Objective: The efficacy of bariatric surgery has been proven; however, a subset of patients fails to achieve expected long-term weight loss postoperatively. As differences in surgery outcome may be influenced by heterogeneous psychological profiles in pre-bariatric patients, previous subtyping models differentiated patients based on temperament traits. The objective of the present study was to expand these models by additionally considering emotion dysregulation and disinhibited eating behaviors for subtyping, as these factors were associated with maladaptive eating behaviors and poor post-bariatric weight loss outcome. Methods: Within a prospective multicenter registry, N = 370 pre-bariatric patients were examined using interview and self-report questionnaires. A latent profile analysis was performed to identify subtypes based on temperament traits, emotion dysregulation, and disinhibited eating behaviors. Results: Five pre-bariatric subtypes were identified with specific profiles regarding self control, emotion dysregulation, and disinhibited eating behaviors. Subtypes were associated with different levels of eating disorder psychopathology, depression, and quality of life. The expanded model increased variance explanation compared to temperament-based models. Conclusion: By adding emotion dysregulation and disinhibited eating behaviors to previous subtyping models, specific pre-bariatric subtypes emerged with distinct psychological deficit patterns. Future investigations should test the predictive value of these subtypes for post bariatric weight loss and health-related outcomes.

Regulating emotions is a vital part of everyday life. With the development of modern digital technology such as smartphones, research on emotion regulation has now entered a new era. Emerging questions include how and why different strategies for emotion regulation are being applied in the digital world, and what consequences this may have, when easily accessible tools for emotion regulation now are available at all times and places. This thesis presents a systematic review of current literature on cognitive strategies for emotion regulation in relation to smartphone use. A systematic search was done on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. 13 publications met the inclusion criterias. Identified cognitive strategies with significant correlations to smartphone use were blaming others, catastrophizing, cognitive reappraisal, mindfulness, positive reappraisal, rumination, self-blame, and emotional suppression. Findings indicate that engagement in specific cognitive strategies vary in both adaptivity and in correlation to different smartphone uses, implicating especially the adaptiveness of mindfulness in regard to problematic smartphone use. Limitations and implications for further research are discussed. / Emotionsreglering är en viktig del av livet. Med utvecklingen av modern digital teknologi som exempelvis smartphones, har nu forskningen om emotionsreglering tagit ett steg in i en ny era. Nya frågor inkluderar hur och varför olika strategier för emotionsreglering appliceras i den digitala världen, och vilka konsekvenser detta kan få, när digitala medel för emotionsreglering nu är tillgängliga på alla tider och platser. Denna rapport presenterar en systematisk litteraturöversikt över kognitiva strategier för emotionsreglering kopplade till smartphoneanvändande. En systematisk sökning gjordes på PubMed, Scopus och Web of Science. 13 artiklar uppfyllde inklusionskriterierna. Kognitiva strategier med signifikant korrelation till smartphoneanvändande var grubbel, katastroftankar, skuldbeläggande av sig själv och andra, undertryckande av känslouttryck, kognitiv omvärdering och medveten närvaro. Fynden indikerar att användandet av specifika kognitiva strategier varierar i både adaptivitet och i korrelation till olika former av smartphoneanvändande, med indikationer om att framför allt medveten närvaro är en adaptiv strategi i kontexten av problematiskt smartphoneanvändande. Begränsningar och implikationer för framtida forskning diskuteras.

