The skin panels used in high-speed flights are exposed to various types of loads, such as inertial, elastic, and aerodynamic loads. In addition, oblique shock impingement can cause flow separation and unsteady aerodynamic loading, which can reduce vehicle performance and result in acoustic noise and viscous heating. These loads, when combined, can result in a complex dynamic response, such as flutter. Flutter is characterized by sustained unsteadiness or structural vibrations. Although flutter might not be immediately harmful, it can lead to fatigue failure of the structural components. A vast amount of literature already exists on the panel flutter induced by two and three-dimensional supersonic flows with oblique shock impingement. The majority of the studies are focused on predicting the onset of flutter and understanding the influence of non-dimensional parameters on the amplitude and frequency of the oscillations. Recently, numerous experimental campaigns were conducted to understand the influence of thermal loading on panel flutter and provide validation datasets to develop fluid-structure-thermal interaction solvers. The focus of this dissertation is divided into three tasks. The first task focuses on how shock impingement can affect the coupling between fluid and structural interactions and the onset of chaotic flutter. The second task focuses on controlling chaotic flutter using a passive micro vortex generator. The third task focuses on the development and validation of the fluid-structure-thermal interaction solver for 3D FSI problems. The results indicate that sufficiently strong shocks can induce flow separation and boundary layer instabilities that interact nonlinearly with the structural instabilities, resulting in chaotic oscillations. Micro vortex generators can delay the onset of the chaotic flutter by lowering the fluid frequency, thereby synchronizing fluid and structural unsteadiness. A thermoelastic solver has been developed, and the role of thermal stresses on panel flutter characteristics is considered a future task.

The thesis deals with the measurement of the elastic modulus of concrete in existing structures and possibilities of applicability of equations for the calculation of characteristic values of concrete compressive strength on the modulus of elasticity. The modulus of elasticity is determined by dynamic and static methods on specimens taken from the concrete blocks, whose composition varies by a water cement ratio and varying amounts of admixtures. In conclusion, the results of the measurements are compared and the characteristic values of the modulus of elasticity is determined.

Ti-Nb alloys are characterized by a diverse metallurgy which allows obtaining a wide palette of microstructural configurations and physical properties via careful selection of chemical composition, heat treatment and mechanical processing routes. The present work aims to expand the current state of knowledge about martensite forming Ti-Nb alloys by studying 15 binary Ti-c_{Nb}Nb (9wt.% ≤ c_{Nb} ≤ 44.5wt.%) alloy formulations in terms of their structural and mechanical properties, as well as their thermal stability. The crystal structures of the martensitic phases, α´ and α´´, and the influence of the Nb content on the lattice (Bain) strain and on the volume change related to the β → α´/α´´ martensitic transformations are analyzed on the basis of Rietveld-refinements. The magnitude of the shuffle component of the β → α´/α´´ martensitic transformations is quantified in relation to the chemical composition. The largest transformation lattice strains are operative in Nb-lean alloys. Depending on the composition, both a volume dilatation and contraction are encountered and the volume change may influence whether hexagonal martensite α´ or orthorhombic martensite α´´ forms from β upon quenching. The mechanical properties and the deformation behavior of martensitic Ti-Nb alloys are studied by complementary methods including monotonic and cyclic uniaxial compression, nanoindentation, microhardness and impulse excitation technique. The results show that the Nb content strongly influences the mechanical properties of martensitic Ti-Nb alloys. The elastic moduli, hardness