This study identifies developmental processes underlying the relationship between school bullying and physical aggression in emergent adulthood. The data are drawn from the �Life at School� project, a longitudinal study of schooling, socio-emotional functioning, and bullying in a sample of young people living in the Australian Capital Territory. This study consists of three waves of self-report data collected from 88 females and 63 males (N=151) during primary school (Time 1), high school (Time 2) and emerging adulthood (Time 3). The study extends earlier analyses to consider the relative significance of distal functioning and the proximal effects of heavy drinking and work/study roles during the transition to emerging adulthood in shaping pathways from school bullying to adult aggression. Results showed that bullying in either primary school or high school, and being male, increased the risk of adult aggression. Once bullying and sex were controlled, socio-emotional functioning (including emotion/behaviour regulation and school adjustment) did not make unique contributions to the prediction of adult aggression. To further investigate the effects of bullying, four bully trajectory groups were identified from children�s reports: a non-bully group, a child-limited group (bullying during primary school only), an adolescent-onset group (taking up bullying during high school), and a persistent group (bullying during both primary and high school). Moderated regression showed that a) frequent drinking at Time 3 significantly increased aggression only for the persistent bully group, and b) participation in university study, in comparison with being in the workforce, was significantly associated with lower levels of aggression only for persistent and adolescent-onset bullies. That is, both the past and present were important, but their effects only became apparent when considered in combination. Given the pivotal significance of drinking and university participation for continuity of aggression, the second analysis stage used path analyses were used to explore the chains of events leading to these adult variables, and subsequent aggression. First, adaptive emotion regulation during high school directly predicted less frequent adult drinking, while continuity in such adaptive regulation between primary and high school was mediated by continuity in positive school connectedness. Second, greater parental education increased the likelihood that young people would attend university, both directly, and indirectly by increasing academic functioning during high school. In contrast, childhood impulsivity was directly related to a decreased likelihood of university participation and, in turn, to more frequent adult aggression. The final issue examined was the extent to which these mediated pathways from childhood were the same or different across the four bully trajectory groups. Descriptive comparisons indicated that pathways to drinking and work/study role were consistent across the four groups, with the partial exception of the adolescent-onset bullies. The analyses show that the expression of bullying and adult physical aggression is flexible, open at each stage of development to influence from personal resources (e.g., capacity for adaptive shame management), social resources (e.g., parental education), and changing institutional settings, through for example the cultural and behavioural norms that characterise the university, workplace, and drinking environments and which constrain aggressive behaviour or promote a sense of future orientation. Patterns of adult aggressive behaviours are thus shaped not just by past bullying, but by the subtle interplay of emergent adult settings and experiences, socio-emotional functioning in school contexts, and family social capital.

This study examines emotional interaction within virtual competitive group activity. The participants are 5 Counter-Strike: Global Offensive (CS:GO) players who belong to the same team. The study is an observational study in a naturalistic setting that utilizes an inductive- deductive approach. The study uses a methodology developed specifically for video-based research as well as Ethnomethodological conversation analysis (EMCA). The data consists of video and audio recorded on the participants’ computers during a match. The results illustrate how players utilize emotional interactions in different ways during a virtual competitive group activity. The interpretations of the data were based on two theories: The Emotions as temporal interpersonal system (TIES) model and the Emotions