Les défauts ponctuels dans les semi-conducteurs sont étudiés pour la réalisation de bits quantiques d’information (Qubit). A ce jour, le système le plus développé est le centre NV dans le diamant. Récemment, les défauts ponctuels du carbure de silicium (SiC) ont été identifiés comme prometteurs pour la réalisation de Qubit en raison de leur long temps de cohérence de spin et du fonctionnement à température ambiante. Dans ce contexte, nous étudions la formation, la caractérisation optique et magnétique des défauts ponctuels dans SiC, ainsi que l’amélioration de la collection de leur luminescence. Nous commençons par une description des différents critères qui font du SiC un matériau clé pour les applications Qubit. Ensuite, nous présentons une étude bibliographique sur les principaux défauts ponctuels dans SiC en nous focalisant sur les centres : VSi, VSiVC, NV. Nous portons par la suite notre étude sur les conditions optimales d’irradiation ioniques/électroniques et de recuit post-irradiation pour la formation de défauts ponctuels luminescents dans le polytype cubique de SiC. Nous avons identifié les différents types de défauts dans le visible. Dans l’infra-rouge, nous n’avons détecté que le centre VSiVC en trouvant les conditions optimales de sa luminescence dans le cas d’implantation par les protons (dose 1016 cm-2 et le recuit à 750 °C). Puis, nous avons comparé les résultats obtenus par des irradiations aux électrons à ceux obtenus avec les protons en précisant les différents types de défauts ponctuels détectés par deux méthodes: la photoluminescence et la résonance paramagnétique électronique. Enfin, nous avons développé un processus technologique qui consiste en la fabrication de nano-piliers en SiC-4H. Nous avons montré les avantages de leur réalisation sur l’efficacité de la collection de PL des défauts ponctuels comme VSi et VSiVC. Une amélioration d’un facteur 25 pour le centre VSi et d’un facteur 50 pour le centre VSiVC a été obtenue. / Point defects in semiconductor materials are studied for the realization of quantum information bits (Qubit). Nowadays, the most developed system is based on the NV center in diamond. Recently, point defects in silicon carbide (SiC) have been identified as promising for the realization of Qubit due to the combination of their long spin coherence time and room temperature operation. In this context, this thesis studies the formation, optical and magnetic characterization of point defects in SiC, as well as the improvement of their luminescence collection. We begin with a general introduction to SiC in which we describe the different criteria that make SiC a key material for Qubit applications. Next, we present a bibliographical study on the main point defects in SiC, focusing on the centers: VSi, VSiVC, NV. We have studied the optimal conditions of ionic/electronic irradiation and post-irradiation annealing for the formation of luminescent point defects in the cubic polytype of SiC. We have identified the different types of visible range defects. In the infra-red range, we detected only the Ky5 center (VSiVC) by finding the optimal luminescence conditions of this center in the case of implantation by protons (dose 1016 cm-2 and annealing at 750 °C). Then, we compared the results obtained by electron irradiations with those obtained with protons specifying the different types of point defects detected by two methods: photoluminescence and electronic paramagnetic resonance. Finally, we have developed a technological process that consists of nano-pillars fabrication in SiC-4H. We have shown the advantages of realizing these pillars on the efficiency of the PL collection of point defects like VSi and VSiVC : an improvement of a factor of 25 for the VSi center and a factor of 50 for the VSiVC center was obtained.

Recent findings of multiferroicity and magnetoelectric effects in rare earth manganites have fuelled research in this class of materials. These multiferroics can be structurally divided into two classes – orthorhombic and hexagonal. Especially attractive are TbMnO3, HoMnO3 and DyMnO3. Since the ionic radius of Dy is at the boundary that separates the orthorhombic and hexagonal RMnO3, DyMnO3 can be synthesized in both the structures using different synthesis conditions. In this thesis, DyMnO3 single crystals (both hexagonal and orthorhombic) prepared using optical floating zone furnace are studied through structural, magnetic and thermal properties. The influence of rare earth ion on the magnetic phase transitions is revealed in magnetisation, ac susceptibility and specific heat studies. Moreover, doping RMnO3 (small R) with alkaline earth ions creates an arena to test the interesting physics of spin-glass-like phenomena in manganites that arises due to quenched disorder. In this regard, 50% strontium diluted DyMnO3 could be an ideal system to study the effects of quenched disorder and structural/magnetic inhomogeneities that govern the magnetic phases in manganites. Structural phase-coexistence and ensuing anomalous magnetism in Pr–based manganite Pr0.6Sr0.4MnO3 are also presented in this thesis. Details of how the thesis is organized into eight chapters and a brief summary of each chapter follows: Chapter 1 is an introduction to the physics of manganites which progresses into multiferroics and eventually discusses the spin-glass-like effects arising due to size mismatch. A discussion on the phase-coexistence and its effect on physical properties are also presented. Eventually, the scope of the thesis is outlined in the last section. Chapter 2 outlines the basic experimental methods employed in this thesis work. Chapter 3 describes the details of crystal growth by optical floating zone