This study aims to test the Uppsala Internationalisation model and one of its crucial elements, the concept of psychic distance. The evidence is drawn from a Chilean multinational Business to Business manufacturing company, AJ Ing which has gone international since 1997, 14 years after its inception. The Uppsala model and the concept of psychic distance are discussed and explored as well as other relevant literature. This is followed by a computation of psychic distance between Chile and some of the countries AJ Ing is established in, as well as Kenya where it seeks to establish itself soon. Interviews were then conducted with the Assistant Director of Operations at the company in order to give insight into the company's internationalisation process. The results show that the Uppsala model was followed to some extent. The internationalisation was done in incremental steps and after gaining knowledge and experience, but the notion of psychic distance played a minor direct role in the process.

Geographic clusters of firms have been extensively studied in different bodies of literature, but little attention has been paid to the process of cluster formation and its determinants. While focusing on the effects of clusters on innovations and on the productivity of firms, the literature has neglected the agency of entrepreneurs in cluster emergence. This thesis aims to contribute to the literature on clusters by studying the role of personal networks and firm networks in three aspects of the emergence of clusters: 1) the early stages of formation; 2) the creation of business relations between firms; and 3) the creation of knowledge among clustered firms. The analysis was conducted using the biotechnology sector in four geographic regions of Chile as a case study. Data on firms was collected using in-depth interviews and a survey. The analysis of the data was carried out using content analysis, multilevel estimations and econometric analysis. The results reveal three main findings. First, the personal and business relations of entrepreneurs can determine the location decisions of firms. Second, personal relations are positively associated with the emergence of formal business relations between firms. Third, the number of personal and business connections a firm has positively affects its production of knowledge, measured as patent applications and scientific journals. These findings suggest that social networks within a cluster shape its emergence and development. The results also show that the different types of networks coexisting in a cluster - personal networks, business networks and research networks, among others - affect one another and determine the development of clusters. The implications of this research may be helpful for policy-makers, professional associations and cluster managers. Activities to foster personal interaction between members of a cluster and other key actors - universities, incubators, venture capital firms, government agencies, etc. - may generate collaborations between firms that would not otherwise emerge.

La thèse porte sur l’impact des investissements direct étrangers sur la croissance économique appliquée au cas de l’économie turque.Dans le cadre des débats sur le processus de rattrapage économique de certains pays en voie de développement, nous constatons que ces pays en question doivent leur succès essentiellement aux transferts de biens et services venant des pays développés. L’IDE est un moyen qui facilite le processus de diffusion de connaissances et de technologies, mais tout de même les débats sur ses effets positifs sont controversés et ils ont mis en évidence une discordance entre les hypothèses théoriques et les résultats empiriques. Nous cherchons à savoir dans quelle mesure l’affinement de l’analyse au niveau empirique peut permettre de déterminer le degré de pertinence des théories.L’analyse qualitative nous a permis de comprendre les déterminants des stratégies des investisseurs étrangers et du pays d’accueil, des éléments sur le transfert de technologie et ses composants, sur l’innovation, sur les liens en amont et en aval, sur les répercussions sur l’emploi,etc. L’analyse quantitative a confirmé une relation bidirectionnelle entre l’IDE et la croissance économique et par la suite les relations des IDE avec les autres composants de la croissance économique.Les résultats indiquent que l'IDE réside d’une importance cruciale en termes du transfert de technologies, de compétences entrepreneuriales et des ressources en termes de capitaux.Par ailleurs, en observant le niveau de coopération au sein de l’entreprise conjointe, notre analyse qualitative indique une forte accumulation des compétences en termes technologiques,d’innovation et managériales au niveau des entreprises locales. De plus, les relations verticales en amont et en aval entre les FMN et les entreprises locales sont relativement fortes. Les filiales étrangères utilisent de plus en plus des réseaux locaux pour fournir de biens intermédiaires. Cela confirme l’autonomie renforcée du secteur manufacturier local en Turquie. / The thesis focuses on the impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth applied to the case of the Turkish economy.In the context of discussions on the process of economic catching-up countries in the developing world, we find that the country in question owe their success primarily to the transfer of goods and services from developed countries. FDI is a tool that facilitates the process of diffusionof knowledge and technology, but still debates about its positive effects are controversial and have highlighted a discrepancy between the theoretical assumptions and empirical findings. We want to know how the refinement of the empirical level analysis can determine the degree of relevance of theories.The qualitative analysis allowed us to understand the determinants of foreign investors and strategies of the host country, elements of technology transfer and its components on innovation,backward and forward linkages of the impact on employment, etc.. The quantitative analysis confirmed a bidirectional relationship between FDI and economic growth and subsequently FDI relations with other components of economic growth.The results indicate that FDI is crucial in terms of technology transfer, entrepreneurial skill sand resources in terms of capital.Furthermore, by observing the level of cooperation in the joint venture, our qualitative analysis indicates a strong accumulation of skills in terms of technology, innovation and management at local firms. In addition, vertical backward and forward linkages between MNCs andlocal firms are relatively strong. Foreign subsidiaries use more local networks to provide intermediate goods. This confirms the increased autonomy of the local manufacturing sector inTurkey.

