University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology / Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Electronic systems of the future require a very high bandwidth communications infrastructure within the system. This way the massive amount of compute power which will be available can be inter-connected to realize future powerful advanced electronic systems. Today, electronic inter-connects between 3D chip-stacks, as well as intra-connects within 3D chip-stacks are approaching data rates of 100 Gbit/s soon. Hence, the question to be answered is how to efficiently design the communications infrastructure which will be within electronic systems. Within this paper approaches and results for building this infrastructure for future electronics are addressed.

Field-programmable analog arrays (FPAAs) provide a method for rapidly prototyping analog systems. Currently available commercial and academic FPAAs are typically based on operational amplifiers (or other similar analog primitives) with only a few computational elements per chip. While their specific architectures vary, their small sizes and often restrictive interconnect designs leave current FPAAs limited in functionality, flexibility, and usefulness. Recent advances in the area of floating-gate transistors have led to an analog technology that is very small, accurately programmable, and extremely low in power consumption. By leveraging the advantages of floating-gate devices, a large-scale FPAA is designed that dramatically advances the current state of the art in terms of size, functionality, and flexibility. A large-scale FPAA is used as part of a mixed-signal prototyping platform to demonstrate the viability and benefits of cooperative analog/digital signal processing. This work serves as a roadmap for future FPAA research. While current FPAAs can be compared with the small, relatively limited, digital, programmable logic devices (PLDs) of the 1970s and 1980s, the floating-gate FPAAs introduced here are the first step in enabling FPAAs to support large-scale, full-system prototyping of analog designs similar to modern FPGAs.

With the development of VLSI and wireless communication technology, portable devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), pocket PCs, and mobile phones have gained a lot of popularity. Many such devices incorporate a speech recognition engine, enabling users to interact with the devices using voice-driven commands and text-to-speech synthesis. The power consumption of DSP microprocessors has been consistently decreasing by half about every 18 months, following Gene's law. The capacity of signal processing, however, is still significantly constrained by the limited power budget of these portable devices. In addition, analog-to-digital (A/D) converters can also limit the signal processing of portable devices. Many systems require very high-resolution and high-performance A/D converters, which often consume a large fraction of the limited power budget of portable devices. The proposed research develops a low-power audio signal enhancement system that combines programmable analog signal processing and traditional digital signal processing. By utilizing analog signal processing based on floating-gate transistor technology, the power consumption of the overall system as well as the complexity of the A/D converters can be reduced significantly. The system can be used as a front end of portable devices in which enhancement of audio signal quality plays a critical role in automatic speech recognition systems on portable devices. The proposed system performs background audio noise suppression in a continuous-time domain using analog computing elements and acoustic echo cancellation in a discrete-time domain using an FPGA.