and strength are minimal in the vicinity of the limiting compositions bounding the interval in which orthorhombic martensite α´´ forms by quenching. Uniaxial cyclic compressive testing demonstrates that the elastic properties of strained samples are different than those of unstrained ones. Also, experimental evidence indicates a deformation-induced martensite to austenite (α´´ → β) conversion. The influence of Nb content on the thermal stability and on the occurrence of decomposition reactions in martensitic Ti-Nb alloys is examined by isochronal differential scanning calorimetry, dilatometry and in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction complemented by transmission electron microscopy. The thermal decomposition and transformation behavior exhibits various phase transformation sequences during heating into the β-phase field in dependence of composition. Eventually, the transformation temperatures, interval, hysteresis and heat of the β ↔ α´´ martensitic transformation are investigated in relation to the Nb content. The results obtained in this study are useful for the development and optimization of β-stabilized Ti-based alloys for structural, Ni-free shape memory and/or superelastic, as well as for biomedical applications. / Ti-Nb Legierungen zeichnen sich durch eine vielfältige Metallurgie aus, die es nach sorgfältiger Auswahl der chemischen Zusammensetzung sowie der thermischen und mechanischen Prozessierungsroute ermöglicht eine große Bandbreite mikrostruktureller Konfigurationen und physikalischer Eigenschaften zu erhalten. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es den gegenwärtigen Wissensstand über martensitbildende Ti-Nb Legierungen zu erweitern. Zu diesem Zweck werden 15 binäre Ti-c_{Nb} Nb (9 Gew.% ≤ c_{Nb} ≤ 44.5 Gew.%) Legierungen hinsichtlich ihrer strukturellen und mechanischen Eigenschaften sowie ihrer thermischen Stabilität untersucht. Die Kristallstrukturen der martensitischen Phasen, α´ und α´´, sowie der Einfluss des Nb-Gehalts auf die Gitterverzerrung (Bain-Verzerrung), auf die Verschiebungswellenkomponente (Shuffle-Komponente) und auf die Volumenänderung der martensitischen β → α´/α´´ Transformationen werden anhand von Rietveld-Verfeinerungen analysiert. In Abhängigkeit des Nb-Gehalts tritt entweder eine Volumendilatation oder -kontraktion auf, die bestimmen könnte ob hexagonaler Martensit α´ oder orthorhombischer Martensit α´´ aus β bei Abkühlung gebildet wird. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften und das Verformungsverhalten martensitischer Ti-Nb Legierungen werden mit einer Reihe komplementärer Methoden (monotone und zyklische einachsige Druckversuche, Nanoindentation, Mikrohärte, Impulserregungstechnik) untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen durchgehend, dass die mechanischen Eigenschaften martensitischer Ti-Nb Legierungen stark vom Nb-Gehalt beeinflusst werden. Die mechanischen Kennwerte sind minimal in der Nähe der Zusammensetzungen, innerhalb derer β → α´´ bei Abkühlung auftritt. Aus Druckversuchen geht hervor, dass die elastischen Eigenschaften verformter Proben verschieden zu denen unverformter sind. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse weisen außerdem auf eine verformungsinduzierte Umwandlung von Martensit in Austenit (α´´ → β) hin. Der Einfluss des Nb-Gehalts auf die thermische Stabilität und das Auftreten von Zerfallsreaktionen in martensitischen Ti-Nb Legierungen wird anhand von dynamischer Differenzkalorimetrie, Dilatometrie, und in-situ Synchrotronröntgenbeugung in Kombination mit Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Das thermische Zerfalls- und Umwandlungsverhalten ist durch das Auftreten einer Vielzahl von in Abhängigkeit des Nb-Gehalts unterschiedlichen Phasentransformationssequenzen gekennzeichnet. Abschließend werden die Transformationstemperaturen und -wärmen, das Transformationsinterval und die thermische Hysterese der martensitischen β ↔ α´´ Umwandlung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit sind für die Entwicklung und Optimierung β-stabilisierter Ti-Legierungen für strukturelle und biomedizinische Anwendungen sowie Ni-freier Komponenten, die Formgedächtniseffekt und/oder Superelastizität aufweisen, von Nutzen.