<p>Many firms are today established in China via intermediaries, such as distributors or agents. However this establishment is not valuable in a long-term perspective if the industry environment offers a possible higher return on investment by establishing on its own. Furthermore, when a firm establishes more committed in a foreign market, it gain control over the marketing activities and the sales channel. When entering new markets, problems occur in cases of cultural barriers, institutional distances and lack of contact with the customers within the market. The focus of this master thesis is the establishment of relationships in order to achieve competitive advantages through enhanced understanding of market specific factors and the adaptation towards the market.</p><p>The thesis is initiated by our interest for firms expanding in international markets. We have recognized the importance of the relationship establishment when entering China. Based upon the identified problem we build a theoretical framework and apply the empirical findings from our case company Dako A/S, which are about to establish in the Chinese market with more commitment.</p><p>We have for this master thesis collected data from our case company. We have, via semi-structured interviews, conducted the material within the division for the establishment in China. The purpose of the thesis is to introduce findings that will help Western firms to enhance their understanding of the importance of establishing, developing and maintaining customer relationships in China in order to gain a competitive advantage. The central phases of the thesis, is our theoretical framework, the findings from the case company and the establishment of competitive advantages through relationship and choosing the right entry mode.</p><p>Throughout our research and our seeking towards answering the above purpose we can draw the following main conclusion; it is crucial for a foreign firm to develop its capabilities in order to establish a competitive advantage. The organizational capabilities have to be addressed the market specific knowledge and the feedback towards the organization in order to exploit the competitive advantages. We summarize the findings in a conclusion, which can be applied for Western firms in different industries, in order to establish competitive advantages in China. Finally, we provide recommendations to our case company and their establishment in China, within the research area of this thesis.</p>

Many firms are today established in China via intermediaries, such as distributors or agents. However this establishment is not valuable in a long-term perspective if the industry environment offers a possible higher return on investment by establishing on its own. Furthermore, when a firm establishes more committed in a foreign market, it gain control over the marketing activities and the sales channel. When entering new markets, problems occur in cases of cultural barriers, institutional distances and lack of contact with the customers within the market. The focus of this master thesis is the establishment of relationships in order to achieve competitive advantages through enhanced understanding of market specific factors and the adaptation towards the market. The thesis is initiated by our interest for firms expanding in international markets. We have recognized the importance of the relationship establishment when entering China. Based upon the identified problem we build a theoretical framework and apply the empirical findings from our case company Dako A/S, which are about to establish in the Chinese market with more commitment. We have for this master thesis collected data from our case company. We have, via semi-structured interviews, conducted the material within the division for the establishment in China. The purpose of the thesis is to introduce findings that will help Western firms to enhance their understanding of the importance of establishing, developing and maintaining customer relationships in China in order to gain a competitive advantage. The central phases of the thesis, is our theoretical framework, the findings from the case company and the establishment of competitive advantages through relationship and choosing the right entry mode. Throughout our research and our seeking towards answering the above purpose we can draw the following main conclusion; it is crucial for a foreign firm to develop its capabilities in order to establish a competitive advantage. The organizational capabilities have to be addressed the market specific knowledge and the feedback towards the organization in order to exploit the competitive advantages. We summarize the findings in a conclusion, which can be applied for Western firms in different industries, in order to establish competitive advantages in China. Finally, we provide recommendations to our case company and their establishment in China, within the research area of this thesis.

