Darbo pradžioje apžvelgiamos vartotojo sąsajos, kokios yra ateities perspektyvos smegenų-kompiuterio sąsajoms, kokie tyrimai atliekami šioje srityje. Aprašoma, kas yra elektroencefalografija (EEG), kaip atsiranda elektriniai impulsai smegenyse ir ką nagrinėja neuroestetikos mokslas. Magistrinio darbo tikslas buvo ištirti, kokiu tikslumu galima prognozuoti, ar subjektui patiks paveikslas. Prognozės yra atliekamos iš subjekto EEG signalų, kurie yra gaunami naudojant Neurosky MindWave įrenginį. Duomenų klasifikavimui yra naudojamas vienasluoksnis neuroninis tinklas sukurtas su MATLAB programine įranga. Darbo metu buvo sukurta iPad kompiuteriui skirta programa, kuri vaizduoja stimulus ir įrašinėja EEG duomenis iš Neurosky MindWave įrenginio. Stimulams yra naudojami įvairių laikotarpių, skirtingų autorių tapybos darbai. Tyrimas parodė, kad įmanoma prognozuoti vartotojo pasirikimą tiksliau negu atsitiktinumas. Klasifikatoriaus tikslumas daugiausia duomenų turinčiam subjektui siekia iki 74%. Tuo tarpu apmokant dirbtinį neuroninį tinklą visų subjektų duomenimis, klasifikatoriaus tikslumas yra labai panašus į atsitiktinumą – 55%. / The aim of this thesis is to study the accuracy of prediction of subject’s preferences when observing various paintings. Prediction is caried out using subject’s EEG signals which are produced using Neurosky MindWave device. To clasify data one layer artificial neuron network is used. The network is a MATLAB application. For this study application for iPad is created. This application represents and records EEG data from Neurosky MindWave device. In order to produce stimuli subjects are presented with paintings by various artists from different epoches. The study showed that it is posible to predict the preference with accuracy greater than a mere chance. The classifier’s accuracy for the subject with most data is up to 74% (average 64.58%). For other subjects’ the accuracy of prediction of 58% is reached.

The primary aim of the present thesis was to investigate how the human brain handles and distributes limited processing resources among different sensory modalities. Two main hypothesis have been conventionally proposed: (1) common processing resources shared among sensory modalities (supra-modal attentional system) or (2) independent processing resources for each sensory modality. By means of four EEG experiments, we tested whether putative competitive interactions between sensory modalities – regardless of attentional influences – are present in early sensory areas. We observed no competitive interactions between sensory modalities, supporting independent processing resources in early sensory areas. Consequently, we tested the influence of top-down attention on a cross-modal dual task. We found evidence for shared attentional resources between visual and tactile modalities. Taken together, our results point toward a hybrid model of inter-modal attention. Attentional processing resources seem to be controlled by a supra-modal attentional system, however, in early sensory areas, the absence of competitive interactions strongly reduces interferences between sensory modalities, thus providing a strong processing resource independence.

