudo objetiva avaliar a utilização da estratégia de Educação Permanente pelas Comissões Intergestores Regionais do DRS XIII, no desenvolvimento das ações educativas \"Implantando Acolhimento\", \"Gerência: Instrumento de Construção de Mudança ou de Manutenção do Modelo de Atenção à Saúde\", \"Tabwin Direcionado para Sistemas de Informação SUS\" e \"Regulação, Avaliação e Auditoria de Serviços e Sistema de Saúde\". Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de cunho avaliativo por meio de uma abordagem quantitativa, utilizando- se o referencial teórico de Donabedian, que permitiu identificar, por meio da tríade envolvendo estrutura, processo e resultados, as potencialidades e fragilidades dessa estratégia, nesse contexto. Foram analisadas 166 avaliações respondidas, sendo que os resultados foram agrupados e categorizados por meio das respostas dos participantes para cada questão norteadora. Posteriormente, realizou-se o cruzamento entre as justificativas de cada questão e o perfil sociodemográfico dos participantes, para aprofundar a análise desta pesquisa. Na avaliação de \"estrutura\", foi evidente que ações de EPS, realizadas durante o horário de trabalho, facilitam a participação nos encontros e, portanto, a programação e o aviso prévio das ações podem garantir a participação de gestores. Em relação ao \"processo\" percorrido, houve destaque para a dificuldade de aceitação do uso de metodologias ativas durante a educação permanente, evidenciando que a quebra do modelo tradicional bancário da construção do conhecimento pelos profissionais ainda é uma barreira a ser trabalhada. No que tange aos \"resultados\" alcançados, a partir das ações educativas ofertadas, destacaram-se a multiplicação do conhecimento aos demais trabalhadores e a aplicação do conhecimento adquirido nas práticas de trabalho, o que pode se caracterizar como um facilitador na construção do conceito da EPS nos diferentes cenários. Aspectos negativos também foram identificados como a dificuldade da própria política municipal que, quando se modifica, eleva, em várias situações, a rotatividade dos profissionais envolvidos nas ações de EPS, dentro dos serviços. Nesse caso, muitas ações iniciadas são interrompidas, pois as pessoas que estão sendo incorporadas têm crenças e competências diversificadas. Apesar das dificuldades, evidenciou-se que, por meio de condições estruturais adequadas, associadas a um processo educacional construído coletivamente, excelentes resultados são gerados, podendo impactar diretamente na assistência prestada ao usuário / The perrmanent Education was introduced in Brazil in 2003 as the main idea of the Health Work Education Management Policy in the Ministry of Health and it initiates significant actions within the Brazilian Unified Health System(SUS). It began in 2004 as a National Policy on Permanent Education in Health, through Administrative Rule 198 / GM / MS of 2004, in which a new pedagogical strategy concept in the health sector is described. It also introduced education in the daily life of professionals, providing transformation of daily learning situations and analyzing reflexively the problems of practice. Studies that evaluate the actions of Permanent Education in health services are still incipient in reality More scientific evidence to give greater visibility to this policy. Studies that evaluate the actions of Permanent Education in health services are still incipient and it requiries greater scientific evidence to give better visibility to this policy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of the strategy of Permanent Education and Humanization by the DRS XIII Regional Interagency Committees in the development of educational actions \"Implanting Reception\", \"Management: Instrument of Change or Maintenance of the Model of Health Care\" \"Tabwin Directed to SUS Information Systems\" and \"Regulation, Evaluation and Audit of health Services\".This work is a descriptive, evaluative study based on the Donabedian theoretical framework, which allowed us to identify, through the triad involving structure, process and results, the potentialities and weaknesses of its strategy. A total of 166 answered evaluations were analyzed, and the results were grouped and categorized through the participants\' answers for each guiding question. Subsequently, the intersection between the justifications of each question and the sociodemographic profile of the participants was carried out, in order to deepen the analysis of this research. In the evaluation of \"structure\", it was evident that EPS actions, carried out during working hours, facilitate participation in the meetings and, therefore, scheduling and prior notice of actions can guarantee the participation of managers. Regarding the \"process\" covered, it was highlighted the difficulty of accepting the use of active methodologies during permanent education, evidencing that the traditional banking model of knowledge construction is still a barrier to be worked on. Regarding the \"results\" achieved, from the offered educational actions, the multiplication of knowledge to other workers and the application of the knowledge acquired were highlighted. It can be characterized as a facilitator in the construction of the concept of the EPS in different scenarios. Negative aspects have also been identified as the difficulty of municipal policy itself. When changes in those policies are done the turnover of professionals involved in EPS actions within the services. Due to the frequent turnover many actions which had been started are interrupted because people have different beliefs and competences. Despite the difficulties it was evidenced that, through adequate structural conditions, along with a collectively constructed educational process, excellent results are achieved and they can directly impact the assistance to the public

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of the standards-based accountability (SBA) provisions of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) on the retention of teachers of color. I am interested in this impact, given the growing body of evidence suggesting a more diverse teacher workforce would benefit all students, particularly students of color (Villegas & Irvine, 2010); however, the teacher workforce is becoming increasingly homogenous and white, in part, due to the declining retention of teachers of color. Overall, I hypothesize that the widespread introduction of SBA as prescribed by NCLB has changed teachers’ instructional practices, thereby changing teachers’ experiences of their job and ultimately their employment decisions. Further, I posit that those changes in teachers’ experience, particularly reductions in perceptions of classroom autonomy, disproportionately impacts the employment decisions of teachers of color (Ingersoll & May, 2011). In this study, I answer three research questions: (1) How have trends in teacher retention changed over time and, how does that vary by teacher race/ethnicity? (2) What teacher-, school-, and organizational-factors influence teacher retention, and how do those vary by teacher race/ethnicity? (3) How has the widespread introduction of SBA through NCLB influenced teacher retention, and how does that vary by teacher race/ethnicity? I use the Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) and its accompanying Teacher Follow-Up Survey (TFS) to answer my three research questions. Overall, I confirm an increasing decline in the retention of black and Hispanic teachers and decreasing perceptions of classroom autonomy, which coincides with the widespread introduction of SBA through the signing of NCLB in 2002. However, that decline in retention is only significant for black teachers and not for Hispanic teachers by 2007-08. Additionally, using a linear probability model, I found that the relationship between perceptions of classroom autonomy and retention varies by teacher race/ethnicity, and that there is a significant relationship between perceptions of classroom autonomy and retention for black teachers in 2007. However, I did not find that relationship for Hispanic teachers or white teachers. Ultimately, using a difference-in-difference (DD) model, I only found a significant decline in retention for Hispanic teachers as result of the SBA provisions of NCLB; however, it is unclear how the SBA provisions of NCLB is driving that decline, since I did not find a meaningful relationship between perceptions of classroom autonomy and retention for Hispanic teachers. In that DD model, I did not find a similar decline for black teachers. On the contrary, I found that black teachers in 2007 in states that had previously adopted SBA provisions similar to those in NCLB (Prior states) experienced a significant decline retention and perceptions of classroom autonomy, despite previous exposures to those SBA provisions. These counterintuitive results lead me to reinterpret my results applying institutional theory. Using institutional theory, I concluded that Prior states were able to implement the SBA provisions of NCLB with greater fidelity and, therefore, the impact of NCLB on perceptions of classroom autonomy and retention was greatest for black teachers in those states. Based on these results, I offer future research and policy recommendations to improve the diversity of the teacher workforce.