242f. / Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-07-22T17:43:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Anamaria Morales.pdf: 1765753 bytes, checksum: cb73d991b216f25f1935d4341b2d70a2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela(anapoli@ufba.br) on 2013-07-24T18:40:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Anamaria Morales.pdf: 1765753 bytes, checksum: cb73d991b216f25f1935d4341b2d70a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-24T18:40:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Anamaria Morales.pdf: 1765753 bytes, checksum: cb73d991b216f25f1935d4341b2d70a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CAPES / O presente estudo sobre a migração de europeus para a Bahia nas últimas décadas procura explicar um movimento migratório que, não se restringindo ao móvel econômico e ao modelo comunitário, é impulsionado por processos individualizantes e uma consciência de matiz cosmopolita. Tal movimento pode ser visto como resultante da atual globalização cultural, em que a multiplicação das conexões planetárias estimula a imaginação social e incita indivíduos de todas as partes a se desterritorializarem, fazendo da mobilidade um recurso integrado aos seus projetos de vida. Analisando a vinda desses indivíduos ao Nordeste brasileiro para residir, o estudo traz à discussão, por um lado, o imaginário sobre a globalização e a emergência de uma subjetividade contemporânea , e por outro, os imaginários sobre o “outro continente” na interação entre a Europa e a América Latina, que terminam por inserir o Brasil nos projetos de vida de migrantes europeus de perfil aventureiro e cosmopolita, que vivem “lá e cá”. Buscou-se também verificar como o país se construiu como destino para aqueles que optaram por viver sua vida no hemisfério sul, para em seguida contrastar a sua vivência concreta com a “vida imaginada” no sul global. Levando em conta as dimensões subjetivas e objetivas que trazem esses europeus ao Nordeste brasileiro, vemos entrar em operação o imaginário de um mundo interconectado em que alguns países e regiões emergem enquanto outros retrocedem, numa hierarquia das nações em transformação segundo critérios que hoje contemplam a qualidade de vida, a humanização das relações interpessoais e a ampliação do espaço de realização individual, que podemos depreender do discurso dos migrantes estudados. My research on the migration of Europeans to Bahia over the last decades seeks to clarify a migratory movement which , while not restricted to economic motivations or a community pattern , results from rather individualizing processes and a new “cosmopolitan consciousness”. Such movement can be seen as an outcome of present cultural globalization, whereby the multiple planetary connections stimulate social imagination and induce individuals all over the world to deterritorialize themselves making mobility part and parcel of their life projects. This study brings into discussion the imaginaries on globalization and the emergence, on the one hand, of a contemporary subjectivity, and, on the other hand, of new representations on “the other continent” in the interaction between Europe and Latin America, that have inserted Brazil in the plans of migrants with a relatively adventurous and cosmopolitan profile. It was a main purpose to see how the country was built as a destination for those who chose to live in the south hemisphere, for later to contrast their concrete experiences with their “imagined lives” in the global south. Taking into account both the objective and subjective dimensions that bring those Europeans to the Brazilian Northeast , one sees coming into operation the traditional narrative of our interconnected world , wherein some countries and regions emerge while others “submerge”. Such a hierarchy of nations apparently is now undergoing change on account of new subjective criteria that value aspects such as “quality of life”, the humanization of interpersonal relationships and the widening of self-accomplishment perspectives. All this can be drawn from the discourse of the migrants under study. / Salvador

Many firms from emerging markets flocked to developed countries at high cost with hopes of acquiring strategic assets that are difficult to obtain in home countries. Adequate research has focused on the motivations and strategies of emerging country firms' (ECFs') internationalization, while limited studies have explored their survival in advanced economies years after their venturing abroad. Due to the imprinting effect of home country institutions that inhibit their development outside their home market, ECFs are inclined to hire executives with international background and affiliate to world-wide organizations for the purpose of linking up with the global market, embracing multiple perspectives for strategic decisions, and absorbing the knowledge of foreign markets. However, the effects of such orientation on survival are under limited exploration. Motivated by the discussion above, I explore ECFs’ survival and stock performance in a developed country (U.S.). Applying population ecology, signaling theory and institutional theory, the dissertation investigates the characteristics of ECFs that survived in the developed country (U.S.), tests the impacts of global orientation on their survival, and examines how global-oriented activities (i.e. joining United Nations Global Compact) affect their stock performance. The dissertation is structured in the form of three empirical essays. The first essay explores and compares different characteristics of ECFs and developed country firms (DCFs) that managed to survive in the U.S. The second essay proposes the concept of global orientation, and tests its influences on ECFs’ survival. Employing signaling theory and institutional theory, the third essay investigates stock market reactions to announcements of United Nation Global Compact (UNGC) participation. The dissertation serves to explore the survival of ECFs in the developed country (U.S.) by comparison with DCFs, enriching traditional theories by testing non-traditional arguments in the context of ECFs’ foreign operation, and better informing practitioners operating ECFs about ways of surviving in developed countries and improving stockholders’ confidence in their future growth.