as social information (EASI) model. Using the TIES model, instances of co-regulation and co-dysregulation in the participants’ interactions during the match are explored. Using the EASI model, the participants’ use of emotions as information was examined. Our interpretations indicate that players use emotions in their interactions during a virtual competitive group activity and partake in interactions where the emotional content escalates and de-escalates. We suggest that these findings should be taken into consideration when developing training programmes for esports athletes and that further research on emotional interactions within competitive virtual context is possible. / Den här studien utforskar kooperativ emotionell interaktion inom virtuell tävlingsinriktad gruppaktivitet. Deltagarna är 5 Counter-Strike: Global Offensive (CS:GO) spelare som tillhör samma team. Studien är en observationell studie i en naturalistisk miljö. Studien använder sig av ett induktiv-deduktivt förhållningssätt. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av en metodologi utvecklad speciellt för analys av video samt en kombination av etnometodologi och samtalsanalys (EMCA). Materialet bestod av ljud och videoinspelningar under en match. Resultatet illustrerar hur spelarna på olika sätt använder sig av emotionella interaktioner under en virtuell tävlingsinriktad gruppaktivitet. Tolkningarna av data gjordes utifrån två teorier: Emotioner som temporalt interpersonellt emotionssystem (TIES) och Emotioner som social information (EASI). Med hjälp av TIES-modellen utforskar studien exempel på samreglering (co-regulation) och samdysreglering (co-dysregulation) i deltagarnas interaktioner under matchen. Med hjälp av EASI-modellen, utforskades deltagarnas användning av emotioner som information. Våra tolkningar tyder på att spelare använder sig av emotioner i sina interaktioner under en virtuell tävlingsinriktad gruppaktivitet och deltar i interaktioner där det emotionella innehållet eskalerar och de-eskalerar. Vi föreslår att hänsyn borde tas till dessa resultat i utvecklingen av träningsprogram för atleter inom esport samt att vidare forskning kring emotionella interaktioner inom virtuell tävlingsinriktad kontext är möjlig.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att genom medieringsanalyser pröva delar av Birrer, Morgan och Röthlin’s (2012) modell, detta genom att vid tre mättillfällen undersöka samband mellan dispositionell mindfulness, emotionsreglering, ältande samt coping. Som underlag för studien användes en enkät som sammanlagt 168 deltagare, varav 107 män och 61 kvinnor besvarade. Medelåldern på deltagarna var 17,73 år (SD=2,16). Resultatet av medieringsanalyserna visade att dispositionell mindfulness hade en signifikant indirekt effekt på coping genom emotionsreglering. Däremot visade resultatet ingen signifikant indirekt effekt mellan dispositionell mindfulness och coping genom mindre ältande. Utifrån föreliggande studiens resultat kan det föreslås att Birrer et al.’s (2012) modell inte är fullständigt funktionell. Föreliggande studie föreslår att emotionsreglering är en medierande variabel i sambandet mellan dispositionell mindfulness och coping bland idrottare. Idrottare med en hög nivå av dispositionell mindfulness kan genom emotionsreglering ha en bättre copingförmåga. Dispositionell mindfulness skapar därmed goda förutsättningar för idrottaren att kunna hantera stress i en idrottskontext. / The purpose of this study was to test parts of the model by Birrer, Morgan and Röthlin (2012) at three separate occasions, and through mediation analyses examine the relationship between trait mindfulness, emotion regulation, rumination and coping. As the basis of the study a survey was used in which 168 participants, 107 men and 61 women, answered. The average age of the participants was 17,73 years (SD=2,16). The result of the mediation analyses showed that trait mindfulness had a significant indirect effect on coping via emotion regulation. However the result did not show a significant indirect effect between trait mindfulness and coping via less rumination. From the result of this study it is suggested that Birrer et al.‘s (2012) model is not entirely functional. This study suggests that emotion regulation is a mediating variable in the relationship between trait mindfulness and coping within athletes. Athletes that have a high level of trait mindfulness can through emotion regulation also have a better coping ability. Trait mindfulness therefore creates good opportunities for the athlete to be able to handle stress in a sport context.