Nous étudions plusieurs problémes reliés aux propriétés de transport dans les systèmes corrélés. La thèse contient 3 parties distinctes, chacune d'entre elles décrivant un aspect particulier. Nous avons obtenu dans chacun des cas des résultats qui permettent une meilleure compréhension du transport. Nous étudions l'effet de la dissipation et d'une perturbation extérieure dépendant du temps sur le diagramme de phases d'un systèmes à N corps à température nulle et à température finie. En présence de perturbation dépendant du temps, la dissipation joue un rôle important dans l'évolution vers un état stable indépendant du temps. Nous utilisons le formalisme de Keldysh dans l'approximation adiabatique qui permet d'étudier le diagramme de phases du système en fonction de parameter et de la température. Dans la 2ième partie, nous étudions un concept important pour la physique des systèmes métalliques à plusieurs bandes, le concept d'hybridation, et la façon dont l'hybridation affecte la supraconductivité du métal. De façon générale, une hybridation dépendante ou non du vecteur d'onde k a tendance à détruire la supraconductivité. Nous montrons dans ce chapitre qu'une hybridation antisymétrique a l'effet inverse et renforce la supraconductivité. Nous montrons que si l'hybridation est antisymétrique, la supraconductivité a des propriétés non-triviales. Nous proposons que dans un tel système, il puisse exister des fermions de Majorana, même en l'absence de couplage spin-orbite. Le dernier chapitre de la thèse porte sur les effets du couplage spin-orbite sur le transport dans les nanostructures magnétiques. Dans les nanostructures, le couplage spin-orbite joue un rôle important en raison de la brisure de symmétrie à la surface ou aux interfaces. En particulier, nous étudions l'effet de l'interaction Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) sur le transport de spin dans un système tri-couche. Nous montrons qu'il existe une interaction DM entre les moments des couches et les électrons de conduction, et l'influence de cette interaction sur le transport est étudiée dans un modèle simplifié ou chaque couche est représentée par un point. / We study some important problems related to the transport properties of many body systems. It is divided in three parts, each one focusing in a specific topic. We obtain relevant results that improve our understanding of these systems. We investigate the effect of dissipation and time-dependent external sources, in the phase diagram of a many body system at zero and finite temperature. In the presence of time-dependent perturbations, dissipation is essential for the system to attain a steady, time independent state. In order to treat this time dependent problem, we use a Keldysh approach within an adiabatic approximation that allows us to study the phase diagram of this system as a function of the parameters of the system and temperature. We also discuss the nature of the quantum phase transitions of the system. Next, we study an important concept in the physics of metallic multi-band systems, that of hybridization, and how it affects the superconducting properties of a material. A constant or symmetric $k$-dependent hybridization in general act in detriment of superconductivity. We show here that when hybridization between orbitals in different sites assumes an anti-symmetric character having odd-parity it {it{enhances}} superconductivity. The antisymmetric hybridization in a problem study in this thesis (present in Chapter 3) allow us to propose a new system where it is possible to investigate Majorana fermions, even in absence of spin-orbit interactions. In the last part of this thesis we study the effect of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) on transport properties in magnetic nanostructures. In this system SOC plays an important role, because surfaces (or interfaces) introduce symmetry breaking which is a source of spin-orbit interaction. We study the role of Dzyaloshinshkii-Moriya (DM) interaction on spin-transport in a 3 layer system. We show that there is a DM interaction between magnetics ions in the layers and spin of conduction electrons. We study the influence of this DM interaction on transport within a simple model where each layer is represented by a point.

As digital records increasingly replace paper records, Luciana Duranti is developing preservation methods that ensure accuracy and authenticity.

The PhD thesis focuses on the always-on low power SRAM memories (essentially low dynamic power) in thin CMOS technology node CMOS 32nm and beyond. It reviews the state of the art of the eSRAM and describes different techniques to reduce the static and dynamic power consumption with respect the variability issue. Main techniques of power reduction are reviewed with their contributions and their limitations. It presents also a discussion about a statistical variability modeling and the variability effects on the yield. An original low power architecture based on 5T-Portless bit-cell is presented, with current mode read/write operations, as an ideal candidate for the always-on SRAM memories. A test chip implementation in CMOS 32nm of the 5T-Porless is designed and a comparison with an existing 6T SRAM memory is presented based on simulation. Some test chip functionality results and power consumption are performed. Finally the conclusion highlights the major contributions of the study and discusses the various simplification assumptions to see possible limitations. It is concluded affirmatively about industrial interest of the 5T-Portless SRAM for always-on embedded applications. Perspectives concern the analytical modeling for statistical behavior of SRAM as the Monte-Carlo approach is no more practicable. The migration of the 5T-Portless SRAM may be already considered in advanced nodes.

Timing jitter and phase noise are important design considerations in most electronic systems, particularly communication systems. The desire for faster transmission speeds and higher levels of integration, combined with lower signal levels and denser circuit boards has placed greater emphasis on managing problems related to phase noise, timing jitter, and timing distribution. This thesis reports original work on phase noise modelling in electronic systems. A new model is proposed which predicts the up-conversion of baseband noise to the carrier frequency in RF amplifiers. The new model is validated by comparing the predicted phase noise performance to experimental measurements as it applies to a common emitter (CE), bipolar junction transistor (BJT) amplifier. The results show that the proposed model correctly predicts the measured phase noise, including the shaping of the noise about the carrier frequency, and the dependence of phase noise on the amplifier parameters. In addition, new work relating to timing transfer in digital communication systems is presented. A new clock recovery algorithm is proposed for decoding timing information encoded using the synchronous residual time-stamp (SRTS) method. Again, theoretical analysis is verified by comparison with an experimental implementation. The results show that the new algorithm correctly recovers the source clock at the destination, and satisfies the jitter specification set out by the ITU-T for G.702 signals.

