Malgré l'expansion des publicités conjointes, la littérature y afférente demeure embryonnaire et reflète certaines divergences, notamment par rapport aux termes employés pour caractériser la relation entre les marques partenaires (fit, cohérence perceptuelle, complémentarité, congruence).Cette recherche tente d'élucider le processus de formation et de changement d'attitudes en publicité conjointe en trois étapes : (1) en justifiant en quoi le concept de congruence est le plus intéressant pour caractériser la relation entre les marques partenaires, (2) en explorant les dimensions qui sous-tendent la congruence perçue des marques, et (3) en modélisant ce processus sur la base d'une intégration du modèle ELM en persuasion publicitaire et de la théorie de la congruence de Mandler.Les résultats montrent d'abord que la perception de la congruence des marques s'effectue via les aspects fonctionnels et symboliques de l'alliance. Ensuite, les analyses menées à l'issue d'une expérimentation auprès de 1517 consommateurs, montrent principalement que l'incongruence fonctionnelle n'affecte pas les attitudes post-exposition envers les marques à images fortes et positives. Toutefois, cette incongruence peut exercer une influence négative sur l'attitude envers l'alliance et sur l'attitude envers l'annonce, si elle n'est pas résolue. / In spite of the joint advertising expansion, the literature remains embryonic and reflects some divergences, especially in the various terms used to describe the relationship between the brand partners (fit, perceived consistency, complementarity, congruity).This research tries to clarify the process of attitude formation and change in joint advertising, in three steps: (1) by justifying how the congruity concept is the most interesting to characterize the relationship between the brand partners, (2) by exploring the dimensions that underlie the perceived congruity, and (3) by modelizing this process on the basis of an integration of ELM model and Mandler's theory.First, the results show that the perception of the brand congruity is made through the functional and symbolic aspects of the alliance. Then, the analyses of an experiment on 1517 consumers show primarily that the functional incongruity doesn't affect the post-exposition attitudes towards brands having strong and positive images. However, this incongruity can exert a negative influence on the attitude towards the alliance and on the attitude towards the ad, if it is not resolved.

La thèse a pour but d’élaborer et d’étudier les potentialités des semi-conducteurs organiques, transporteurs de trous (HTMs) pour l’application photovoltaïque à l’aide de cellules solaires à base de pérovskite (PSCs). Plusieurs familles de molécules HTM ont été préparées et déposées en solution pour l’élaboration des cellules solaires. L'objectif principal étant d'étudier et d’apporter des informations sur la relation entre la structure moléculaire des nouveaux matériaux de transport de trous et les performances photovoltaïques obtenues, cette étude contribue à une meilleure compréhension fondamentale des propriétés requises des matériaux de transport de trous pour de meilleures performances photovoltaïques.La première étude concerne l’élaboration d’une molécule de type p à base de thieno [3,2-b] thiophène comme élément central avec des dérivés de dimethoxytriphenylamine comme donneurs d’électrons aux extrémités. Différentes conformations sont proposées et révèlent des performances photovoltaïques significativement différentes dans les dispositifs PSC. Notons par exemple, qu’une conformation de structure planaire favorisent la conjugaison avec des valeurs élevées de mobilités et conductivités obtenues.Dans la seconde étude, des molécules donneur-accepteurs à base de dérivés d’acridone 9 (10H) comme accepteur ont été élaborés. En y associant différents fragments donneurs d'électrons, on obtient des structures présentant des caractéristiques favorables à la fois pour de bons transferts de charge intramoléculaire (ICT) et des niveaux d’énergie HOMO-LUMO adaptés et favorisant l’injection des trous de la pérovskite vers l’électrode métallique via le HTM. Des études similaires ont été effectuées avec la thioxanthone.A partir d’un précurseur bon marché et d’une préparation aisée, la troisième étude a permis de synthétiser un dérivé de 9,9’-biacridone, molécule push-pull de type p révélant une structure tridimensionnelle, similaire à celle du Spiro-OMeTAD, molécule référence pour les PSCs.Enfin, la dernière étude concerne l’élaboration de molécules donneur-accepteur à base de thiéno [3,4-c] pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD). La motivation de cette partie est le développement de la molécule à structure planaire améliorant l’empilement π-π dans la fabrication de dispositifs sans joints de grains. Ces molécules possèdent également un fort caractère ICT, une conjugaison π étendue sur toute la structure et une bonne solubilité ce qui en fait un candidat HTM idéal pour la réalisation d’un dispositif PSCs sans dopant. / The aim of the thesis is to develop and study the potential of organic hole transporting materials (HTMs) for photovoltaic applications using perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs). Several families of HTM molecules have been prepared and deposited in solution for the fabrication