RésuméLes études cliniques et expérimentales ayant recours à la méditation de Pleine Conscience (PC) ont démontré l’efficacité de cette procédure dans l’amélioration de nombreuses manifestations psychopathologiques (anxiété, dépression), ainsi que dans la prise en charge des détresses émotionnelles provoquées par les pathologies chroniques (douleur, psoriasis). Ces prises en charge ciblent prioritairement les interactions dysfonctionnelles que le sujet initie et/ou perçoit avec les évènements internes et externes qu’il rencontre, et s’inscrivent donc dans la théorie des systèmes complexes. Cette théorie s’intéresse à l’entre rapport actif ou entre accordage (Abram, 1996) qui permet l’émergence d’une spécification mutuelle (Varela, 1993) du sujet et de son monde, et qui considère que le fait de jouer modifie les règles du jeu (Gleick, 2008).L’objectif de cette thèse est d’adapter un programme MBCT (mindfulness based cognitive therapy) pour une population de patients âgés douloureux chroniques, et d’évaluer sa faisabilité et son efficacité sur l’intensité douloureuse, la fonctionnalité et la régulation émotionnelle.L’adaptation proposée est attentive à la fois aux spécificités des personnes âgées qui manifestent une diminution de leurs ressources attentionnelles, mais aussi aux déterminants singuliers de ce type de programme qui entraine l’attention et la capacité à passer d’un mode opératoire discursif-analytique à un mode opératoire sensori-perceptif.Une des originalités de l’étude est d’adopter une méthode mixte, quantitative et qualitative, pour tester « si ça marche » et « comment ça marche » selon le sujet lui-même (Masson & Hargreaves, 2001).Les résultats rapportent que 86.1 % des participants ont complété le programme de 8 semaines et continuent à s’entrainer seuls trois mois après. Les résultats quantitatifs ont démontré des améliorations au niveau de l’intensité de la douleur, de la fonctionnalité avec la douleur, et une augmentation de l’utilisation des stratégies de régulation émotionnelle internes fonctionnelles qui demandent un effort volontaire conscient, et facilitent l’accomplissement des objectifs et du bien-être. Les résultats qualitatifs distinguent différents thèmes reflétant les effets bénéfiques du programme selon les participants. Le thème principal rapporté par tous les participants est « l’attention », elle-même liée à l’« apaisement émotionnel » et aussi très souvent à un changement graduel ou radical dans la relation avec les évènements et/ou une « autre vision ».L’adaptation du programme MBCT pour des personnes âgées souffrant de douleurs chroniques est donc faisable et efficace. Un des leviers thérapeutiques semble être l’entrainement attentionnel qui permet de développer une certaine qualité de l’état attentionnel. Cette qualité de l’attention faciliterait un ajustement plus écologique, reflété par l’apaisement émotionnel. / AbstractClinical and experimental studies using Meditation Mindfulness (MM) have demonstrated its effectiveness in improving many psychopathological symptoms (anxiety, depression), and emotional distress caused by chronic diseases (pain, psoriasis).These therapeutics primarily target the dysfunctional interactions initiated and/or perceived by the subject in relationship with internal and external events he encounters. They refer to the theory of complex systems, which focuses on adjustment and on emergence of mutual specification (Varela et al., 1993) between the subject and its environment, and think that playing changes the rules of the game (Gleick, 2008).The aim of this PhD research work is to adapt a MBCT (mindfulness based cognitive therapy) program for chronic pain older adults, and evaluate its feasibility and efficacy on pain intensity, function and emotional regulation.The proposed adjustment takes into account both the age related specificities on attentional resources, but also the program’s characteristics about training of attention and training to switch from linguistic-analytical to sensory-perceptual processing.One original feature of the study is the use of an integrated methodology, quantitative and qualitative, to test "if it works" and "how it works" as described by participants themselves (Masson & Hargreaves, 2001).The overall completion rate was 86.1 % at the end of the program (8 weeks) and the majority of participants continued to meditate at 3 months after the end of the program (3-month follow-up), suggesting that this intervention was feasible and acceptable in chronic pain older adults. Based on quantitative analyses results, the program appeared to have a beneficial effect on pain intensity, physical function and the internal and functional emotional regulation strategies. These specific strategies are those who require the greatest effort, need conscious voluntary process, facilitate the accomplishment of one’s goal and promote well-being. Based on qualitative analyses results, the main process involved in therapeutic change is the core theme “attention” always coupled with an “emotional appeasement”, and very often with “radical transformation” and “other vision”.This work demonstrates that an adapted MBCT program is feasible in CP older adults. The core theme “attention” seems to be the therapeutic lever of the adapted MBCT in CP older adults. The attentional training would enable to develop an attentional quality, allowing for ecological adaptation and reflected by emotional appeasement.