The effects of maternal stress on child behavior, especially externalizing problems such as aggression, defiance, and lack of self-control, are well-established within psychological literature. Few studies, however, have examined the effects of maternal stress on child internalizing problems, such as loneliness, withdrawal, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Moreover, there is much research within developmental psychology to support the notion that parent-child co-regulation, sometimes called dyadic synchrony, can predict child behavioral outcomes. Currently, researchers lack an understanding of how this process can interact with maternal stress to predict child internalizing symptoms. The following thesis details a multi-method assessment which is designed to examine the mediating effect of co-regulation on the relationship between maternal stress and child internalizing symptoms. In this research project, mothers and their three-year-old children complete questionnaires and a challenging dyadic task to assess their current stress, internalizing symptoms, and co-regulation strategies. Co-regulation scores are assigned through a macro coding scheme developed by a behavioral observation coding team. Due to ongoing data collection, data from a comparable project were collected to test this hypothesis using similar self-report measures. This study may have significant implications for the effects of everyday parent-child interactions on future child health outcomes.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'explorer les corrélats électrophysiologiques du traitement des émotions à différents niveaux : la perception, la réactivité et la régulation émotionnelles, chez des patients bipolaires. La plupart des études portant sur le traitement des émotions dans cette population clinique se sont focalisées sur le traitement des émotions faciales. Ces études ont mis en évidence un dysfonctionnement des processus de réactivité et de régulation émotionnelles. Cependant, peu d'études se sont intéressées au traitement de la prosodie émotionnelle chez ces patients. Or, la prosodie émotionnelle joue un rôle central dans les interactions sociales. C'est pourquoi il apparaît important d'étudier les corrélats électrophysiologiques des processus mis en œuvre à un stade pré-attentionnel, au niveau de la détection de changements survenant dans notre environnement auditif et de l'orientation de l'attention, étapes précoces du traitement des émotions (Scherer, 2001). A notre connaissance, aucune étude ne s'y est intéressée chez les patients bipolaires. Par ailleurs, un grand nombre d'études montrent que ces patients présentent une hyperréactivité émotionnelle ainsi qu'un défaut de régulation émotionnelle, en lien avec des anomalies telles qu'une hyperactiviation amygdalienne et/ou une hypoactivation du cortex préfrontal. Cependant, les corrélats électrophysiologiques de la réactivité et de la régulation émotionnelles sont peu connus chez ces patients comme dans la population générale. L'objet de ce travail est de proposer deux expériences en électroencéphalographie afin d'étudier le décours temporel des processus de détection de la nouveauté et d'orientation non volontaire de l'attention et de processus de réactivité et de régulation émotionnelles à l'aide des potentiels évoqués. Dans la première expérience, nous utilisons un paradigme Oddball afin d'étudier la détection de la nouveauté et l'orientation non volontaire de l'attention : le matériel élaboré spécialement pour cette étude est constitué de voyelles (/a/, /i/, /u/) produites avec une prosodie de joie, de peur, de tristesse ou neutre. Dans la seconde expérience, nous avons repris le paradigme d'induction émotionnelle à l'aide d'images (Schönfelder et al., 2013), dans lequel les participants observent passivement les images ou utilisent une stratégie de régulation émotionnelle (distraction, réinterprétation cognitive). Les principaux résultats ce cette thèse montrent des anomalies de traitement des émotions chez les patients bipolaires, dès les étapes précoces de détection de la nouveauté et d'orientation non volontaire de l'attention. Si les participants contrôles présentent une MisMatch Negativity (négativité de discordance) plus ample pour certaines émotions (la peur) que pour d'autres (la joie), ce n'est pas le cas des patients. Par ailleurs, ces derniers ne présentent pas de modulation de la P3a par le changement d'émotions, ce qui indique une anomalie de l'orientation non volontaire de l'attention vers des stimuli émotionnels. Néanmoins, ils réagissent plus rapidement au changement d'émotions que les contrôles. À des étapes plus tardives, les patients bipolaires témoignent d'une réactivité émotionnelle importante pour les stimuli neutres, ce qui n'est pas le cas des contrôles. Enfin, les patients ne parviennent pas à réguler les émotions positives à l'aide d'une stratégie fondée sur le mécanisme de redéploiement attentionnel. Ces résultats suggèrent que les patients bipolaires présentent des anomalies de traitement des émotions dès les premiers processus perceptifs, n'impliquant pas de mécanismes d'attention volontaire, jusqu'à des niveaux de traitement plus contrôlés (réactivité et régulation émotionnelle volontaires). Cette thèse apporte de nouvelles données concernant la perception, la réactivité et la régulation émotionnelles et contribue à une meilleure connaissance des bases neurophysiologiques du traitement des émotions chez les patients bipolaire / This thesis investigates electrophysiological correlates of emotion processing from perception to reactivity and emotion regulation in adult with bipolar disorders. Most studies with such patients have focused on the processing of facial emotion. They showed impairment of facial recognition as well as emotional reactivity and regulation. However, few studies investigated the processing of emotional prosody and preattentive stage of processing in patient with bipolar disorders. Given that emotional prosody plays a crucial role in social interactions, it is important to better understand neurophysiological correlates of novelty detection and involuntary orientation of attention which constitute early stages of emotional processing (Scherer, 2001). To our knowledge, no study has yet addressed this issue in bipolar disorder. Moreover, patients with bipolar disorder have abnormal emotional reactivity and a deficit in emotion regulation along with hyperactivation of amygdala and hypoactivation of prefrontal cortex. Also, electrophysiological correlates of emotional reactivity and regulation are not well known in patients with bipolar disorders and in general population. For this purpose, two experiments were run in the present thesis in order to investigate the time course of novelty detection, involuntary orientation of attention, emotion reactivity and emotion regulation using evoked potentials responses. In the first experiment, an Oddball paradigm was used to assess novelty detection and orientation of attention. The linguistic material specifically designed for this study consists of French vowels (/a/, /i/, /u/) produced with happiness, fear, sadness or neutral prosodies. In the second experiment, an emotional induction paradigm (Schönfelder et al., 2013) was employed. Participants watched affective or neutral pictures or used an emotion regulation strategy (i.e., distraction or cognitive reappraisal). Taken together, the results of the present thesis indicate that patients with bipolar disorders show impairment in emotion processing even at preattentive stages such as novelty detection and involuntary orientation of attention. Healthy participants show a larger MisMatch Negativity in response to fear than to happiness, whereas patients did not. These patients did not show modulation of the P3a in response to emotion change, suggesting dysfunctioning of orientation of attention towards emotional stimuli. However, they were more sensible to emotion change than control as indicating by faster response in the case of such change. At a later stage, patients present greater emotional reactivity in response to neutral stimuli than controls. Moreover, they fail to regulate positive emotions using a regulation strategy based on attentional deployment (distraction). Overall, these results suggest that patient with bipolar disorder already show dysfunctioning at a perceptive level of emotional processing. A dysfunctioning was also attested at a more controlled processing (e.g. emotional reactivity and emotion regulation). Our work enriches the understanding on perception, reactivity and emotion regulation and contributes to a better understanding of neurophysiological bases of emotion processing in patients with bipolar disorder.