method. DyMnO3 crystals in both hexagonal and orthorhombic structures are grown by employing the ambience of argon and air respectively. The crystals in the two crystallographic variants are characterized by X ray diffraction, Energy dispersive X ray analysis and Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The crystal structures are refined using Rietveld method with FULLPROF code and found to be P63cm for hexagonal and Pnma for orthorhombic DyMnO3. Details of crystal growth of Dy1−xSrxMnO3 are also presented. The change in ambience has no effect in the crystal structure of this doped manganite. A comparison of the growth of undoped and doped systems is given. In a later section, the crystal growth and structure refinement of Pr0.6Sr0.4MnO3 are discussed and the optimized growth parameters are tabulated for various manganite systems grown in the present work. Chapter 4 deals with the magnetic and thermal characterization of hexagonal and orthorhombic DyMnO3 single crystals. Magnetic measurements reveal the importance of rare earth magnetism in these compounds. The antiferromagnetic transition to a stacked triangular antiferromagnet is discernible from the specific heat studies of hexagonal DyMnO3, which is masked in the bulk magnetisation measurements. Various magnetic transitions pertaining to the antiferromagnetic sinusoidal – spiral – incommensurate magnet, are evident in the magnetisation and specific heat of orthorhombic DyMnO3 which belongs to the class of non-collinear magnets. Chapter 5 deals with basic investigations on the spin-glass-like state in Dy0.5Sr0.5MnO3. Preliminary dc magnetisation shows indication of spin-glass state as a split in field-cooled and zero-field-cooled magnetisation cycles. Further, the failure of scaling of M(T) with H/T indicates the absence of superparamagnetism in Dy0.5Sr0.5MnO3. The dynamic susceptibility and its analysis using the theory of critical slowing down yield exponents pertaining to the spin-glasses. However, a four-order magnitude change is observed in the characteristic spin-flip time. This leads to the assumption that in Dy0.5Sr0.5MnO3 the spin entities are not atomic spins as in canonical spin-glasses but clusters of spins. The specific heat is analysed for signatures of spin-glass state and is found that a linear term in temperature is essential in fitting the observed data. The crystalline electric fields of Dy ion is also analysed attempting multiple Schottky-levels instead of two. Chapter 6 concerns with the aging experiments performed in the spin-glass-like state in Dy0.5Sr0.5MnO3. Striking aging and chaos effects are observed through these measurements. However, owing to the clusters of spins present, deviations from the typical time-dependent behavior seen in canonical spin-glass materials are anticipated in Dy0.5Sr0.5MnO3. In fact, the relaxation measurements indicate that the glassy magnetic properties are due to a cooperative and frustrated dynamics in a heterogeneous or clustered magnetic state. In particular, the microscopic spin flip time obtained from dynamical scaling near the spin-glass transition temperature is four orders of magnitude larger than microscopic times found in atomic spin-glasses. Magnetic viscosity, deduced from the waiting time dependence of the zero field cooled magnetisation, exhibits a peak at a temperature T<Tsg. Waiting time experiments prove that the dynamics is collective and that the observed memory effects are not due to superparamagnetism of separate magnetic entities. Chapter 7 discusses the Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies on single crystals of DyMnO3 in hexagonal as well as orthorhombic structures. The interesting effect of strontium dilution on the frustrated antiferromagnetism of DyMnO3 is also probed using EPR. The lineshapes are fitted to broad Lorentzian in the case of pure DyMnO3 and to modified Dysonian in the case of Dy0.5Sr0.5MnO3. The linewidth, integrated intensity and geff derived from the signals are analysed as a function of temperature. The EPR results corroborate well with the magnetisation measurements. The study clearly reveals the signature of frustrated magnetism in pure DyMnO3 systems. It is found that antiferromagnetic correlations in these systems persist even above the transition. Moreover, a spinglass-like behaviour in Dy0.5Sr0.5MnO3 is indicated by a step-like feature in the EPR signals at low fields. Chapter 8 deals with the magnetic and electrical properties of Pr0.6Sr0.4MnO3 single crystals. This crystal undergoes two prominent phase transitions – a paramagnetic to ferromagnetic at Tc~300 K and a structural transition at Tstr ~ 64 K. These phase transitions are evident in the static magnetisation as well as in frequency-dependent susceptibility. In these measurements, the structural transition is associated with a sizeable hysteresis typical of a first-order transition. The M–H curves below Tc show clear indication of anomalous magnetism at low temperatures: the virgin curve lies outside the subsequent magnetisation loops. These observations are explained by assuming structural coexistence of a high–temperature orthorhombic and a low–temperature monoclinic ferromagnetic phases. The nature of static magnetisation data is analysed in the critical region. Modified Arrott’s plots yielded perfect straight lines with the isotherm at ~ 300 K passing through the origin. The exponent values thus should be very close to those expected for the universality class of Heisenberg ferromagnets. The temperature dependence of resistivity also shows critical nature with an exponent belonging to the Heisenberg class. The thesis concludes with a chapter on General conclusions and future scope on these systems.