This paper explores the cross-cultural differences in affect valuation, emotion regulation, and the relationship between affect valuation, emotion regulation and subjective well-being across White Americans, Asians, and Third Culture Kids (TCKs). Emotional experiences shape every facet of our lives, yet understanding the extent to which emotional experiences are universal is still poorly understood. This is particularly the case among individuals with diverse cultural experiences. In the current study, we look at TCK individuals, a group composed of White-identifying individuals who spent a significant time of their childhood in East Asian countries. Through a questionnaire that was distributed via email and word of mouth, participants (N = 239) were asked to complete five surveys that included a subjective well-being scale, the affect valuation index, an emotion regulation questionnaire, an interpersonal emotion regulation questionnaire, and a set of scenarios that tested the individual’s tendency to feel a duty to themselves or to others. This study found that the Asian group significantly valued low arousal emotions more so than European Americans or the TCK individuals. TCKs were most likely to feel a strong sense of duty to help others.

Background: Triathlon athletes often encounter various critical situations that adversely affect performance. The ability to handle these is called self-efficacy. Aim: This study aimed to identify stressors that reduce performance the most for triathlon athletes in Sweden. Method: An online survey with structured reflections and the Endurance Sport Self-Efficacy Scale (ESSES) was used. The structured reflections were analyzed in relation to the participants’ outcomes at ESSES using statistical procedures and thematic analysis. Results: A total of 10 respondents answered to the survey. Mean values of ESSES were higher at good performance. There were significant differences between the performances for variables ESSES1 (0,002); ESSES3 (0,002); ESSES5 (0,048); ESSES8 (0,030); ESSES9 (0,01); ESSES10 (0,021); och ESSES11 (0,016). Effect sizes showed that ESSES1 (d= 1,9) och ESSES3 (d= 2,8) was the most prominent variables. Analysis revealed that performance anxiety and pain were the most prominent stressors. Conclusion: Weak self-efficacy combined with performance anxiety and pain led to less good performance. The results could be used at group level as starting point to create effective self-regulation strategies to deal with these stressors. / Bakgrund: Under träning eller tävling stöter triathlonidrottare ofta på olika situationer som kan räknas som stressfaktorer. Sådana situationer kan påverka prestation negativt om idrottarna inte har välutvecklade förmågor att hantera dem. Dessa förmågor heter self-efficacy, som är specifika för varje kritisk situation. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera stressfaktorer som hanteras sämst och som minskar prestationen mest hos triathlonidrottare i Sverige. Metod: Det har använts en retrospektiv beskrivande undersökningsdesign med statistiska procedurer och tematisk analys. Tidigare bra- och mindre bra prestationer har undersökts med hjälp av en online enkät som inneburit strukturerade reflektioner om situationella faktorer och Endurance Sport Self-Efficacy Scale (ESSES). Resultat: Totalt 10 respondenter svarade på enkäten. Erfarenheter varierade mellan halv- och full Ironman, SM och EM på olympisk och sprint distanser. Träningsvolym varierade mellan 5-13 timmar/vecka (N=5) och 20-30 timmar/vecka (N=5). Medelvärden av alla ESSES påståenden var högre vid bra prestationen i jämförelse med mindre bra prestationen. Det fanns statistiskt signifikanta skillnader mellan prestationerna på ESSES1 (0,002); ESSES3 (0,002); ESSES5 (0,048); ESSES8 (0,030); ESSES9 (0,01); ESSES10 (0,021); och ESSES11 (0,016). Effektstorlek visade att ESSES1 (d= 1,9) och ESSES3 (d= 2,8) var mest framträdande variabler. Utifrån analysen identifierades det att prestationsångest och ont var de mest framträdande stressfaktorer. Slutsats: Svaga self-efficacy förmågor som hantering av skada orelaterad smärta, och hantering av känslor under evenemang, i kombination med situationsfaktorer som prestationsångest och ont, ledde till mindre bra prestationerna. Studiensresultat kan vara en effektiv utgångspunkt för uthållighetsidrottare eller för utövare som arbetar med de för att få insikt av vad kan förväntas under en tävling och förbereda sig i förväg. Resultatet skulle kunna användas på gruppnivå för att skapa effektiva självreglerings strategier relaterade till takt, uppmärksamhet och hantering.