This thesis consists of four papers where the overall purpose is to contribute to the understanding of how local public transport demand is affected by different factors. An underlying theme running trough the thesis is the two-way relationship between public transport demand and the service level caused by the fact that capacity and quality are joint products. In Paper I the relationship between public transport demand and the service level (in terms of vehicle-kilometres) is investigated using panel data from Swedish counties. A Granger causality test is performed in order to test if the level of service cause public transport demand or if demand cause service level, or if they cause each other. It is found that demand and service cause each other, which is to say that there is a two-way relationship between them.In Paper II elasticity estimates for local public transport demand from previous research are summarised and the variation in results is analysed using meta-regression. The variation is explained by model specification, type of data used and origin of data. In Paper III a demand function for local public transport is estimated using panel data from Swedish counties. Instrument variable estimation is used in order to avoid the problem of a two-way relationship between demand and service level (vehicle-kilometres). Demand elasticities with respect to public transport fare, price of petrol, vehicle-kilometres and car ownership are found to be -0.4, 0.34, 0.55, and -1.37. After also taking the effects of income on car ownership into account, it is found that the total effect of income on public transport demand is close to zero. In Paper IV it is found that the strong increase in public transport demand in the town of Linköping between 1946 and 1983, in addition to fare, vehicle-kilometres and car ownership, can be explained by the rapid increase in female labour force participation and the expansion of the city’s outer areas. The city expansion is thought to have increased average trip distance and thereby reduced the number of trips that could be made walking or by bicycle. After 1983, female labour force participation decreased slightly and the expansion of the areas in question has stopped. Without these positive forces to counterbalance the rising levels of car ownership bus trips per capita has fallen by 71%. The effects of a policy change, including peak-load pricing, straighter bus routes, smaller bus size and staggered school hours, is analysed. It is found that the proposed changes would increase public transport travel by 42 % compared to present policy. / Denna avhandling består av fyra artiklar där det övergripande syftet är att bidra till ökad förståelse av hur olika faktorer påverkar benägenheten att gör lokala kollektivtrafikresor. Ett genomgående tema i samtliga artiklar är att det sannolikt föreligger ett dubbelriktat samband mellan antalet resor som genomförs och mängden vagnkilometer som kollektivtrafikproducenten tillhandahåller. Detta eftersom kapacitet och kvalitet är intimt förknippade när det gäller kollektivtrafikutbud. Vid en given fordonsstorlek, innebär fler fordon i trafik att fler passagerare kan transporteras men också att väntetider och/eller avståndet till närmaste linje minskar, vilket utgör en kvalitetsförbättring. I den första artikeln undersöks det lokala kollektivtrafikresandet och vagnkilometerutbudet med hjälp av Grangers kausalitetstest. Syftet är att fastställa huruvida orsakssambandet dem emellan går från vagnkilometer till resande, från resande till vagnkilometer, eller om sambandet är dubbelriktat. Materialet som används kommer från svenska län och täcker perioden 1986 – 2001. Slutsatsen är att det föreligger ett dubbelriktat orsakssamband mellan variablerna. I den andra artikeln sammanställs resultat, i termer av elasticitetsskattningar, från tidigare studier av efterfrågan av lokal kollektivtrafik och variationen i dessa analyseras med hjälp av regressionsanalys, så kallad metaregression. Variationen kan delvis förklaras med modellspecifikation, typ av data som använts samt av geografiska skillnader. I den tredje artikeln estimeras en eftefrågefunktion för lokala kollektivtrafikresor med hjälp av data från svenska län. För att undvika problemet med det dubbelriktade sambandet mellan antal resor och vagnkilometer estimeras funktionen med hjälp av instrumentvariabler. Efterfrågeelasticiteter för lokal kollektivtrafik med avseende på pris, bensinpris, vagnkilometer och bilinnehav finnes vara -0.4, 0.34, 0.55, and -1.37. Efter att ha tagit hänsyn till att inkomsten påverkar kollektivtrafikresandet direkt såväl som indirekt via bilinnehavet, konstateras att totaleffekten är nära noll. I avhandlingens fjärde artikel studeras kollektivtrafikresandet i Linköping. Mellan 1946 och 1983 ökade antalet resor per innevånare kraftigt för att därefter minska. Under perioden 1983 till 2006 minskade antalet resor per person med 71 %. Förutom pris, vagnkilometer och bilinnehav kan det konstateras att kvinnlig förvärvsfrekvens och andel av innevånarna som bor utanför stadskärnan utgör viktiga förklaringsvariabler till resandet. Under expansionsperioden, 1946 – 1983, ökade kvinnors deltagande på arbetsmarknaden kraftigt samtidigt som det skedde en snabb uppbyggnad av förorter med hög befolkningstäthet. Sedan 1983 har kvinnlig förvärvsfrekvens upphört att öka och de befolkningstäta områdena i stadens ytterkanter inte längre växer i förhållande till de centrala delarna. Utan dessa positiva faktorer har utvecklingen dominerats av de negativa influenserna från ökat bilinnehav, ökade biljettpriser och minskat trafikutbud. Effekterna av ett åtgärdspaket bestående av differentierad (mellan hög- och lågtrafik) prissättning, uträtade busslinjer, minskad busstorlek och utspridd skolstart utreds. Slutsatsen är att åtgärderna skulle resultera i 42 % högre kollektivtrafikresande.