In this work, low dimensional iron group clusters have been studied by application of high magnetic fields. The magnetization has been probed with an MPMS as function of temperature and field. The combination with pulse field measurements up to 52\,T allowed determination of the magnetic exchange coupling parameters, and to probing the effective spin of the ground state. The main focus was on tunable high-field/high-frequency (tHF) ESR in static fields &amp;lt; 17 T and pulse field ESR up to 36 T. This magnetic resonance method has been used for the characterization of the local magnetic properties: The detailed analysis of the field dependence of dedicated spin states allowed to determine the magnetic anisotropy and g-factors. The results were analyzed in the framework of the appropriate effective spin Hamiltonians in terms of magnetization fits and ESR spectrum simulations.

Magnetic fields influence the rate and/or yield of chemical reactions that proceed via spin correlated radical pair intermediates. The field of spin chemistry centres around the study of such magnetic field effects (MFEs). This thesis is particularly concerned with the effects of the weak magnetic fields B₀ ~ 1mT relevant in the ongoing debates on the mechanism by which animals sense the geomagnetic field and on the putative health effects of environmental electromagnetic fields. Relatively few previous studies have dealt with such weak magnetic fields. This thesis presents several new theoretical tools and applies them to interpret experimental measurements. Chapter 1 surveys the development and theory of spin chemistry. Chapter 2 introduces the use of Tikhonov and Maximum Entropy Regularisation methods as a new means of analysing MARY field effect data. These are applied to recover details of the diffusive motion of reacting pyrene and N,N-dimethylaniline radicals. Chapter 3 gives a fresh derivation and appraisal of an approximate, semiclassical approach to MFEs. Monte Carlo calculations allow the elucidation of several "rules of thumb" for interpreting MFE data. Chapter 4 discusses recent optically-detected zero-field EPR measurements, adapting the gamma-COMPUTE algorithm from solid state NMR for their interpretation. Chapter 5 explores the role of RF polarisation in producing MFEs. The breakdown in weak fields of the familiar rotating frame approximation is analysed. Chapter 6 reviews current knowledge and landmark experiments in the area of animal magnetoreception. The origins of the sensitivity of European robins Erithacus rubecula to the Earth’s magnetic field are given particular attention. In Chapter 7, Schulten and Ritz’s hypothesis that avian magnetoreception is founded on a radical pair mechanism (RPM) reaction is appraised through calculations in model systems. Chapter 8 introduces quantitative methods of analysing anisotropic magnetic field effects using spherical harmonics. Chapter 9 considers recent observations that European robins may sometimes be disoriented by minuscule RF fields. These are shown to be consistent with magnetoreception via a radical pair with no (effective) magnetic nuclei in one of the radicals.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / In this work, Zn1-xAxTe (A = Mn, Co) diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) nanocrystal (NCs) were successfully grown in the P2O5 ZnO Al2O3 BaO PbO glass system synthesized by the method of Fusion-Nucleation, after subjecting to appropriate thermal annealing. Various experimental techniques were used in this study in order to get a comprehensive understanding of the optical, morphological, structural and magnetic properties these NCs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images revealed the size of both of Zn1-xMnxTe and Zn1-xCoxTe NCs. From the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) technique, there was growth behavior of magnetization and magnetic susceptibility as a function of the Mn concentration in the samples containing Zn1-xMnxTe NCs. At lower Mn concentrations, the sp electrons of ZnTe host semiconductor interact with the d electrons of Mn2+ ions, resulting in the sp-d exchange interaction, which causes a small increase in susceptibility. At higher Mn concentrations, the d-d exchange interaction between Mn atoms dominates over the sp-d exchange interaction, resulting in an abrupt increase in susceptibility. The EPR spectra, in addition to prove the results exhibited the well-known sextet hyperfine lines of Mn2+ ions, since samples with low Mn concentrations revealed the presence of Mn2+ ions within and near the surface of the ZnTe NCs. From the optical absorption spectra (OA) and photoluminescence (PL), analyzed on the basis of crystal field theory (CFT) as well as of the diffraction X-ray (XRD), Raman scattering (RS) and electron microscopy transmission (TEM) techniques, the substitutional incorporation of Mn2+ ions was confirmed up to its solubility limit (x = 0.100) ZnTe NCs. Above this concentration, can observe the formation of manganese oxide NCs such as MnO and MnO2, since the nucleation rate for the formation of these NCs is greater than that of Zn1-xMnxTe NCs, at high concentrations. Furthermore, from the PL spectra, it was found that it is possible to tune the