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between early eye tracking and later non-suicidal self-injury, and whether this relationship was negatively impacted by distress and impulsivity, and conversely alleviated by emotional regulation and problem solving abilities. Briggs-Gowan et al. (2001) found that young children with recurrent and comorbid externalizing and internalizing problems have the most impairment; they exhibit greater difficulty with emotional stability, and require greater utilization of mental health services. Little research has focused on the relationship between eye tracking in early infancy and suicidal self-injurious (NSSI) behavior in early childhood. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine if eye-tracking in early infancy and later self-injurious behavior is mediated by impulsivity, distress, problem solving, and emotion regulation; for which child’s gender and income-to- needs as the control variables. Data from the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD). When examining the mediating influence of early eye tracking at 15 months in the relationship between self-injurious behavior at 15 years of age, distress at 54 months, impulsivity at 54 months, emotion regulation in the 5th grade, and problem solving in the 6th grade, it was found that these variables did not have a significant mediating effect. Although the hypothesized path model was the most parsimonious, the results suggested that impulsivity acts as a mediator in the relationship between SES and problem solving. As such, impulsivity may be directly associated with the functions of problem solving. The significance of this study is that it adds to the research that emphasizes the importance of understanding early markers (e.g., eye tracking in early infancy) for social outcomes and should be utilized by educators, parents, and early intervention programs to ensure social success for children. However, the results in this study should not be considered for the use of policymaking, given the limitations presented.

Questa tesi descrive una modalità parsimoniosa di organizzare l'ampia evidenza prodotta in questi ultimi anni nel campo della salute mentale digitale. A tal fine, viene presentato il framework DIU (D per diffusione, I per miglioramento e U per comprensione). Questo quadro teorico è applicato al campo specifico della regolazione delle emozioni (ER) per i disturbi emotivi. L’obbiettivo è quello di fornire una descrizione dell'attuale cambiamento della psicopatologia e evidenziare il ruolo della ER come meccanismo di cambiamento transdiagnostico e transteorico. A tal fine, viene fornita una revisione di tutti gli sviluppi esistenti in ciascuna delle categorie del quadro DIU. Ogni sezione propone nuovi risultati empirici che mostrano come le terapie digitali possano aiutare a migliorare l'ER nei disturbi emotivi. Per realizzare tali contributi empirici, sono stati utilizzati svariati disegni di ricerca e diverse soluzioni statistiche a seconda dei diversi contesti in cui gli studi sono stati condotti. Nel complesso, questa tesi stimola la discussione su alcuni degli attuali dibattiti nell’area della psicologia clinica e suggerisce risposte teoriche ed empiriche al fine di migliorare il campo. / This dissertation describes a way of organising parsimoniously the ample existing evidence that has been produced along these years in the field of digital mental health. For that purpose the DIU framework is presented. That is, D for dissemination, I for improvement and U for understanding. This framework is applied to the specific field of emotion regulation in emotional disorders. In that sense, it presents a description of the current psychopathological transformation in order to outline the role of emotion regulation (ER) as a transdiagnostic and transtheorical mechanism of change. A review of all the existing developments in each of the categories of the DIU framework are described. Each section presents novel empirical results that show how digital interventions may serve to improve ER in emotional disorders. These empirical contributions used a variety of research designs and statistical solutions depending on the different contexts in which the studies were conducted. Overall, this dissertation boosts the discussion concerning some of the current debates in clinical psychology and suggests theoretical and empirical answers in order to improve the field.