of solar cells. Since the main objective is to study and provide information on the relationship between the molecular structure of new hole transport materials and the photovoltaic performances obtained, this study contributes to a better fundamental understanding of the required properties of hole transport materials for better photovoltaic performance.The first study concerns the development of p-type molecules based on Thieno [3,2-b] thiophene as a central unit and π-linker with dimethoxytriphenylamine as end-capping electron donors. Different configurations are designed and revealed significantly different photovoltaic performances in the PSC devices. Remarkable, a planar structure with linear conjugation shows higher values of mobility and conductivity than others, thus it improved device performances.In the second study, donor-acceptor molecules based on 9(10H)Acridone derivatives as an acceptor were developed. By incorporating different electron-donating fragments, we obtain structures with favorable characteristics for both good intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character and adequate HOMO-LUMO energy levels. Their energy levels are suitable for collecting and injecting the holes from perovskite to the metal electrode through the HTM. Similar studies have been done with Thioxanthone.Using a cheap precursor and facile preparation, the third study synthesized a 9.9'-biacridone derivative. These p-type molecules possess a three-dimensional structure which is similar to that of Spiro-OMeTAD, state-of-the-art molecule for PSCs.Finally, the last study focus on the development of donor-acceptor molecules based on thieno [3,4-c] pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD). The objective is elaboration of the planar structure molecule which could be improved the π-π stacking effect in the device fabrication without grain boundaries. These molecules also own a strong ICT character, an extended π-conjugation on the whole structure and a good solubility which makes it an ideal candidate for the dopant-free HTM in PSCs.

L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse a été de démontrer la possibilité, en se basant sur une approche prédictive, de contrôler avec précision la fonctionnalisation d'un matériau composite, d'isotrope à anisotrope, sous l'application d'un champ électrique. Ces derniers matériaux présentent en effet un fort potentiel pour des applications futures telles que des condensateurs intégrés ou bien encore des composites conducteurs thermiques. Une première approche théorique des différentes forces et mécanismes entrant en jeux lors de l'élaboration de composites anisotropes par chaînage a permis d'identifier les paramètres impactant le procédé d'élaboration. A la suite de cette étude théorique, un modèle de formation de chaînes de particules sous champ électrique a été développé afin de prédire la dynamique de chaînage. Le modèle choisi (méthode moment dipolaire effectif) a permis la simulation de plus de 4500 particules. Les paramètres ayant au préalable été identifiés ont ensuite été mesurés. Pour la permittivité des particules, une méthode de mesure diélectrophorétique a été développée, ce qui est une première dans le cas de particules céramiques. L'élaboration des composites anisotropes a été couplé avec un suivi novateur, en temps réel, d'un marqueur (permittivité) de la formation de chaînes, permettant d'obtenir la dynamique de structuration des particules. Afin de valider l'aspect prédictif du modèle numérique, une comparaison a été effectuée entre la dynamique mesurée et simulée. Les résultats obtenus ont démontré une très bonne fiabilité des prédictions du modèle, même si des progrès sont encore réalisables aux faibles taux de chargement. Dans un dernier temps, une preuve de concept a été démontrée, de la réalisation de composites anisotropes dont les particules sont alignées perpendiculairement au champ électrique. / This study was aimed to demonstrate the possibility, based on a predictive approach, to tailor the structure of a composite from isotropic to anisotropic when applying an electric field. This composites have great potential for future applications such as embed capacitors or thermally conductive composites. A theoretical approach of the forces and mechanisms acting in the elaboration of anisotropic composites by chaining allowed identifying the key parameters. Based on this approach a model of particle chaining under electric field was established to predict the structuration dynamics. This model (effective dipole moment) allowed simulating more than 4500 particles. The parameters previously identified were then measured, and for the particle permittivity, a dielectrophoretic measurement method was developed, which was a first for ceramic particles. The elaboration of anisotropic composites was coupled to a novel on-line monitoring of a chaining marker (permittivity), allowing to obtain the structuration dynamics. To validate the predictive aspect of the model, experimental and numerical dynamics were compared showing the robustness and accuracy of the model, even if improvement is still possible at low filler content. In the last part, a proof of concept was demonstrated of the elaboration of anisotropic composites with fillers oriented normally to the direction of the electric field.