Le travail de thèse porte sur l’innovation inverse et ses particularités managériales et organisationnelles au sein d’une filiale d’entreprise multinationale (EMN) localisée dans un pays émergent. Contrairement au modèle classique, l’innovation inverse peut se produire à partir d’un pays en voie de développement ou émergent, et ensuite être transférée vers un pays développé. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous nous intéressons au Brésil, un pays émergent où des entreprises mondiales disposent de centres de R&D de référence en Amérique Latine. L’innovation portée par la filiale d’une EMN est réalisée en fonction de divers facteurs et caractéristiques locales qui contribuent à ce que l’innovation menée par cette filiale se propage à l’échelle globale. Les objectifs de la recherche sont de mieux comprendre comment les EMN’s s’organisent dans une approche d’innovation inverse, de progresser sur l’éclairage théorique, et de proposer un modèle de management favorisant l’innovation mondiale à partir des initiatives locales dans un pays émergent. Nos travaux mettent en œuvre une démarche qualitative qui s’appuie sur une méthode d’études multi-cas. Notre contribution est un nouveau modèle théorique et fonctionnel pour l’innovation inverse prenant en compte les éléments qui contribuent à ce phénomène: l’intégration entre la maison mère et la filiale, la décentralisation de la R&D et la valorisation de compétences locales et l’insertion dans le système national d’innovation (SNI). Nos résultats de recherche ont mis en avant l’existence d’autres types d’innovations au-delà de l’innovation technologique qui induit une innovation mondiale. Nous avons observé que les innovations au niveau managérial, processus ou marketing sont absorbées au sein de la maison mère et diffusées vers d’autres filiales à une échelle mondiale. / Our research work concerns reverse innovation and its managerial and organizational features in a multinational corporation (MNC) subsidiary located in emerging markets. Unlike the traditional model, reverse innovation can occur from a developing or emerging country, and then be transferred to a developed country. Our empirical field is Brazil, an emerging country which hosts the reference R&D centers for Latin America of several global companies. The successful transfer to the global scale of an innovation coming from the subsidiary of an MNC depends on various factors and local characteristics that are explored in the thesis. The aims of this PhD dissertation are to better understand the mechanisms of reverse innovation in the context of MNCs, to advance theory and to propose a management model encouraging global innovation based on local initiatives in an emerging country. We show that practices carried out by MNC subsidiaries can have organizational, managerial and environmental implications that can account for the success of reverse innovation. Our research work implements a qualitative approach based on a multi-case study method. Our contribution is a new theoretical and functional model for reverse innovation that takes into account the elements that contribute to this phenomenon: the integration between the parent corporation and the subsidiary, the decentralization of R&D and the valorization of local skills and the insertion into the national system of innovation (SNI). Our research results highlight the existence of other types of innovation beyond technological innovation that lead to global innovation. We show that innovations at management, process or marketing level are absorbed within the parent company and disseminated to other subsidiaries on a global level.

The following bachelor thesis in Applied Mathematics at the school of Industrial Engineering and Management, aims to investigate which factors affect the trade relation between India and Sweden during the 21st century. This has been done by performing a multiple linear regression analysis. The selected response variable is India's import from Sweden, and the regressor variables are India's direct investments in Sweden, Sweden's direct investment to India, Sweden's import from India, the Swedish krona to Indian rupee exchange rate, as well as the Education level in India. Data is collected monthly and taken from various sources, namely the Central Bureau of Statistics (SCB) and the Swedish Central Bank. Using the OLS method to build and test our model, the results are that the Education level, Exchange rate, and Sweden's import from India are all significant in describing India's import from Sweden in the 21st century, specifically when considering a longer time span. Furthermore, this study found that education is negatively correlated, which could imply a reduced need for knowledge intensive imports as education level increases. / Följande kandidatuppsats inom tillämpad matematik vid institutionen för industriell ekonomi och organisation syftar till att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar handelsförhållandet mellan Indien och Sverige under 2000-talet. Detta har gjorts genom att genomföra en multipel linjär regressionsanalys. Den valda beroende variabeln är Indiens import från Sverige, och de oberoende variablerna är Indiens direkta investeringar i Sverige, Sveriges direkta investeringar i Indien, Sveriges import från Indien, växelkursen mellan svenska kronan och indiska rupier, samt utbildningsnivån i Indien. Data samlas in månadsvis och hämtas från olika källor, bland annat Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB) och Sveriges Riksbank. Genom att använda OLS-metoden för att bygga och testa vår modell visar resultaten att utbildningsnivån, växelkursen och Sveriges import från Indien är signifikanta för att beskriva Indiens import från Sverige under 2000-talet, särskilt när man betraktar en längre tidsperiod.