Transkranijinė magnetinė stimuliacija (TMS) – tai modernus neinvazinis vaistams rezistentiškų psichiatrinių sutrikimų gydymo būdas. Fiziologiniai TMS tyrimai pasižymi įvairiais, dažnai prieštaringais rezultatais, daugeliu atvejų didžiausias dėmesys skiriamas betarpiškiems poveikiams po vienos TMS procedūros, bet ne po pilno terapinio kurso. Manoma, kad rezultatų įvairovę TMS praktikoje įtakoja skirtingi stimuliacijos parametrai ir netikslumai parenkant stimuliuojamą zoną smegenyse. Nors TMS terapija dažnai traktuojama kaip švelnesnė alternatyva elektros impulsų terapijai (EIT), palyginamųjų fiziologinių šių metodikų tyrimų labai trūksta. Darbo tikslas buvo įvertinti TMS terapijos kurso poveikį bioelektriniam galvos smegenų aktyvumui ir palyginti jį su EIT terapijos poveikiu. Buvo tirta aukšto ir žemo dažnių (10 Hz ir 1 Hz) TMS terapijos įtaka EEG dažnių galios spektrui bei sukeltiniam klausos potencialui P300, naudojant standartinį ir neuronavigacinį taikinio pozicionavimą. TMS sukelti EEG pokyčiai palyginti su EIT terapijos sukeltais EEG pokyčiais, išmatuota TMS terapijos sąlygotų pokyčių dinamika kelių mėnesių bėgyje. Rezultatai parodė, kad TMS terapijos pasekoje smegenyse ryškiausiai padidėja delta dažnio galia. Naudojant standartinį pozicionavimą 10 Hz TMS sukėlė įvairesnius ir intensyvesnius EEG galios spektro pokyčius nei 1 Hz TMS. Pritaikius neuronavigacinę sistemą 10 Hz TMS atveju sumažėjo teta ir alfa dažnių galios pokyčiai. Praėjus keliems mėnesiams nuo TMS... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a modern non invasive method of drug resistant psychiatric disorder treatment. TMS physiology research is hindered by variable, often controversial results. In most studies main attention is being focused on immediate effects after single TMS procedure rather than the influence of a complete therapy course. It is considered that variability of results in TMS practice is caused by different stimulation parameters and imprecision of stimulated area placement in the brain. Although TMS therapy is often viewed as a milder alternative to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), comparative physiological studies of these two methods are very rare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rTMS therapy course on bioelectrical brain activity and compare it to an ECT effect. Research included the effect of high and low frequency (10 Hz and 1 Hz) TMS on EEG band power spectrum and auditory evoked potential P300, using both standard and neuronavigated target positioning. TMS evoked EEG changes were also compared to the changes of ECT. Change dynamics after several months of TMS therapy were also measured. Results showed that after TMS therapy the most notable change in the brain occurs in the form of delta power increase. When using standard positioning 10 Hz TMS evokes more diverse and intense EEG band power spectrum changes than the 1 Hz TMS. Application of neuronavigation system decreases theta and alpha band power changes in 10 Hz TMS... [to full text]

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a modern non invasive method of drug resistant psychiatric disorder treatment. TMS physiology research is hindered by variable, often controversial results. In most studies main attention is being focused on immediate effects after single TMS procedure rather than the influence of a complete therapy course. It is considered that variability of results in TMS practice is caused by different stimulation parameters and imprecision of stimulated area placement in the brain. Although TMS therapy is often viewed as a milder alternative to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), comparative physiological studies of these two methods are very rare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rTMS therapy course on bioelectrical brain activity and compare it to an ECT effect. Research included the effect of high and low frequency (10 Hz and 1 Hz) TMS on EEG band power spectrum and auditory evoked potential P300, using both standard and neuronavigated target positioning. TMS evoked EEG changes were also compared to the changes of ECT. Change dynamics after several months of TMS therapy were also measured. Results showed that after TMS therapy the most notable change in the brain occurs in the form of delta power increase. When using standard positioning 10 Hz TMS evokes more diverse and intense EEG band power spectrum changes than the 1 Hz TMS. Application