Research examining emotion regulation has indicated that children's success at home and school is enhanced through adaptive emotion regulation skills (Eisenburg, Spinrad & Morris, 2002). This is particularly true in the areas of social competence and academic functioning (Harris, Robinson, Chang & Burns, 2007). Because the development of emotion regulation skills is supported by the scaffolding of adaptive strategies in children may through parental responsivity to needs (Robinson, Morris, Heller, Scheeringa, Boris, & Smyke, 2009), the current study examined pathways through which quality of parent-child interactions impacted later emotion regulation. The effect of attention regulation on emotion regulation was also considered. Participants in the analysis included families from the longitudinal National Institute of Child Health and Development Study of Early Child Care (NICHD-SECC). Variables in the study were measured from infancy through 3 rd grade. Results indicated that the quality of mother child interactions at 54 months was directly associated with both attention regulation at 1 st grade and emotion regulation at 3 rd grade. Results also suggested the presence of an indirect effect of maternal positive caregiving at 54 months on emotion regulation at 3 rd grade through attention regulation at 1 st grade. Father-child interactions were not found to be directly associated with attention regulation at 1 st grade or emotion regulation at 3 rd grade. The results of this study may be beneficial in supporting school psychologists and other clinicians in targeting specific components of parent-child interactions for intervention to support the development of proactive emotion regulation strategies in children.