emission of energy related to transition 4T1(4G) &#8594; 6A1(6S) of Mn2+ ions, of the spectral orange region to the near infrared, depending on Mn concentration. This is possible due to the variation of the local crystal field, where these ions are inserted. From the OA spectra, analyzed on the basis of CFT, it showed that Co2+ ions are substitutionally incorporated in tetrahedral sites of ZnTe NCs, due to its characteristics transitions in visible and near infrared spectral region. This evidence has been enhanced from MFM images, since NCs doped with magnetic ions, magnetically respond when induced by the magnetization of the probe. / Neste trabalho, nanocristais semicondutores magnéticos diluídos (SMD) de Zn1-xAxTe (A = Mn; Co) foram crescidos com sucesso no sistema vítreo P2O5 ZnO Al2O3 BaO PbO, sintetizado pelo método de Fusão-Nucleação, após submetê-lo a tratamento térmico apropriado. Várias técnicas experimentais foram utilizadas neste estudo a fim de obter um entendimento compreensivo das propriedades ópticas, morfológicas, estruturais e magnéticas desses NCs. Imagens de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) e microscopia de força atômica (MFA) revelaram o tamanho tanto de NCs de Zn1-xMnxTe quanto de Zn1-xCoxTe. A partir da técnica de magnetometria de amostra vibrante (MAV), verificou-se o crescimento da magnetização e o comportamento da susceptibilidade magnética, em função da concentração de Mn, em amostras contendo NCs de Zn1-xMnxTe. Em baixas concentrações de Mn, os elétrons sp do semicondutor hospedeiro ZnTe, interagem com os elétrons d dos íons Mn2+, resultando na interação de troca sp-d, que provoca um pequeno aumento na susceptibilidade magnética. Já, em concentrações mais elevadas de Mn, a interação de troca d-d entre átomos de Mn domina a interação de troca sp-d, o que resulta em um aumento abrupto da susceptibilidade. Os espectros RPE, além de comprovar esses resultados, exibiram o bem conhecido sexteto de linhas hiperfinas de íons Mn2+, uma vez que amostras com baixas concentrações de Mn revelaram a presença de íons Mn2+ no interior e próximos à superfície dos NCs de ZnTe. A partir dos espectros de absorção óptica (AO) e fotoluminescência (FL), analisados com base na teoria do campo cristalino (TCC), bem como das técnicas de difração de raios-X (DRX), espalhamento Raman (ER) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), confirmou-se a incorporação substitucional de íons Mn2+ até seu limite de solubilidade nominal (x = 0,100) em NCs de ZnTe. Acima dessa concentração, observa-se a formação de NCs de óxido de manganês, tais como MnO e MnO2, uma vez que a taxa de nucleação para a formação desses NCs é maior que a de NCs de Zn1-xMnxTe, em altas concentrações. Além disso, a partir dos espectros FL, verificou-se que é possível sintonizar a energia de emissão relacionada à transição 4T1(4G) &#8594; 6A1(6S) de íons Mn2+, da região espectral laranja ao infravermelho próximo, em função da concentração de Mn. Isso é possível devido à variação do campo cristalino local, onde esses íons estão inseridos. A partir dos espectros AO, analisados com base na TCC, evidenciou-se que íons Co2+ são incorporados substitucionalmente em sítios tetraédricos de NCs de ZnTe, devido às suas transições características na região espectral do visível e infravermelho próximo. Essa evidência foi reforçada a partir de imagens de MFM, uma vez que os NCs, dopados com íons magnéticos, respondem magneticamente quando induzidos pela magnetização da sonda. / Doutor em Física

Vidros teluritos são considerados fortes candidatos para aplicações em lasers e óptica não linear devido a importantes características, como o elevado índice de refração, baixa energia de fônons, baixa temperatura de transição vítrea e sua fácil preparação. Neste trabalho foram produzidas amostras dos sistemas vítreos TeO2- ZnO-Na2O, TeO2-Nb2O5-Na2O e Te2O-Na2O incluindo ou não dopagens de AgNO3 para estudos estruturais e ópticos. As propriedades estruturais e os mecanismos de recombinação destes vidros foram estudados por meio das técnicas de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica, termoluminescência e correntes de despolarização termicamente estimuladas. Já as propriedades ópticas como o coeficiente de absorção linear, índice de refração linear e não linear foram estudadas por meio das técnicas de absorção óptica, acoplamento de prismas e varredura Z. Foram ainda desenvolvidos estudos da precipitação de nanopartículas de prata para o sistema TeO2-ZnO-Na2O com dopagens de AgNO3 com diferentes temperaturas de tratamento térmico. A caracterização das nanopartículas metálicas foi realizada por meio da técnica de absorção óptica auxiliada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e espectrometria de energia dispersiva. Foram observadas por ressonância paramagnética eletrônica quatro respostas paramagnéticas dos vidros irradiados com raio , sendo uma de natureza desconhecida e as outras três identificadas como g¹, g² e g³ atribuídas respectivamente ao centro de buraco do telúrio e do oxigênio, centro de buraco do oxigênio terminal e centro de elétron do telúrio. Foi proposto ainda um modelo para explicar os mecanismos de formação destes centros. A partir dos resultados de termoluminescência