of neuronavigation system decreases theta and alpha band power changes in 10 Hz TMS... [to full text] / Transkranijinė magnetinė stimuliacija (TMS) – tai modernus neinvazinis vaistams rezistentiškų psichiatrinių sutrikimų gydymo būdas. Fiziologiniai TMS tyrimai pasižymi įvairiais, dažnai prieštaringais rezultatais, daugeliu atvejų didžiausias dėmesys skiriamas betarpiškiems poveikiams po vienos TMS procedūros, bet ne po pilno terapinio kurso. Manoma, kad rezultatų įvairovę TMS praktikoje įtakoja skirtingi stimuliacijos parametrai ir netikslumai parenkant stimuliuojamą zoną smegenyse. Nors TMS terapija dažnai traktuojama kaip švelnesnė alternatyva elektros impulsų terapijai (EIT), palyginamųjų fiziologinių šių metodikų tyrimų labai trūksta. Darbo tikslas buvo įvertinti TMS terapijos kurso poveikį bioelektriniam galvos smegenų aktyvumui ir palyginti jį su EIT terapijos poveikiu. Buvo tirta aukšto ir žemo dažnių (10 Hz ir 1 Hz) TMS terapijos įtaka EEG dažnių galios spektrui bei sukeltiniam klausos potencialui P300, naudojant standartinį ir neuronavigacinį taikinio pozicionavimą. TMS sukelti EEG pokyčiai palyginti su EIT terapijos sukeltais EEG pokyčiais, išmatuota TMS terapijos sąlygotų pokyčių dinamika kelių mėnesių bėgyje. Rezultatai parodė, kad TMS terapijos pasekoje smegenyse ryškiausiai padidėja delta dažnio galia. Naudojant standartinį pozicionavimą 10 Hz TMS sukėlė įvairesnius ir intensyvesnius EEG galios spektro pokyčius nei 1 Hz TMS. Pritaikius neuronavigacinę sistemą 10 Hz TMS atveju sumažėjo teta ir alfa dažnių galios pokyčiai. Praėjus keliems mėnesiams nuo TMS... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Background: The visual system may process spatial frequency information in a low-to-high, coarse-to-fine sequence. In particular, low and high spatial frequency information may be processed via different pathways during object recognition, with LSF information projected rapidly to frontal areas and HSF processed later in visual ventral areas. In an electroencephalographic study, we examined the time course of information processing for images filtered to contain different ranges of spatial frequencies. Participants viewed either high spatial frequency (HSF), low spatial frequency (LSF), or unfiltered, broadband (BB) images of objects or nonobject textures, classifying them as showing either man-made or natural objects, or nonobjects. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and evoked and total gamma band activity (eGBA and tGBA) recorded using the electroencephalogram were compared for object and nonobject images across the different spatial frequency ranges. Results: The visual P1 showed independent modulations by object and spatial frequency, while for the N1 these factors interacted. The P1 showed more positive amplitudes for objects than nonobjects, and more positive amplitudes for BB than for HSF images, which in turn evoked more positive amplitudes than LSF images. The peak-to-peak N1 showed that the N1 was much reduced for BB non-objects relative to all other images, while HSF and LSF nonobjects still elicited as negative an N1 as objects. In contrast, eGBA was influenced by spatial frequency and not objecthood, while tGBA showed a stronger response to objects than nonobjects. Conclusions: Different pathways are involved in the processing of low and high spatial frequencies during object recognition, as reflected in interactions between objecthood and spatial frequency in the visual N1 component. Total gamma band seems to be related to a late, probably highlevel representational process.

Der Distraktoreffekt beschreibt eine Verlängerung der Fixationsdauer als Folge der Darbietung irrelevanter Störreize (Distraktoren). In der Dissertation wurde der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich der Distraktoreffekt funktionell auch im Rahmen des Konzepts der Orientierungsreaktion (OR – Sokolov, 1963) betrachten lässt. Reizeigenschaften wie Neuheit und Relevanz wurden in der Vergangenheit als wesentliche Auslösebedingungen einer OR diskutiert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden beide Merkmale untersucht, um die Plausibilität des Zusammenhangs von Distraktoreffekt und OR empirisch zu testen. Hierfür kam in allen Studien ein experimentelles Paradigma zum Einsatz, bei dem Distraktoren blickkontingent während einer freien Bildbetrachtungsaufgabe dargeboten wurden. Der Einfluss von Neuheit wurde durch Untersuchungen zur Habituation