L’étude de la Régulation Emotionnelle (RE) et du tempérament chez l’enfant d’âge scolaire est au cœur de ce travail de thèse. En raison du manque d’outils satisfaisants, un premier questionnaire a été développé pour évaluer les compétences de RE et une seconde échelle a été traduite pour permettre la caractérisation du tempérament. D’après les rapports parentaux, il semble qu’avec l’âge, l'enfant sollicite de moins en moins son parent lors de situations émotionnelles et devienne apte à user de stratégies de RE intrapersonnelle pour contrôler l'émotion négative ou positive. Ceci suggère que la RE est un ensemble de compétences se développant encore en fin d’enfance. Au contraire, une stabilité de l’expression du tempérament entre 7 et 10 ans est rapportée, donnée en accord avec les données de la littérature. Enfin, l’étude de l’expression de la RE et du tempérament a été initiée chez l’enfant porteur d’un Trouble du Spectre Autistique (TSA). Selon les rapports parentaux, les enfants porteurs d’un TSA sont décrits comme usant moins de la RE interpersonnelle et comme présentant plus de difficultés de contrôle des émotions fortes (A-RE) que les enfants typiques. En outre, l’analyse intragroupe fait émerger 2 profils de RE, profils divergeant sur le plan de la RE intrapersonnelle et de l’A-RE. En couplant ces profils de RE aux 3 profils de tempérament isolés, il semble que la dimension tempéramentale contrôle volontaire soit associée aux difficultés de contrôle de l’émotion forte. Ces résultats ont une portée théorique et pratique intéressante car jusque-là les difficultés émotionnelles rencontrées chez l’enfant porteur d’un TSA n’ont jamais été évoqué en termes de tempérament. / At the heart of this thesis is the study of the expression of Emotion Regulation (ER) and temperament during middle childhood. Unfortunately, few satisfactory scales are available in French. Thus, a first questionnaire has been developed for assessing skills of ER and a second scale has been translated to provide a characterization of temperament in children. Parental reports indicate decreased use of interpersonal ER, which suggests that with age, children learn to regulate their emotions, and to use intrapersonal strategies in order to cope with positive as well as negative emotions. On the contrary, expression of temperament appears to be stable during middle childhood, and these results are in agreement with literature. Finally, in a pilot research, we have compared the expression of ER and temperament of 8 boys with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) matched on chronological age with 8 boys with typical development. According to parental reports, children with ASD use less interpersonal ER and present more difficulties to regulate intense emotions (A-RE) in comparison to typical children. Intragroup analysis revealed two patterns of ER in children with ASD. These patterns differ precisely in regards to the intrapersonal ER and A-ER. Association between profiles of ER and different profiles of temperament highlight that temperamental dimension of effortful control is linked to the level of A-ER. As until now the emotional difficulties frequently encountered/reported in children with ASD have never been mentioned in terms of temperament, the results of this thesis present new innovative theoretical and practical perspectives.

Syftet med studien var att utifrån Gross (2007) teori undersöka känsloregleringsstrategier hos elitidrottare. Studiens frågeställning var: Vilka känslor upplever elitidrottaren timmen innan en viktig tävling och hur hanterar idrottaren de uppkomna känslorna? Studien omfattade nio elitidrottare inom individuella idrotter. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med semistrukturerade intervjuer som transkriberades och analyserades via en innehållsanalys. Analysen resulterade i sex teman med respektive två till tre subteman. De sex huvudteman var distraktion, självprat/peptalk, social strategi, struktur, uppmärksamhetsfokus och visualisering. Elitidrottarna sa samstämmigt att de upplevde känslor timmen före start i en viktig tävling och de gav uttryck för att de använde sig av känsloreglerande strategier. Dessa strategier användes ofta omedvetet. Att medvetandegöra känsloreglerande strategier kan bidra till att skapa möjligheter till en bättre tävlingsprestation. / The purpose of the study was, based on Gross’ (2007) theory, to investigate elite athletes’ emotion regulating strategies. The issue posed in the Study was the following: What feelings does an elite athlete experience in the hour before an important competition and how does the athlete handle those feelings? The study pertained to nine elite athletes in individual athletic disciplines. The compilation of data was performed through semi-structured interviews which were transcribed and analysed using a content analysis. The analysis resulted in six categories with 2-3 sub-categories. The six main categories were distraction, self-talk/pep-talk, social strategy, structure, attention focus and visualisation. The elite athletes conclusively stated that they did experience feelings during the hour just before an important competition and they gave the impression that they used emotion regulating strategies. These strategies were often used sub- consciously. Raising awareness of emotion regulating strategies can contribute to creating possibilities for enhanced performance.