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Through three standalone essays, this dissertation addresses the current gap in tourism and hospitality literature on negative emotions. Existing literature prioritizes positive emotions over negative emotions (Nawijn & Biran, 2019) even though tourists experience both types of emotions in their consumption of tourism and hospitality services. Moreover, a theoretical understanding of negative emotions is not as simple as dichotomizing findings regarding positive emotions as both emotion types are theoretically distinct (Taylor, 1991) and hence, warrants further investigation. Essay 1 focuses on negative memorable tourism experiences. It employed an exploratory, mixed-methods approach towards the understanding of negative MTEs by identifying their accompanying range of negative emotions, associated contexts of occurrence and relevant emotion appraisal criteria. Data utilized included online user-generated contents crawled from Reddit.com and survey responses collected via qualitative and quantitative survey questions. Essay 2 examines tourists’ emotional and behavioral responses to different types of hotel crises. In conceptualizing how tourists react to crises, essay 2 presumed the central role of crisis typology. It built upon brand harm literature to conceptualize and validate a model that incorporated (i) negative emotions and tourist attitude as parallel mediators of the relationship between crisis typology and behavioral intentions of tourists, and (ii) Schwartz’s (2012) personal values of hedonism and universalism as potential moderators. Results of an online experiment demonstrate that both negative emotions and tourist attitude significantly influence the relationship between crisis typology and behavioral intentions; however, only universalism significantly moderated the same relationship. With essay 1 demonstrating that negative emotions are remembered and essay 2 revealing the influence of negative emotions on tourist behavior, essay 3 evaluated the efficacy of emotion regulation strategies that tourists use to manage anger and fear while vacationing. Two emotion regulation strategies – i.e. reappraisal and suppression, each of which relate to specific steps in Gross’ five-step emotion generation process (Gross, 1998) – were assessed through five online experiments utilizing video and text stimuli. The first set of experiments was conducted within the context of destination crowding and then replicated via tourist harassment. Results across both contexts are consistent. Within-subject analysis revealed the efficacy of different emotion regulation strategies in improving subjective well-being: reappraisal (vs. suppression) significantly decreased (vs. increased) the intensity of anger and fear felt. Similar outcomes are noted in assessing tourists’ behavioral tendency with reappraisal (vs. suppression) significantly moderating the relationship between anger/fear and negative word-of-mouth such that the relationship is weaker (vs. stronger). Notably, both emotion regulation strategies did not moderate the relationship between fear and revisit intention. / Tourism and Sport

This study examined the relationships between a social-emotional learning program and the 5 dimensions of emotional intelligence and whether the relationships were moderated by gender. The problem addressed in the study was the lack of research focused on the development of emotional intelligence at the middle school level. The participants included 28 middle school students from a southeastern state who engaged in a 36 hour social-emotional learning program facilitated by a public university. The BarOn EQ-i:YV was administered pre and post. Demographic data including age, gender, race, and school type were also gathered. Data were analyzed using a one-way repeated measure MANOVA in which gender served as an attribute variable. The independent variables for this study included the attribute variable of gender and the treatment variable (IMPACT program). The dependent variables were the 5 dimensions of the EQ-i:YV (intrapersonal, interpersonal, stress management, adaptability, and general mood). The MANOVA found no interaction between the treatment and gender, but it did show a significant main effect for the treatment. Separate univariate tests showed significant relationships between the treatment and four of the five dimensions of emotional intelligence: interpersonal, stress management, adaptability, and general mood. Specifically, the findings revealed that the IMPACT program significantly increased participants’ emotional intelligence in these four areas. The MANOVA also showed a significant effect for gender. The univariate tests showed one significant gender difference relating to the interpersonal dimension; females scored significantly higher than did males on both the pre- and post-tests with a moderate effect size. While not significantly different, females also scored higher than did males in three other dimensions (intrapersonal, stress management, and general mood) on both the pre- and post-tests. As there is hardly any research that focuses on both the effectiveness of social-emotional learning programs with middle school students and the role of gender, further related research is recommended. Additionally, further research should examine the effectiveness of condensed versus traditional one year delivery models for social-emotional learning programs.

Objective:The present study examined mothers’ emotion socialization of 3-year–old children with behavior problems, to determine whether emotion socialization practices, as well as the relation between these practices and child functioning, varied across ethnicities. Method: Participants were 156 preschoolers with behavior problems. Mothers were European American (n = 98), Latina American (n = 40; predominately Puerto Rican), and African American (n = 18). Audio taped mother-child interactions were coded for emotion socialization behaviors. Results: Overall, this study provided evidence for both differences and similarities across ethnicities on parental emotion socialization practices. Ethnic differences in use of emotion socialization practices were only found for mothers’ emotion focused reactions, minimizing reactions, and non-responses to negative affect. However, ethnic differences emerged in the relations between emotion socialization practices and child functioning. Several emotion socialization parental behaviors were differentially related to current child internalizing and externalizing problems across ethnic groups. Conclusions: Results provide some support for the existence of cultural differences in emotion socialization practices and their associated child outcomes.

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