observou-se que os processos de recombinação destes centros de defeitos são não radioativos. Neste projeto foram estudados pela primeira vez na literatura os fenômenos de polarização e despolarização em vidros teluritos, com e sem irradiação gama, por meio da técnica de correntes de despolarização termicamente estimuladas. Quanto às propriedades ópticas, foi investigada a influência da adição de prata dos sistemas vítreos TeO2-ZnO-Na2O e TeO2-Nb2O5-Na2O em relação à energia do gap, a cauda de Urbach, índice de refração linear e não linear.Nos resultados de varredura Z do sistema vítreo TeO2-Nb2O5-Na2O foi observado o aumento da assimetria na curva com aumento da adição de AgNO3 Este fenômeno foi explicado por meio de uma adaptação do modelo de Sumi para processos não radiativos, responsáveis pelo aumento do caráter térmico do índice de refração não linear. Por fim um modelo foi criado para explicar a precipitação de nanopartículas de prata na matriz vítrea TeO2-ZnO-Na2O mediante tratamento térmico. / Tellurite glasses are considered powerful candidates for applications in lasers and nonlinear optics due to their important properties such as high refractive index, low phonon energy, relatively low glass transition temperature and easy glass production at room atmosphere. In this work glass samples of the systems ZnO-Na2O, TeO2-Nb2O5-Na2O and Te2O-Na2O were produced, including or not the AgNO3 doping for the structural and optical study purposes. The structural properties and the recombination mechanisms of these glasses were studied by means of the techniques of electron paramagnetic resonance, thermoluminescence and thermally stimulated depolarization currents. The optical properties such as the optical linear absorption coefficient, linear and nonlinear refractive index were studied by means of the optical absorption techniques, prism coupling and Z-scan. Further studies were developed on the precipitation of silver nanoparticles embedded in the glass system TeO2-ZnO-Na2O doped with AgNO3, by means of thermal treatments at different temperatures. The characterization of the metallic nanoparticles was carried out by optical absorption aided by transmission electron microscopy and dispersive energy spectroscopy. Four paramagnetic responses were observed by electron paramagnetic resonance of the -irradiated glasses, one not yet identified and the other three identified as g0, g1 and g3 attributed respectively to the tellurium-oxygen hole center, non-bridging oxygen hole center and tellurium electron center. A model to explain the formation mechanisms of these centers was proposed. The thermoluminescence results indicated that the recombination processes of these centers are non-radiative. This is the first study that deals with polarization and depolarization phenomena in tellurite glasses with and without gamma irradiation, by the technique of thermally stimulated depolarization currents. In what regards the optical properties of the glass systems TeO2-ZnONa2O and TeO2-Nb2O5-Na2O, the effect of the silver doping on the gap energy, Urbach tail, linear and nonlinear refractive indices were investigated. Through the Z-scan technique results of the glass system TeO2-Nb2O5-Na2O, an increasing asymmetry of the curve, with increasing AgNO3 content was observed. This phenomenon was explained through an adaptation of Sumi´s model for non-radiative processes, applied to a silver doped insulating glass, to explain the thermal character of the nonlinear refractive index. Finally, a model was developed to explain the silver nanoparticles precipitation in the TeO2-ZnO-Na2O glass matrix submitted to thermal treatment.

Orientador: Pascoal José Giglio Pagliuso / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T12:30:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Iwamoto_WellingtonAkira_D.pdf: 11664469 bytes, checksum: 8790fc8d822330998a201e2b73fea42c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Sistemas de dimensões reduzidas possuem muitas aplicações tecnológicas. Há uma corrida para o desenvolvimento de dispositivos cada vez menores assim como para alcançar o controle e manipulação de dispositivos na escala nanométrica. Isto requer estudos sistemáticos de propriedades físicas em sistemas de tamanhos reduzidos. O foco deste trabalho é o estudo de Ressonância de Spin Eletrônico (ESR) em sistemas de dimensões reduzidas. Os materiais escolhidos para esse estudo foram filmes finos de GaAs, GaN dopados com Mn (GaMnAs e GaMnN), filmes finos amorfos de silício dopados com terras-raras a-Si:RE (RE = Y, Gd, Er e Lu) e nanopartículas (NPs) dopadas com impurezas magnéticas de terras-raras e metal de transição em matrizes metálicas Ag:R (R = Er, Yb e Mn) e em isolantes NaYF4:Gd. A finalidade desse estudo é explorar as propriedades magnéticas microscópicas destes sistemas. Os resultados das medidas em filmes de GaMnAs e GaMnN indicaram ausência de ferromagnetismo de longo alcance. Os experimentos de ESR mostraram ausência da relação entre largura de linha (?H) de ESR e a concentração de íons de Mn2+, mas foi observado que ?H aumenta conforme o nível de cristalinidade das amostras aumenta. Além disso, há um aumento de ?H em baixas temperaturas para os filmes com maior nível de cristalinidade, sugerindo uma correlação magnética de curto alcance entre os íons magnéticos se estabelecendo nessas amostras. Resultados similares foram encontrados para os filmes de GaMnN, exceto na medida de magnetização em função do campo magnético para GaMnN, a qual podemos observar ¿loops¿ ferromagnéticos abaixo de T ? 