Actuellement, les céramiques diélectriques suscitent de nombreux travaux pour des applications microondes (résonateurs diélectriques accordables ou déphaseurs). Pour cela, elles devront être commandables - modification de la constante diélectrique sous l'action d'un champ électrique – avoir une permittivité modérée (de 30 à 1000) et des tangentes de pertes les plus faibles possibles. Dans ce but, nous avons étudié des céramiques composites à base de Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BSTO) et d'un oxyde non-ferroélectrique de faible permittivité (MgTiO3 ou MgO). Il s'agissait de corréler la microstructure des céramiques et leurs propriétés diélectriques, notamment la température de Curie et les relaxations diélectriques.<br />Des céramiques à grains nanométriques de BSTO, pour comparaison à des céramiques à grains microniques obtenues par frittage conventionnel, ont été réalisées par pressage à chaud de poudres broyées par attrition. L'hypothèse que ces céramiques amélioreraient les performances des dispositifs microondes s'est avérée inexacte. Une réduction des permittivités est observée mais au détriment de la commandabilité et des pertes. Les céramiques à grains micrométriques de BSTO dopées Mn ont conduit aux meilleures performances. Cependant, les pertes mesurées atteindraient une valeur limite basse lors de l'optimisation du matériau ; il s'agirait de pertes intrinsèques au matériau dues à une relaxation diélectrique de type dipolaire dans la gamme des GHz. Il faudra le vérifier par des mesures en infra-rouge.<br />Les températures de Curie (Tc) chutent drastiquement lors de l'ajout de MgTiO3 ou MgO, montrant une réaction entre les oxydes - observée par DRX seulement pour les céramiques à base de MgTiO3. Une faible interdiffusion abaisse donc largement Tc, et de ce fait la permittivité, et dégrade la commandabilité. Pour pallier ces problèmes, une structure multicouche est testée. Un affinement des dopages des composites pourrait aussi améliorer les performances.

Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν να γίνει μια εκτενής καταγραφή και παρουσίαση των ηλεκτρονικών μετατροπέων που χρησιμοποιούνται για τη διασύνδεση των Ανανεώσιμων Πηγών Ενέργειας (Α.Π.Ε) στο δίκτυο. Αφού γίνεται αρχικά μια αναφορά στις Α.Π.Ε και στα Ηλεκτρονικά Ισχύος, στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζονται οι διαφορετικές τοπολογίες των ηλεκτρονικών μετατροπέων που μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε κάθε εφαρμογή. Για τους μετατροπείς, εξηγείται πρώτα η λειτουργία τους και στη συνέχεια αναφέρονται τα πλεονεκτήματα και μειονεκτήματα της κάθε τοπολογίας προκειμένου να παρέχεται στον αναγνώστη η δυνατότητα γρήγορης, εύκολης και άμεσης σύγκρισης. Επίσης, παρουσιάζονται κατάλληλα συστήματα για την αποθήκευση της ενέργειας προερχόμενη από Α.Π.Ε. Τέλος, προσομοιώνεται το ίδιο φωτοβολταϊκό σύστημα χρησιμοποιώντας τρεις διαφορετικούς μετατροπείς, διαφορετικής τοπολογίας ο κάθε ένας, προκειμένου να συγκριθούν και να αναλυθούν τα αποτελέσματα με βάση τη θεωρητική ανάλυση που έχει προηγηθεί. / The aim of this dissertation was to present the power-electronic systems for the grid integration of renewable energy sources. Once both the renewable energy sources and the power electronics are discussed, different topologies of power converters that can be used in such systems are presented. Converters’ operation is firstly explained, followed by a list of advantages and disadvantages of them so as the reader can make an easy, fast and direct comparison. Storage systems appropriate for renewable energy sources systems are also shown. At the end, a simulation of a photovoltaic system with three different kinds of inverter is performed in order to compare and analyze the results based on the theoretical analysis previously presented.