Les barrières thermiques (BT) élaborées par projection plasma sous air (APS) sont utilisées par l’industrie aéronautique pour protéger les pièces fixes des parties chaudes des turbines à gaz. Les BT consistent en un système bicouche composé d'une couche de liaison NiCrAlY de 200 µm d'épaisseur et d’un revêtement céramique de ZrO2-8%Y2O3 (YSZ) de 1 mm d'épaisseur, déposés sur le substrat métallique à protéger. Les principaux objectifs de cette thèse sont d’une part de comparer la tenue en oxydation cyclique de deux microstructures de barrières thermiques élaborées par APS et d’autre part de caractériser le comportement mécanique de celles-ci, afin de comprendre et de modéliser les mécanismes d’endommagement de ces dépôts afin d’en améliorer la conception. Tout d’abord, l’élaboration par projection plasma des différentes BT a été réalisée. Pour évaluer les performances de ces BT en termes de durée de vie et identifier les mécanismes d’endommagement, elles ont ensuite été testées en oxydation cyclique sous gradient, pour reproduire les conditions réelles d’utilisation en service. Ensuite une caractérisation exhaustive des propriétés physiques et mécaniques des différents matériaux a été menée. Ainsi, les - substrat seul, sous-couche NiCrAlY, les deux revêtements de YSZ à microstructures différents et les deux systèmes BT complets - ont été testés en flexion 3 points (F3P) et en flexion biaxiale Small Punch Test (SPT). A partir des propriétés obtenues et de ces résultats, des modélisations éléments finis ont été proposées : les modes d’endommagement observés pendant les essais de F3P et SPT ont été reproduits. La compréhension de des phénomènes d'endommagement et la prédiction de la durée de vie des BT sont des enjeux majeurs pour les motoristes qui souhaitent élaborer un modèle pertinent de durée de vie. / Thermal barriers coatings (TBC) developed by air plasma spraying (APS) are used by the aviation industry to protect the fixed parts of hot sections of gas turbines. The TBC system consists of a bilayer system composed of a 200 m thick NiCrAlY bondcoat and a 1 mm thick ZrO2-8% Y2O3 (YSZ) ceramic coating, deposited on the metal substrate to be protected. The main objectives of this PhD thesis are, on the one hand, to compare the cyclic oxidation behavior of two microstructures of TBC developed by APS and, on the other hand, to characterize the mechanical behavior of these TBC, in order to understand, model the damage mechanisms. and improve their design. Firstly, the plasma projection of the different TBCs was carried out. To evaluate their performance in terms of lifetime and identify the mechanisms of damage, they were then tested in cyclic oxidation with gradient to reproduce the actual conditions of use in service. Then, an exhaustive characterization of the physical and mechanical properties of the different materials was conducted. Thus, the - substrate alone, NiCrAlY sublayer, the two YSZ coatings with different microstructures, and the two complete TBC systems - were tested in 3-point bending (F3P) and biaxial flexion Small Punch Test (SPT). From the properties obtained and these results, finite element modelisations were proposed: the modes of damage observed during the F3P and SPT tests were reproduced. The understanding of damage phenomenon and the prediction of life of TBCs are major issues for engine makers who wish to develop a relevant model of service life.

Systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) studies are fundamental to the decision-making process in evidence-based medicine. Although such studies are regarded as high-level evidence, these reviews are not always reported completely and transparently. Sub-optimal reporting of DTA systematic reviews compromises their validity, generalizability, and value to key stakeholders. This thesis evaluates the completeness of reporting of published DTA systematic reviews based on the PRISMA-DTA checklist and provides an explanation for the new and modified items (relative to PRISMA), along with their meaning and rationale. Our results demonstrate that recently published reports of DTA systematic reviews are not fully informative, when evaluated against the PRISMA-DTA guidelines: mean reported items=18.6/26(71%, SD=1.9) for PRISMA-DTA; 5.5/11(50%, SD=1.2) for PRISMA-DTA for abstracts. The PRISMA-DTA statement, this document, and the associated website (http://www. prisma-statement.org/Extensions/DTA) are meant to be helpful resources to support the transparent reporting of DTA systematic reviews and guide knowledge translation strategies.

Cursos laboratoriais possuem grande importância científica para a educação em geral, a atual modernidade com ideias inovadoras e toda tecnologia oferecida está transformando cada vez mais os laboratórios, nos levando a uma evolução significativa tanto na parte acadêmica quanto na aprendizagem dos estudantes. A preocupação quanto a conservação de peças anatômicas existe a mais de 5 mil anos, pois o uso de peças cadavéricas naturais são indispensáveis para o ensino, devido a contribuição no aprendizado prático melhorando as habilidades aplicativas, assimilativas e compreensivas da disciplina. O presente trabalho propõe a utilização de automatização em laboratórios de anatomia, com todo planejamento necessário quanto a descarte de substâncias, exaustão e ventilação adequada, monitores acima das bancadas com atlas virtuais e acesso a internet, roldanas para transporte de animais de grande porte e o uso de técnicas anatômicas alternativas visando abolir o uso do formol como conservante das peças de estudo, fornecendo um ambiente mais agradável facilitando no aprendizado dos estudantes e no trabalho dos funcionários. Para a execução das técnicas anatômicas foram utilizados cães e gatos provenientes de clinicas veterinárias, cujo ao entrarem em óbito foram doados por seus respectivos donos ao assinarem o termo de doação redigido sendo totalizado um gato e quatro cães. Também foram utilizados antigos órgãos do laboratório de anatomia animal do Departamento de Ciências Básicas da FZEA/USP localizada em Pirassununga que não possuíam mais função em aulas prática, sendo cedidas pelo chefe do departamento através de um termo assinado pelo mesmo, sendo essas peças especificamente: uma língua, um rim, um coração e um encéfalo de bovino, dois estômagos, um rim e um baço de equino e um estômago de suíno. As quatro técnicas anatômicas defendidas nesse trabalho mostraram ser suficientes para atender as necessidades dos estudantes quanto o estudo da anatomia, devido à perfeita evidenciação de estruturas externas e internas dos animais. O plano laboratorial foi executado com a ajuda dos programas AutoCAD e SketchUP, cujo possibilitam a elaboração de desenho técnico em duas dimensões (2D) e criação de modelos tridimensionais (3D). / Laboratory courses have great scientific importance to education, the current modernity with innovative ideas and technology offered whole is becoming more and more laboratories, leading us to a significant development in the academic and in student learning. The concern about the anatomical specimens preservation exist for over 5000 years, because the natural corpse pieces are indispensable for teaching that contribute in improving learning practical skills applicative, assimilative and understanding of the discipline. This paper proposes the use of automation in anatomy laboratories, with all necessary planning regarding disposal of substances, and exhaust ventilation, monitors above the countertops with virtual atlas and internet access, pulleys to transport large animals and use of alternatives anatomical techniques to abolish the formaldehyde as a preservative parts of study, providing a more pleasant environment in facilitating student learning and the work of the employees. For the execution of anatomical techniques were used dogs and cats from veterinary clinics, which they entered in death were donated by their owners to signing the donation being drafted totaled four dogs and one cat. We also used some old organs of animal anatomy lab of the Department of Basic Sciences FZEA / USP located in Pirassununga who had no role in more practical lessons, being provided by the department head via a signed for the same term, and these pieces specifically: a tongue, kidney, heart and brain of veal, two stomachs, one kidney and a spleen of horse and a pig stomach. The four anatomical techniques advocated in this work proved to be sufficient to meet the needs of students and the study of anatomy, showing a perfect disclosure of external and internal structures of animals. The laboratory plan was executed with the help of AutoCAD and SketchUp programs, which enable the development of technical drawing in two dimensions (2D) and three-dimensional modeling.