des Distraktoreffekts geprüft. Die Ergebnisse der Studien ergaben deutliche Anzeichen einer Habituation im okulomotorischen Verhalten (Abnahme der Fixationsdauerverlängerung) sowie in elektrophysiologischen Parametern der kortikalen Verarbeitung des Distraktors, im Sinne einer Abnahme der N1 Komponente des EKPs. Somit konnte also eine Modulation durch Neuheit eines Distraktors nachgewiesen werden. Die Frage nach dem Einfluss von Relevanz wurde experimentell durch Manipulation aufgabenbezogener Relevanz von Distraktoren, durch Verwendung emotionaler Distraktorinhalte (unterschiedliche emotionale Gesichtsausdrücke) und durch Darbietung neutraler Distraktoren in einem emotionalen Kontext untersucht. In keiner der drei Studien konnten eindeutige Befunde, die für eine Modulation des Distraktoreffekts durch Relevanz sprechen, aufgezeigt werden. Zusammengenommen konnte der postulierte Zusammenhang von Distraktoreffekt und OR nicht bestätigt werden. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wurde das Distraktorparadigma genutzt, um zu prüfen, ob Unterschiede in der Art der Verarbeitung und Aufmerksamkeitsausrichtung innerhalb einer Fixation die Verarbeitung eines Distraktors beeinflussen. Frühere Überlegungen aufgreifend (Pannasch & Velichkovsky, 2009) wurden Verarbeitungsunterschiede anhand des Musters von Sakkaden, die eine Fixation umgeben, operationalisiert. Die distraktorinduzierte Verlängerung der Fixationsdauer war am größten, wenn die betroffene Fixation in kurze vorhergehende und nachfolgende Sakkaden eingebettet war und am kleinsten im Kontext langer Sakkaden. In parallel aufgezeichneten elektrophysiologischen Daten zeigten sich Unterschiede zwischen den sakkadischen Kontextbedingungen vor allem als Variation der distraktorbezogenen P2 Komponente. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigten die Annahme, dass anhand des sakkadischen Kontexts Unterschiede in der Art bzw. dem Modus der Verarbeitung innerhalb einer Fixation identifiziert werden können und sich in Veränderungen von Verhaltensparametern und kortikalen Aktivitätsmustern der Distraktorverarbeitung widerspiegeln. Diese Ergebnisse unterstützen einerseits frühere Annahmen bezüglich funktioneller Unterschiede von Blickbewegungsmustern (Velichkovsky, Joos, Helmert, & Pannasch, 2005) und legen außerdem eine Beteiligung kortikaler Areale an distraktorinduzierten Prozessen der sakkadischen Hemmung nahe.

Cette thèse porte sur l’intégration de deux concepts : l’Analyse de Scènes Auditives (ASA) et la fusion audiovisuelle (AV) en perception de parole. Nous introduisons "l’Analyse de Scènes de Parole Audio Visuelles" (AVSSA) comme une extension du modèle à deux étages caractéristique de l’ASA vers des scènes audiovisuelles et nous proposons qu'un indice de cohérence entre modalités auditive et visuelle est calculé avant la fusion AV, ce qui permet de déterminer si les entrées sensorielles doivent être cognitivement liées : c’est le « modèle à deux étages » de la fusion AV. Des expériences antérieures sur la modulation de l'effet McGurk par des contextes AV cohérents vs. incohérents présentés avant la cible McGurk ont permis de valider le modèle à deux étages. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous étudions le processus AVSSA au sein de l'architecture à deux étages dans différentes dimensions telles que l'introduction de bruit, le mélange de sources AV, la recherche de corrélats neurophysiologiques et l’évaluation sur différentes populations.Une première série d'expériences chez les jeunes adultes a permis la caractérisation du mécanisme de liage AV en introduisant du bruit et les résultats ont montré que les participants étaient en mesure d'évaluer à la fois le niveau de bruit acoustique et la cohérence AV et de contrôler la fusion AV en conséquence. Dans une deuxième série d'expériences comportementales impliquant une compétition entre sources AV, nous avons montré que l’AVSSA permet d'évaluer la cohérence entre caractéristiques visuelles et auditives dans une scène complexe, afin d'associer les composants adéquats d'une source de parole AV donné, et de fournir pour le processus de fusion une évaluation de la cohérence de la source AV extraite. Il apparaît également que la fusion dépend du focus attentionnel sur une source ou l'autre. Puis une expérience EEG a cherché à mettre en évidence un marqueur neurophysiologique du processus de liage-déliage et a montré qu’un contexte AV incohérent peut moduler