50 K ao contrário dos filmes de GaMnAs que não observamos nenhum ¿loop¿ ferromagnético em T = 2 K. Para outro grupo de filmes de a-Si:RE, foi estudado o efeito de redução na densidade de estados ligações pendentes (D0) nos filmes Si dopados com diferentes espécies de terras-raras (RE¿s) em função das diferentes concentrações. De acordo com nossos resultados, a dopagem com RE reduz a intensidade do sinal de ESR dos estados D0 com uma dependência exponencial das concentrações de RE¿s. As NPs de Ag:R e de NaYF4:Gd foram preparadas pelo método químico. Nós observamos uma forma de linha de ESR tipicamente Lorentziana consistente com os estados fundamentais dos íons de Er3+, Yb3+ e Mn2+ em simetria cúbica. O fator g encontrado para esses íons nas NPs é muito próximo ao observado em sistemas isolantes cúbicos, ao contrário do encontrado em metais, onde é observado um deslocamento de g. Além disso, não foi possível observar a relaxação Korringa para as linhas de ESR de Er3+, Yb3+ e Mn2+ no sistema de NPs que é observada, tipicamente, em metais. Logo, esses resultados nos levam a acreditar que a interação de troca (Jfs) entre os momentos localizados dos íons magnéticos (ML) e os elétrons de condução (c-e) está ausente no sistema de NPs de Ag:R, indicando que a natureza desta interação deveria ser reexaminada na escala nanométrica. Para as NPs de NaYF4:Gd, o controle do tamanho da partícula foi adquirido segundo a quantidade de rps = precursor/surfactantes. Não foi observada nenhuma evidência de cluster de Gd e observamos o espectro de ESR com as mesmas características já observadas no sistema bulk : três linhas de ressonância, sendo essas linhas com origens bem controvérsias, das quais não sabemos se é de origem de um campo cristalino de combinações de simetria cúbica com tetragonal ou mesmo rômbica ou mesmo de sítios de Gd3+ com simetrias mais baixas / Abstract: Reduced dimensions systems present many potencial technological applications. There is great interest in the development of small scale devices as well as in the control and manipulation at the nanoscale and in study of finite size on physical properties. The main goal of this work is the study of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) in systems of reduced dimensions. The materials chosen for this study were thin films of GaAs, GaN doped with Mn (GaMnAs and GaMnN), amorphous silicon thin films doped with rare-earth a-Si:RE (RE = Y, Gd, Er and Lu) and nanoparticles (NPs) doped with magnetic impurities such as of rare earth and transition metal doped Ag:R (R = Er, Yb and Mn) and insulating NaYF4:Gd. The purpose of this study is to explore the microscopic magnetic properties of these systems. The results of the measurements in GaMnAs and GaMnN films indicated absence of long range ferromagnetism. the ESR results reveal no relationship between ESR linewidth (?H) and the Mn2+ concentration in this films. Instead, a broadening of the ESR ?H was found as a function of the increasing in the crystallinity level of the films. Furthermore, for the films with higher level of crystallinity, a significant broadening of the ESR ?H is observed as the temperature is decreased, suggesting the development of short-range magnetic correlations between the Mn2+ ions. Similar results were found for films GaMnN, except in the magnetization versus magnetic field experiments for GaMnN, which we could observe ferromagnetic loops in T < 50 K, in constract of GaMnAs films where no ferromagnetic loop in T = 2 K was found for all measured films. For the other group of films, a-Si, we studied the suppresion effects in the density of dangling bonds species D0 states as function concentration for different Rare-Earth (RE¿s) species. According to our data, the RE-doping reduces the ESR signal intensity of the D0 states with an exponential dependence on the Re¿s concentrations. Ag:R and NaYF4:Gd NPs were prepared by chemical method. We observed a typical Lorentzian line-shape ESR lines for all studied dopants (R = Er, Yb e Mn). The gfactor found for Er3+, Yb3+ e Mn2+ in the nanoparticles is very close to g-value found in ground-states of these ions in insulating cubic systems, in contrast that what was found in metals, where it is observed a g-shift for the metallic system. Furthermore, it was not possible to observe the Korringa relaxation for the ESR lines of Er3+, Yb3+ e Mn2+ in the NPs system typically observed in metals. Therefore, the results suggest that the exchange interaction (Jfs) between localized magnetic moments (ML) and conduction electrons (c-e) is absent in Ag:R NPs, indicating that the nature of this interaction needs to be reexamined at the nanoscale range. For NaYF4:Gd NPs, the particle control size was obtained by the amount of rps = precursor/surfactant. There was no evidence of Gd clusters in our results and we found the same characteristics observed in the bulk system: three resonance lines, with the controversies origins. It is still unknown the source of crystalline field of cubic symmetry with tetragonal combinations or orthorhombic or even Gd3+ sites with lower symmetries / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