O presente estudo se propôs a responder à questão de investigação: como a Modelagem Matemática pode contribuir como um meio do educando ser protagonista da sua aprendizagem, aspirando a sua autonomia? A pesquisa apresenta uma proposta de sequência de tarefas em um ambiente de aprendizagem de Modelagem Matemática, dividida em três partes, que são: o convite para realizar modelagem, uma experiência com a temática água e uma experiência com um tema de livre escolha. O estudo foi desenvolvido durante o segundo semestre de 2016, com uma turma de terceiro ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola municipal de Sapucaia do Sul, no horário regular de aula. Apoiada na teoria da Modelagem Matemática em uma perspectiva Sócio-crítica de Barbosa (2001), elaboração de perguntas em um ambiente de Modelagem Matemática de Sant’Ana e Sant’Ana (2009) e na Pedagogia da Autonomia de Paulo Freire (1996), e utilizando o estudo de caso como metodologia, o presente trabalho evidenciou que os estudantes podem ser ativos na construção dos seus conhecimentos. Além disso, percebeu-se, como resultados, que quando lhes é oportunizado um ambiente de liberdade e consideração, que respeita as suas escolhas, os alunos vão assumindo sua responsabilidade pela sua aprendizagem, construindo, aos poucos, suas preferências, suas opções e sua autonomia. / The present study aims to answer the research question: how can Mathematical Modeling contribute as a way for the learner to be the protagonist of their learning by aspiring to their autonomy? The research presents a task sequence proposal in a mathematical modeling-learning environment, divided into three parts. Such parts are the invitation to perform modeling, an experience with water theme, and an experiment with a theme of free student’s choice. The study was developed during the second semester of 2016, with a third year High School class from a municipal school in Sapucaia do Sul, at regular school hours. Based on the theory of Mathematical Modeling in a Socio-critical perspective of Barbosa (2001), elaboration of questions in an environment of Mathematical Modeling of Sant'Ana and Sant'Ana (2009) and in the pedagogy of autonomy of Paulo Freire (1996), and using the case study as a methodology, the present study showed that students can be active in the construction of their knowledge. In addition, it was noticed that, when it is offered an environment of freedom and consideration, respecting their choices, students will assume their responsibility for their learning, gradually building their preferences, their choices and their autonomy.

A series of six experiments investigated the effect of text-provided elaborations and prior knowledge on memory for text. In all experiments, subjects read 28 episodes, half of which were associated with well-known individuals, and the other half were associated with unknown individuals. In Experiment 1, text-provided elaborations enhanced recall only when the reader did not possess a high level of prior knowledge. The findings from Experiment 1 were hypothesized to be the result of readers generating relevant elaborations during text comprehension. Experiment 2 supported this hypothesis by providing evidence of self-generated elaborations. Experiment 3 provided evidence that this generation process occurred "on-line." The results from Experiments 4 and 5 extended these findings by showing that readers with high prior knowledge automatically generate causally relevant elaborations when the sentences have a low relation. The findings of Experiment 6 suggest that distinctive text-provided elaborations are more effective than normal text-provided elaborations only when readers have high prior knowledge.