The primary goal of this study was to determine the impact of price discrimination on tourism demand. Four objectives were defined with reference to the primary research goal. The first objective was to analyse the concept of price discrimination and relevant theories by means of a literature study. In this regard it was found that price discrimination between markets is fairly common and that it occurs if the same goods were sold to different customers at different prices. Price discrimination is also possible as soon as some monopoly power exists and it is feasible when it is impossible or at least impractical for the buyers to trade among themselves. Three different kinds of price discrimination can be applied, namely first-degree, second-degree and third-degree price discrimination. The data also indicated that price discrimination is advantageous (it mainly increases profit) and that it has several other effects too. The second objective was to analyse examples of price discrimination by means of international case studies. In these different case studies it was found that demand and supply, therefore consumer and product, formed the basis of price discrimination. If demand did not exist, it would be impossible to apply price discrimination. The findings also indicated that, for an organisation to be able to practice price discrimination, the markets must be separated effectively and it will only be successful if there is a significant difference in demand elasticity between the different consumers. Furthermore, the ability to charge these different prices will depend on the consumer's ability and willingness to pay. If an organisation should decide to price discriminate, it would lead to a higher profit, a more optimal pricing policy and also to an increase in sales. The third objective was to analyse national case studies. This was done through comparing the data of a tourism organisation price discriminating (Mosetlha Bush Camp, situated in the North West) to two organisations that did not implement price discrimination (Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in the Northern Cape and Golden Leopard Resort, also situated in the North West). It was found that a customer with low price elasticity is less deterred by a higher price than a customer with a high price elasticity of demand. As long as the customer's price elasticity is less than one, it will be very advantageous to increase the price: the seller will in this case get more money for less goods. With the increase in price the price elasticity tends to rise above one. The fourth objective was to draw conclusions and make recommendations. It was concluded that price discrimination could be applied successfully in virtually any organisation or industry. Furthermore, price discrimination does not always have a negative effect; but can have a positive ass well. It can have a positive effect on tourism demand. The findings emphasised that the main reason for implementing price discrimination is to increase profit at the cost of reducing consumer surplus. From the results it was recommended that more research on this topic should be conducted. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

No description available.

For the purpose of numerically simulating continuum mechanical structures, different types of material may be represented by the extreme values {<img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" />,1}, where 0&lt;<img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" /><img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cll" />1, of a varying coefficient <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Calpha" /> in the governing equations. The paramter <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" /> is not allowed to vanish in order for the equations to be solvable, which means that the exact conditions are approximated. For example, for linear elasticity problems, presence of material is represented by the value <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Calpha" /> = 1, while <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Calpha" /> = <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" /> provides an approximation of void, meaning that material-free regions are approximated with a weak material. For acoustics applications, the value <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Calpha" /> = 1 corresponds to air and <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Calpha" /> = <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" /> to an approximation of sound-hard material using a dense fluid. Here we analyze the convergence properties of such material approximations as <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" />!0, and we employ this type of approximations to perform design optimization. In Paper I, we carry out boundary shape optimization of an acoustic horn. We suggest a shape parameterization based on a local, discrete curvature combined with a fixed mesh that does not conform to the generated shapes. The values of the coefficient <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Calpha" />, which enters in the governing equation, are obtained by projecting the generated shapes onto the underlying computational mesh. The optimized horns are smooth and exhibit good transmission properties. Due to the choice of parameterization, the smoothness of the designs is achieved without imposing severe restrictions on the design variables. In Paper II, we analyze the convergence properties of a linear elasticity problem in which void is approximated by a weak material. We show that the error introduced by the weak material approximation, after a finite element discretization, is bounded by terms that scale as <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" /> and <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" />1/2hs, where h is the mesh size and s depends on the order of the finite element basis functions. In addition, we show that the condition number of the system matrix scales inversely proportional to <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" />, and we also construct a left preconditioner that yields a system matrix with a condition number independent of <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" />. In Paper III, we observe that the standard sound-hard material approximation with <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Calpha" /> = <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" /> gives rise to ill-conditioned system matrices at certain wavenumbers due to resonances within the approximated sound-hard material. To cure this defect, we propose a stabilization scheme that makes the condition number of the system matrix independent of the wavenumber. In addition, we demonstrate that the stabilized formulation performs well in the context of design optimization of an acoustic waveguide transmission device. In Paper IV, we analyze the convergence properties of a wave propagation problem in which sound-hard material is approximated by a dense fluid. To avoid the occurrence of internal resonances, we generalize the stabilization scheme presented in Paper III. We show that the error between the solution obtained using the stabilized soundhard material approximation and the solution to the problem with exactly modeled sound-hard material is bounded proportionally to <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Cepsilon" />.