Cílem diplomové práce je navrhnout konstrukční řešení držáků vzorků pro vysokofrekvenční elektron paramagnetickou resonanci. Předmětem návrhu je vytvořit jednoduchý zamykací systém pro spojování mikrovlnného vlnovodu a držáku vzorku. Dále navrhnout systém s řešením držáku pro více vzorků. Toto unikátní provedení držáku povede k několikanásobné úspoře celkového času měření vzorků. Poslední návrh spočívá v optimalizaci držáku vzorku s možností naklápění osy, kterou lze díky přímému napojení na piezoelektrický rotátor pootáčet s přesností na miliradiány. Oba typy držáku vzorku jsou navrženy s ohledem na automatizaci měření.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde eine Meßanordnung zum Nachweis der Elektronen-Spin-Resonanz durch Beobachtung der Lumineszenz aufgebaut. Diese Methode ist unter dem Namen Optisch Detektierte Magnetische Resonanz (ODMR) bekannt. Sie erlaubt es, die Lumineszenzeigenschaften mit der aus der Spin-Resonanz gewonnenen atomistischen Strukturinformation zu verknüpfen. Mit der ODMR-Anlage wurden Untersuchungen an zwei unterschiedlich dotierten Korund-Kristallen, Rubin (Al2O3:Cr) und Saphir (Al2O3:Ti), durchgeführt. Anhand der Literaturdaten für Rubin wurde die neu aufgebaute Anlage getestet und geeicht. Die Messungen an Saphir dienten zur Klärung der bisher kontrovers diskutierten Struktur von blau emittierenden Lumineszenzzentren. Bei einer UV-Anregung entsteht im Saphir neben der schon bekannteninfraroten Ti3+-Emission eine breite blau-grüne Emission, die aus zwei überlappenden Teilbanden besteht. Die eine hat das Maximum bei ca. 410 nm ("blaue Bande") und die andere bei 480 nm ("grüne Bande"). Die Anregung beider Lumineszenzbanden findet bei 250 nm und 270 nm bzw. 270 nm statt. Um diese blau-grüne Lumineszenz zu erklären, sind unterschiedliche Modelle vorgeschlagen worden. So wurde die Lumineszenz F+-Zentren (ein Elektron in einer Sauerstoffleerstelle) oder Ti-Zentren zugeordnet. Im Falle der Ti-Zentren wurden alternativ Kristallfeldübergänge von Ti3+-Ionen und Charge-Transfer-Übergänge von Ti4+-Ionen mit der Lumineszenz in Verbindung gebracht. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durchgeführten ODMR-Messungenergaben als Ursache der blau-grünen Lumineszenz zwei einander ähnliche Triplett-Systeme T1 und T2. Diese konnten durch folgende ESR-Parameter beschrieben werden: T1: gx,y,z=2.00, 1.96, 1.94 (g-Tensor), D=0.306 cm-1 (axialer Anteil der Kristallfeldaufspaltung), E=0.034 cm-1 (orthorhombischer Anteil der Kristallfeldaufspaltung); T2: gx,y,z=1.99, 1.99, 1.99, D=0.342 cm-1, E=0.054 cm-1. Das Zentrum T1 konnte der blauen und T2 der grünen Lumineszenz-Teilbande zugeordnet werden. Da die Lumineszenz-Zentren angeregte Tripletts sind, können Dublett-Systeme wie die F+-Zentren oder Ti3+-Ionenausgeschlossen werden. Dagegen sind die Beobachtungen verträglich mit dem Ti4+-O2--Charge-Transfer-Modell (mit Ti3+-O- im angeregten Zustand). Beide Lumineszenzbanden stammen demzufolge aus der Rekombination des Elektron-Loch-Paares im Ti3+-O--Zentrum des Typs T1 oder T2, das durch den Charge-Transfer-Übergang eines Elektrons vom Sauerstoff zum Ti4+ entsteht. Elektron und Loch koppeln zu einem Triplett-System. Das Loch ist bei beiden Zentren an einem dem Titanion benachbarten Sauerstoffion lokalisiert. Dies wird daraus geschlossen, daß die z-Achse der ESR-Tensoren ungefähr parallel zur Richtung der Al-O-Bindungen im ungestörten Kristallgitter liegt. Für beide Zentren ist das Verhältnis aus axialem undorthorhombischem Kristallfeldparameter |D/E| ungefähr gleich. Dies läßt auf eine ähnliche Struktur der Umgebung schließen, was das Bild unterstützt, daß beide Zentren fast identisch aufgebaut sind. Der axiale Kristallfeldanteil (Parameter D) von T2 ist etwas größer als der von T1. Dies kann durch einen kleineren Abstand von Elektron und Loch, d. h. von Ti3+ und O- erklärt werden, da die Kopplung zwischen den Spins dann stärker sein wird. In ungestörtem Al2O3 weisen drei der sechs einem Al-Ion benachbarten Sauerstoffionen einen kleineren Abstand auf als die anderen drei Ionen. Die drei Sauerstoffionen mit gleichem Abstand bilden jeweils Dreiecke, wobei das mit dem kleineren Abstand eine größere Seitenlänge aufweist. Es besteht nun die Möglichkeit, daß die beiden Zentren T1 und T2 sich lediglich darin unterscheiden, daß das Loch einmal auf einem Ion des kleinen und einmal auf einem des großen Dreiecks eingefangen ist. Wegen der Größe von D wäre T1 dann dem kleinen und T2 dem großen Dreieck zuzuordnen. Auch die beobachteten Hauptachsenrichtungen der ESR-Tensoren sind mit dieser Zuordnung verträglich. Im angeregten Zustand befindet sich das Elektron auf dem Titanion imgleichen Zustand wie das in dem Grundzustand des Ti3+-Ions. Der große Unterschied zwischen den in der ESR des Grundzustands gemessenen g-Werten (gparallel=1.067, gperp<0.1, Kask et al., 1964) und dem hier gewonnenen fast isotropen g-Faktor (g=2) kann durch die sogenannte Auslöschung des Bahndrehimpulses erklärt werden, die bei niedrigsymmetrischem System wie Ti3+-O- auftritt.