Submitted by Claudia Alessandra Barbuio (claudiaalessandra.barbuio@alumni.esade.edu) on 2018-01-19T21:32:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis VFINAL for Upload post-discussion + Ficha.pdf: 3631268 bytes, checksum: 41c463a1f715d81b0c5c398c7ecc4c40 (MD5) / Rejected by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br), reason: Dear Claudia, It’s necessary to correct some details in your work, please, see below: The title is different of the informed initially, we have: SUPPLY CHAIN RISK MANAGEMENT IN BRAZIL: INDUSTRY ANALYSIS: REVERSE LOGISTICS' PLAYERS, if the change was authorized by your advisor, she needs to send this information for us; Page 3: It is missing the “Ficha Catalográfica” number, given by Library, please withdraw the last page. Page 4: Put a line below each professor members, according the model sendt; Pages 5 and 6: The texts (abstract and resumo) cannot be in Capital letters; After corrections, please, post again. on 2018-01-23T10:17:05Z (GMT) / Submitted by Claudia Alessandra Barbuio (claudiaalessandra.barbuio@alumni.esade.edu) on 2018-01-25T21:32:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis VFINAL for Upload post-discussion + Ficha.pdf: 3589584 bytes, checksum: cd6ee048257547f7d3a9010c863aefb6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br) on 2018-01-29T11:17:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis VFINAL for Upload post-discussion + Ficha.pdf: 3589584 bytes, checksum: cd6ee048257547f7d3a9010c863aefb6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-29T11:32:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis VFINAL for Upload post-discussion + Ficha.pdf: 3589584 bytes, checksum: cd6ee048257547f7d3a9010c863aefb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01 / The research objective of this dissertation is to identify the main risks and challenges that affect the recycling industry in Brazil and the practices adopted by this industry’s players to face them. The recycling industry is an expanding sector that still presents many obstacles. an exploratory research based on one case study, is developed with the aim of identifying the risks specifically related to recycling in Brazil and the strategies that have been implemented by recycling players in Brazil. The case selected for this study is TriCiclos, a company based in Brazil that is inserted in the recycling supply chain of the city of São Paulo. The data collected on this company through interviews and observations are analyzed in the light of the literature review on the topic to obtain results in terms of strategy definition for facing risks. The contribution of this work to management and organizations will be a thorough review and presentation of possible improvements, based on interviews results, of those strategies used to stem risks away and build an effective recycling supply chain considering the barriers peculiar to the recycling industry. The final purpose is to create a basis for a future discussion on the best strategy for realizing an efficient integration of the different players in the recycling supply chain. / O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar os principais riscos e desafios que afetam a indústria de reciclagem no Brasil e as práticas adotadas pelos atores dessa indústria para enfrentá-los. A indústria de reciclagem é um setor em expansão que ainda tem muitos obstáculos. Uma investigação exploratória baseada em um estudo de caso, é desenvolvida com o objetivo de identificar os riscos especificamente relacionados com a reciclagem no Brasil e as estratégias que foram aplicadas por os atores desta indústria no Brasil. O caso selecionado para este estudo é TriCiclos, uma companhia baseada no Brasil que é incluída na cadeia de fornecimento de reciclagem da cidade de são Paulo. Os dados coletados sobre esta companhia através de entrevistas e observações são analisados à luz da revisão da literatura sobre o tópico para obter resultados em termos de definição de estratégia para enfrentar os riscos. A contribuição deste trabalho à gestão e organizações será uma realização e apresentação de possíveis melhorias, resultados de entrevistas, das estratégias utilizadas para enfrentar os riscos e construir uma cadeia de fornecimento de reciclagem eficaz considerando as barreiras peculiares à indústria de reciclagem. O objetivo final é criar a base de uma discussão futura sobre a melhor estratégia para realizar uma integração eficiente dos diferentes atores na cadeia de fornecimento de reciclagem.