Paper [I] Using a unique and highly detailed data set on energy consumption at the appliance-level for 200 Swedish households, seemingly unrelated regression (SUR)-based end-use specific load curves are estimated. The estimated load curves are then used to explore possible restrictions on load shifting (e.g. the office hours schedule) as well as the cost implications of different load shift patterns. The cost implications of shifting load from "expensive" to "cheap" hours, using the Nord Pool spot prices as a proxy for a dynamic price, are computed to be very small; roughly 2-4% reduction in total daily costs from shifting load up to five hours ahead, indicating small incentives for households (and retailers) to adopt dynamic pricing of electricity. Paper [II] Using a detailed data set on appliance-level electricity consumption at the hourly level, we provide the first estimates of hourly and end-use-specific income elasticities for electricity. Such estimates are informative about how consumption patterns in general, and peak demand in particular, will develop as households’ income changes. We find that the income elasticities are highest during peak hours for kitchen and lighting, with point estimates of roughly 0.4, but insignificant for space heating. Paper [III] In this paper, I estimate the price elasticity of electricity as a function of the choice between fixed-price and variable-price contracts. Further, assuming that households have imperfect information about electricity prices and usage, I explore how media coverage of electricity prices affects electricity demand, both by augmenting price responsiveness and as a direct effect of media coverage on electricity demand, independent of prices. I also address the endogeneity of the choice of electricity contract. The parameters in the model are estimated using unique and detailed Swedish panel data on monthly household-level electricity consumption. I find that price elasticities range between −0.025 and −0.07 at the mean level of media coverage, depending on contract choice, and that households with monthly variation in electricity prices respond more to prices when there is extensive media coverage of electricity prices. When media coverage is high, for example 840 news articles per month (which corresponds to the mean plus two standard deviations), the price elasticity is −0.12, or 1.7 times the elasticity at the mean media coverage. Similarly, media coverage is also found to have a direct effect on electricity demand. Paper [IV] I explore how households switch between fixed-price and variable-price electricity contracts in response to variations in price and temperature, conditional on previous contract choice. Using panel data with roughly 54000 Swedish households, a dynamic probit model is estimated. The results suggest that the choice of contract exhibits substantial state dependence, with an estimated marginal effect of previous contractchoiceof0.96, andthattheeffectofvariationinpricesandtemperatureonthechoice of electricity contract is small. Further, the state dependence and price responsiveness are similar across housing types, income levels and other dimensions. A plausible explanation of these results is that transaction costs are larger than the relatively small cost savings from switching between contracts.

La circulation de matière et la signature sismique des zones de subduction sont fortement dépendantes despropriétés élastiques de deux grands types de minéraux hydratés : les serpentines (antigorite, lizardite etchrysotile) provenant de l'hydratation des minéraux du manteau et le glaucophane, minéral marqueur des schistesbleus et éclogites, faciès métamorphiques caractéristiques des zones de subduction. La détection de ces phasesest parfois difficile. Il est nécessaire de connaître leurs propriétés élastiques afin de mieux comprendre lesimages sismiques acquises. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mesurer et de calculer les propriétés élastiques deminéraux hydratés par la spectroscopie Brillouin (dans le cas de l'antigorite et du glaucophane) et par les calculsab initio (pour la lizardite). Caractériser au mieux ces propriétés permet de les relier à la sismicité dans les zonesde subduction et notamment aux zones de faibles vitesses détectées par diverses méthodes sismiques. Nosmesures ont été réalisées à l'ambiante pour l'antigorite et le glaucophane et à haute pression pour l'antigorite encellule à enclumes de diamants. Les mesures élastiques ont ensuite été couplées à des mesures d'orientationspréférentielles par Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction. Ceci a permis de quantifier l'anisotropie élevée(AVP=37% et AVS=50%) dans la roche totale ainsi que les vitesses sismiques faibles des ondes P et S. Nousavons pu ainsi relier le décalage des ondes S aux retards observés par sismique dans la zone de subduction deRyukyu (Japon). Les observations sismiques montrent que la serpentine est présente dans les zones où lasismicité est faible et apparaît non seulement comme un minéral essentiel des zones