Des procédés innovants basés sur l’extrusion à haute vitesse et l’irradiation sous rayonnement γ, ont été étudiés en vue d’améliorer la compatibilisation de deux polyoléfines non miscibles : le polypropylène PP et le polyéthylène PE. Dans un premier temps, l’étude de la distribution des temps de séjour de polypropylènes dans l’extrudeuse à haute vitesse a été réalisée. L’impact des conditions opératoires (débit et vitesse de rotation des vis) ainsi que l’impact du profil de vis et de la viscosité du polypropylène d’étude ont été mis en avant. Certains résultats expérimentaux sont souvent en accord avec ceux du logiciel de simulation d’extrusion bi-vis Ludovic, bien qu’il puisse y avoir des écarts pour les hautes vitesses de rotation des vis. Dans un deuxième temps, une fois l’écoulement caractérisé, nous avons réalisé des mélanges PP/PE, les paramètres qui ont varié sont la quantité d’énergie apportée durant le mélange (vitesse de rotation des vis) ainsi que la présence ou non de copolymère préformé et le type d’atmosphère utilisée durant l’extrusion. Faire varier le taux de cisaillement ne permet pas la modulation des propriétés finales du mélange surtout lorsque l’on extrude sous atmosphère inerte. L’utilisation de copolymère préformé, de type éthylène-octène, permet d’améliorer considérablement les propriétés de notre mélange en créant une interphase "cœur-couronne" entre la matrice PP, le compatibilisant et la phase dispersée PE. Pour terminer, une étape d’irradiation γ a été ajoutée au procédé de mise en œuvre classique de nos mélanges. En première partie de cette étude, la simulation de spectres RPE a permis d’identifier et quantifier les différentes espèces radicalaires créées. Dans la deuxième partie, l’influence de la place de la séquence d’irradiation a été étudiée : avant extrusion, entre extrusion et injection, après injection et avant recuit. Les meilleures améliorations ont été obtenues lorsque l’irradiation est suivie d’un traitement thermique. En conclusion, il est possible d’améliorer la compatibilité d’un mélange PP/PE en jouant essentiellement sur l’ordre des étapes de production sans avoir à modifier la formulation de ce dernier. / Innovative processes, based on high shear twin screw extrusion and γ-irradiation, have been used to increase the compatibility of two immiscible polyolefins: polypropylene PP and polyethylene PE. In a first part, the residence time distribution of polypropylenes in the twin screw extruder (TSE) has been investigated. The impact of the processing conditions (throughput and screw rotation speed), the screw profile and the polypropylene viscosity were underlined. Some of the experimental results are often in good agreement with those predicted by simulation software of twin screw extrusion (Ludovic), except for some experiments at high screw rotation rates. In a second part, once polymer flow was characterised in the TSE, we realized PP/PE blends. The impact of the mechanical energy (screw rotation speed), the presence or absence of copolymers and the nature of the extrusion atmosphere were analysed. Using high shear rate does not allow modulating the final properties of the blends particularly once inert atmosphere is used. The use of ethylene-octene copolymers increases significantly the final properties of the PP/PE blends by creating a “core-shell” morphology between the PP matrix, the copolymer and the PE dispersed phase. To finish, a γ-irradiation process step has been added to the classical processing of PP/PE blends. In a first part of this study, the simulations of ESR spectra have permitted to identify and quantify the different radicals created. In a second part, the sequence order of the γ-irradiation has been investigated: before extrusion, between extrusion and injection, and after injection followed by a thermal treatment. The best results were obtained once γ-irradiation is followed by a heat treatment. As a conclusion, the compatibility of immiscible polyolefins can be improved only by changing the order of the different processing steps without changing the formulation.