l'effet de l'entrée visuelle sur la composante N1 / P2. Une dernière série d'expériences a été axée sur l’évaluation du liage AV et de sa dynamique dans une population âgée, et a fourni des résultats similaires à ceux des adultes plus jeunes mais avec une plus grande dynamique de déliage. L'ensemble des résultats a permis de mieux caractériser le processus AVSSA et a été intégré dans la proposition d'une architecture neurocognitive améliorée pour la fusion AV dans la perception de la parole. / The present doctoral work is focused on a tentative fusion between two separate concepts: Auditory Scene Analysis (ASA) and Audiovisual (AV) fusion in speech perception. We introduce “Audio Visual Speech Scene Analysis” (AVSSA) as an extension of the two-stage ASA model to- wards AV scenes, and we propose that a coherence index between the auditory and the visual input is computed prior to AV fusion, enabling to determine whether the sensory inputs should be bound together. This is the “two-stage model of AV fusion”. Previous experiments on the modulation of the McGurk effect by AV coherent vs. incoherent contexts presented before the McGurk target have provided experimental evidence supporting the two-stage model. In this doctoral work, we further evaluate the AVSSA process within the two-stage architecture in various dimensions such as introducing noise, considering multiple sources, assessing neurophysiological correlates and testing in different populations.A first set of experiments in younger adults was focused on behavioral characterization of the AV binding process by introducing noise and results showed that the participants were able to evaluate both the level of acoustic noise and AV coherence and to monitor the AV fusion accordingly. In a second set of behavioral experiments involving competing AV sources, we showed that the AVSSA process enables to evaluate the coherence between auditory and visual features within a complex scene, in order to properly associate the adequate components of a given AV speech source, and provide to the fusion process an assessment of the AV coherence of the extracted source. It also appears that the modulation of fusion depends on the attentional focus on one source or the other.Then an EEG experiment aimed to display a neurophysiological marker of the binding and un- binding process and showed that an incoherent AV context could modulate the effect of the visual input on the N1/P2 component. The last set of experiments were focused on measurement of AV binding and its dynamics in the older population, and provided similar results as in younger adults though with a higher amount of unbinding. The whole set of results enabled better characterize the AVSSA process and were embedded in the proposal of an improved neurocognitive architecture for AV fusion in speech perception.

Cette thèse a pour but le développement d’une Interface cerveau-machine (ICM) à partir de la mesure EEG,permettant à l’utilisateur de communiquer avec un dispositif externe directement par l’intermédiaire de son activité cérébrale. Ces travaux ont été menés avec comme ligne directrice le développement d'un système d'ICM utilisable dans un contexte de vie courante, le but étant de réaliser une ICM simple d'utilisation, robuste et ergonomique, permettant le contrôle d'un effecteur avec un temps de calibration minimal.Un brain-switch ou interrupteur cérébral a été réalisé et permet à l'utilisateur d'envoyer une commande binaire. La réalisation d'une telle ICM implique le développement d'algorithmes robustes et leurs mises en œuvre expérimentales. Les travaux réalisés comportent deux volets, l'un concerne le développement de nouveaux algorithmes, l'autre concerne la réalisation de campagne de tests. / This thesis presents the development of a Brain computer Interface (BCI) based on EEG signal, allowing its user to communicates with an external device solely by the mean of brain activity. This work as been conduct with the goal of designing a robust, ergonomic and easy to use BCI system for real life applications.In this context, a brain-switch has been developed, allowing it's user to send a binary command to a homeautomation system. This goal can only be achieved by developing new methodologies and algorithms, while testing them on real life experiments. Therefore, this works is two part, the first one is focus on the design of new algorithms, the secondon the design of experimental paradigm.