de subduction mais en pluscomme un "lubrifiant" permettant aux couches de glisser les unes sur les autres sans engendrer de séismes. Pourle glaucophane, les schistes bleus présentent une anisotropie plus élevée que les éclogites à glaucophane maisces roches sont toutefois difficiles à détecter avec la profondeur, du fait de leurs vitesses élevées comparables àcelles du manteau environnant. Nos calculs par méthode ab initio portent sur un analogue de l'antigorite, lalizardite pour laquelle nous avons établi les constantes élastiques à diverses pressions et en présence de fer ounon. Nous avons mis en évidence une anomalie élastique vers 5 GPa pour la lizardite et 7 GPa pour l'antigorite,que nous avons confirmée ensuite par des mesures de spectroscopies Brillouin et Raman à haute pression. / The flow of material and the seismic signature of subduction zones are highly dependent on the elastic propertiesof two major types of hydrated minerals: serpentines (antigorite, lizardite and chrysotile) produced by thehydration of mantle minerals and glaucophane, a marker of blueschists and eclogites, which are metamorphicfacies characteristic of subduction zones. Detection of these phases is sometime difficult. It is important to knowtheir elastic properties in order to better understand the seismic images. The goal of this work is to measure andcalculate the elastic properties of hydrated minerals by Brillouin spectroscopy (for antigorite and glaucophane)and ab initio calculations (for lizardite). The precise knowledge of such properties allows linking them to theseismicity in the subduction zones including areas of low velocities detected by various seismic methods. Ourmeasurements were performed at room conditions for antigorite and glaucophane and at high-pressure forantigorite in a diamond anvil cell. Elastic measurements were then coupled with measurements of latticepreferredorientations by Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction. This allowed quantifying the high anisotropy(AVP= 37% and AVS= 50%) in the whole rock and the low seismic velocities of P and S waves. We were able tolink it to the shear wave splitting observed by seismology in the Ryukyu arc (Japan). Seismic observations showthat serpentine is present in areas of low seismicity; it appears to be not only an essential mineral of thesubduction zones but also a “lubricant” allowing sliding layers to slip over each other without leading toearthquakes. For glaucophane, blueschists exhibit a higher anisotropy than glaucophane eclogites, but theserocks are difficult to detect at higher depth, because of their high velocities comparable to those of thesurrounding mantle. We performed ab initio calculations for a similar serpentine, the lizardite, for which weestablished the elastic constants at various pressures and in the presence of iron or not. We highlighted ananomaly around 5 GPa for lizardite and 7 GPa for antigorite, which was later confirmed by Brillouin and Ramanspectroscopies at high pressure.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide and improved diagnostic methods are needed for early intervention and to select the most suitable treatment for patients. Currently, carotid artery plaque vulnerability is typically determined by visually assessing ultrasound B-mode images, which is influenced by user-subjectivity. Since plaque vulnerability is correlated to the mechanical properties of the plaque, quantitative techniques are needed to estimate plaque stiffness as a surrogate for plaque vulnerability, which would reduce subjectivity during plaque assessment. The work in this thesis focused on three noninvasive ultrasound-based techniques to quantitatively assess plaque vulnerability and measure arterial stiffness. In Study I, a speckle tracking algorithm was validated in vitro to assess strain in common carotid artery (CCA) phantom plaques and thereafter applied in vivo to carotid atherosclerotic plaques where the strain results were compared to visual assessments by experienced physicians. In Study II, hard and soft CCA phantom plaques were characterized with shear wave elastography (SWE) by using phase and group velocity analysis while being hydrostatically pressurized followed by validating the results with mechanical tensile testing. In Study III, feasibility of assessing the stiffness of simulated plaques and the arterial wall with SWE was demonstrated in an ex vivo setup in small porcine aortas used as a human CCA model. In Study IV, SWE and pulse wave imaging (PWI) were compared when characterizing homogeneous CCA soft phantom plaques. The techniques developed in this thesis have demonstrated potential to characterize carotid artery plaques. The results show that the techniques have the ability to noninvasively evaluate the mechanical properties of carotid artery plaques, provide additional data when visually assessing B-mode images, and potentially provide improved diagnoses for patients suffering from cerebrovascular diseases. / <p>Doctoral thesis in medical technology and medical sciences</p><p>QC 20160921</p>