Dans le but de trouver un nouvel électrolyte pour les piles à combustible SOFC fonctionnant à basses températures, nous nous sommes intéressés au nouveau mode de synthèse électrochimique de la phase delta de l'oxyde de bismuth. d-Bi2O3 est connu comme le meilleur conducteur ionique, mais sa gamme de stabilité thermique réduite (729 ? 825°C) a freiné son utilisation. La méthode proposée par Switzer et al. permet de stabiliser cette phase à température ambiante. Cela relance l'intérêt d'étude pour ce matériau en vue d'une application comme électrolyte solide des piles à combustible. Nous avons tout d'abord étudié l'influence des paramètres de la synthèse de couches minces. Nous en avons déduit qu'une température de plus de 50°C était nécessaire et que les conditions étaient optimales avec une température de 65°C. La valeur du pH du bain doit être supérieure à 14. Pour l'électrodéposition, nous avons retenu un courant imposé constant entre 400 et 600 µA. Nous avons réalisé cette synthèse sur des substrats de nature variée (platine, inox, inox doré, or massif, argent doré). A l'aide de la diffraction des rayons X et de la microscopie électronique en transmission à haute résolution, nous avons confirmé la structure polycristalline de d-Bi2O3. Ces méthodes nous ont également permis de montrer que tous les grains ont une taille qui varie entre 10 et 170 nm. Ces cristallites de taille nanométrique joue un rôle essentiel dans la stabilité de d- Bi2O3 à température ambiante. A l'aide de la microbalance à quartz, nous avons montré que le dépôt de d-Bi2O3 ne pouvait pas dépasser 2 µm. Nous avons montré la stabilité du dépôt d-Bi2O3 électrodéposé pour une conservation à température ambiante. Par ailleurs, l'étude de la stabilité thermique a montré que la taille des cristallites diminue avec la température de recuit et que la structure est modifiée à partir de 360°C en une structure sillenite. Nous avons montré qu'il est possible de réaliser des nanofils de d-Bi2O3. Nous n'avons pas pu déterminer des conditions optimales qui nous auraient permis de synthétiser uniquement d- Bi2O3 en plus grand nombre. Enfin, nous avons réalisé des premières mesures de conductivité. Les résultats préliminaires nous montrent un comportement ionique de nos dépôts, mais ils ne sont pas tout à fait reproductibles.

The rapid increase of available products and information on the Internet has created new problems for consumers. In stead of not having adequate alternatives, consumers have to spend a lot of effort in filtering and processing information. Overcoming information overload becomes a key issue for information search. As a result, information filtering and product recommendation become increasingly popular among on-line stores. These e-stores can collect user preference and use the information for product recommendation and personalized services. The purpose of recommendation systems is to increase consumers¡¦ purchase intentions, which may be affected by many factors. The objective of this study is to investigate factors that may affect the purchase intention of consumers. More specifically, the research adopts two theories, the elaboration likelihood model and the social influence theory, to build a research framework. We assume that the recommendation message affect consumer attitudes and intention through information and social influences. A laboratory experiment was conducted that use books and movies as two products to test the theory. The results indicate that purchase intention was affected by the attitude toward the recommended product and informational influence. The attitude toward the recommended product, informational influence, and normative social influence were affected by the type of the products and web comments on the product. Different recommendation approaches also affected consumers¡¦ perception of informational influence. The contribution of the research is two folds. First, we develop a theory that can be used to interpret the effect of different factors in the recommendation process. Second, the results have explored much insight into how product recommendation affects consumer attitude and purchase intention and can also be used in designing recommendation systems.