Trots den omfattande forskning som utförts om både priming och emotioner, och relationen dem emellan, finns det ännu idag anledning att fortsätta söka fördjupa förståelsen av hur emotionell priming processeras i hjärnan. Den aktuella studien har ämnat utgöra en liten men relevant del av neuropsykologins kontinuerliga arbete med att underbygga fortsatta framsteg och fördjupad förståelse om hur människans hjärna arbetar. Experiment med emotionell priming har genomförts, för att med EEG-mätningar undersöka hjärnans reaktioner. Studiens resultat uppvisar en neurologisk skillnad mellan hur hjärnan reagerar på leende ansikten jämfört med neutrala ansikten. Däremot kunde ingen primingeffekt påvisas vid upprepade tester, vilket skulle kunna tyda på att priming inte sker på neurologisk nivå utan kräver någon form av medveten eller omedveten kognitiv aktivering för att ha någon effekt. / Despite the extensive research conducted on both priming and emotions, and the relationship between them, there is still reason to further seek to deepen our understanding of how emotional priming is processed in the brain. The current study aimed to be a small but relevant part of neuropsychology's ongoing work in supporting continued progress and in-depth understanding of how the human brain works. Experiments with emotional priming have been carried out to examine the brain's reactions with EEG measurements. The results of the study show a neurological difference between how the brain reacts to smiling faces versus neutral faces. However, no priming effect could be detected in repeated tests, which could indicate that priming does not occur at the neurological level but requires some form of conscious or unconscious cognitive activation to have an effect.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Statins are inhibitors of the 3-hydroxy-3-metil-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the pathway for cholesterol synthesis. Several studies have shown that statins, particularly atorvastatin, are neuroprotective in several conditions, including stroke, cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury and exposure to excitatory amino acids. However, only a few studies have investigated whether statins modulate seizure activity. In the current study we investigated whether atorvastatin or simvastatin alters seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), a classic convulsant agent, GABAA antagonist. Treatment of adult male Wistar rats orally with atorvastatin 10 mg/kg/day for seven days increased the latency to PTZ-induced generalized-seizures. In contrast, when the treatment with atorvastatin was withheld for 24 h (statin withdrawal), seizures were facilitated, evidenced by a decrease in latency for clonic and generalized-seizures. Such effect was not seen with a similar treatment using simvastatin or an acute treatment using a single dose of simvastatin or atorvastatin (10 mg/kg; 30 min before on PTZ). Interestingly, the effects of atorvastatin treatment or withdrawal were not accompanied by changes in plasma or the cerebral cortex cholesterol levels or in the of blood-brain barrier permeability. The atorvastatin levels in plasma and cortex after seven days of treatment were above the IC50 for inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, whereas atorvastatin was not detectable in the plasma or cortex following 24 hours of the end of treatment. We conclude that treatment with atorvastatin and its withdrawal exert differential effects on PTZ-induced seizures, which are not related to changes in plasma or cerebral cortex levels or in the blood-brain barrier permeability. Additional studies are necessary to evaluate the molecular mechanisms underlying these findings as well as its clinical implications. / As estatinas são fármacos inibidores da enzima 3-hidroxi-3-metil-glutaril coenzima A (HMG-CoA) redutase, enzima marca passo na rota de biossíntese do colesterol. Vários trabalhos têm mostrado que as estatinas, particularmente a atorvastatina, são neuroprotetoras em diversas condições, incluindo isquemia, acidente vascular cerebral, traumatismo crânio-encefálico e exposição a aminoácidos excitatórios. No entanto, poucos estudos têm investigado se as estatinas possuem alguma efeito sobre crises convulsivas. Neste trabalho foi investigado se a atorvastatina ou a sinvastatina alteram as convulsões induzidas por pentilenotetrazol (PTZ), um agente convulsivante clássico, antagonista GABAA. O tratamento de ratos Wistar machos adultos com atorvastatina por via oral durante sete dias (10 mg/kg/dia) aumentou a latência para crises generalizadas induzidas por PTZ (60 mg/kg). Em contraste, o tratamento com atorvastatina durante sete dias (10 mg/kg/dia) diminuiu a latência para convulsões clônicas e generalizadas induzidas por PTZ 24 horas após o término do tratamento (retirada do tratamento com atorvastatina). Tais efeitos não foram vistos com tratamentos similares utilizando sinvastatina. Além disso, o tratamento agudo com sinvastatina ou atorvastatina (10 mg/kg) 30 minutos antes da administração de PTZ não alterou as convulsões induzidas por este agente convulsivante. Curiosamente, a modulação das convulsões por atorvastatina não foi acompanhada de alterações nos níveis de colesterol plasmático ou do córtex cerebral nem na permeabilidade da barreira hemato-encefálica. Os níveis de atorvastatina no plasma e no córtex após sete dias de tratamento estavam acima do IC50 para a inibição da HMG-CoA redutase, enquanto que a atorvastatina não foi detectada tanto no plasma quanto no córtex após 24 horas do término do tratamento. Concluí-se que o tratamento com atorvastatina e a cessação abrupta desse tratamento modulam de maneira diferente as convulsões induzidas por PTZ. Além disso, concluí-se que tais efeitos não estão relacionados com mudanças no colesterol plasmático e do córtex cerebral ou na permeabilidade da barreira hemato-encefálica (BHE). Estudos adicionais são necessários para avaliar os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes a estas descobertas, bem como suas implicações clínicas.