This essay presents an analysis of Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby through a structural approach with the focus on the narrative techniques of the novel. The essay endeavours to address narrative empathy as an important aspect of the novel, through its narrative techniques, while also examines the potential of using The Great Gatsby as a pedagogical tool for developing students’ empathy in the upper-secondary school classroom. The essay concludes that The Great Gatsby has the potential of conveying empathy to the students, through its narrative techniques. / <p>Slutgiltigt godkännandedatum: 2022-06-05</p>

I sjuksköterskeprofessionen är omsorg en viktig del. Det används av sjuksköterskor varje dag och är en integral del i det bilaterala förhållandet mellan sjuksköterska och patient. Syftet med denna litteraturgranskning är att undersöka omsorg i omvårdnad samt se om omsorg kan orsaka utbrändhet. Författarna har granskat 11 vetenskapliga studier, gjorda till och med tio år tillbaka runt om i världen. Genom analysering av resultaten identifierades fem huvudteman: patientens syn på god omsorg, patientens syn på dålig omsorg, sjuksköterskans syn på god omsorg, sjuksköterskans syn på dålig omsorg, samt processen och konsekvenserna av utbrändhet. / In the nursing profession, caring is the most essential part. It is used by nurses’ everyday and is an integral part in the responsive nurse-patient relationship. The main aim of this study was to investigate caring in nursing. Furthermore, because of Maslach (1998) statement that close contact within the nurse-patient relationship contributes to burnout in nurses, the authors wanted to investigate studies exploring the cause of burnout in nurses.Additionally, the cause of burnout in nurses is explored. The authors reviewed 11 scientific studies, performed in the past ten years around the world. The results showed that five main themes could be identified. These were: patient’s view of good care, patient’s view of bad care, nurse’s view of good care, nurse’s view of bad care, and the process and consequences of burnout.

This paper looks upon monsters as a medium; how concentration of fear can result in the demonisation of individuals. It explores how the use of craft, with a focus on stop motion animation, can be used as a tool to build empathy and help to heal fragmentations of society. Working with contemporary mythologies, crafted techniques are metaphorically related to the fragility of societal structures and collective narratives. Hand crafting references relics of consumer culture and explores variable autonomies over personal narrative, investigating imbalances of power.

<p>Theory of mind (ToM) and empathic responding are thought to rely on the joint contribution of cognitive and affective processes, and the corresponding complex neural networks involved in these diverse cognitive and affective functions. Individuals with mood disorders demonstrate deficits in many of the same cognitive and affective processes thought to mediate ToM and empathy, and demonstrate structural and functional changes in the neural regions that subserve these social cognitive domains. We examined ToM and empathic responding in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) using standardized measures of social cognitive responding. Patients with BD and MDD with sub-syndromal depressive symptoms showed deficits on a cognitively challenging task that required them to integrate two perspectives simultaneously (second-order ToM stimuli). Sub-syndromal patients with BD also showed a trend toward poor performance on a less demanding first-order ToM task; no such deficit was observed for sub-syndromal MDD patients. Patients with BD were also impaired at discriminating mental states from pictures of eyes and in making complex social judgments. Both patient groups reported reduced levels of cognitive empathy, but differed in response on affective empathy domains. Specifically, whereas the BD group reported higher levels of distress in response to others' negative experiences, the MDD group reported less feelings of care and concern in response to another’s emotional experience. Across the BD studies, impaired ToM and empathic responding were found to be associated with poor social functioning and increased depressive symptoms, but the influence of illness burden variables on performance was variable. Across the MDD studies, the associations between social cognitive performance, illness variables, and social functioning were inconsistent. Taken together, our findings indicate that patients with mood disorders demonstrate altered ToM and empathic responding that may contribute to the difficulties in social communication observed in these patient populations.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The purpose of this study was to determine if the use of primary source historical documents used in conjunction with the heuristics associated with historical reasoning (sourcing, corroboration, and contextualization) would lead to a subsequent development of historical empathy. Three intact groups (already formed history classes) from Northeast High School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania were studied throughout a baseline and four trials for this study. One group was designated as the experimental condition and received primary source historical documents as well as scaffolding of the historical reasoning heuristics of sourcing, corroboration, and contextualization. The next group was designated as the comparison condition which received the primary source historical documents but no scaffolding on the aforementioned heuristics. The final group was designated as the control condition and received traditional textbook instruction throughout the four main trials of the study. Results showed that mean scores of the heuristics involved in historical reasoning as well as historical empathy increased simultaneously for the experimental as well as the comparison group throughout the study, with the experimental group showing the highest mean gains. However, whether training in the historical reasoning heuristics of sourcing, corroboration, and contextualization lead to historical empathy cannot be conclusively proven from this current study. / Educational Psychology

Lack of understanding regarding the role that temporality-pathos plays in Asian American literature leads scholars to misread many textual passages as deviations from the implied authors’ political critiques. This dissertation invites scholars to recognize temporality-focused passages in Younghill Kang’s East Goes West, Carlos Bulosan’s America is in the Heart, and John Okada’s No-No Boy, as part of a pathos formula developed by avant-garde Asian American writers to resist systemic alienations experienced by Asian Americans by diagnosing and treating America’s empathy gap. I find that each of pathae examined – the pathos of finitude, the pathos of idealism, and the pathos of confusion – appears in each of the major primary texts discussed, and that these pathae not only invite similitude-based empathy from a wide readership, but also prompt, via multiple methods, the expansion of empathy. First, the authors use these pathae diagnostically: the pathos of finitude makes visible American imperialism’s destruction of prior ways of life; the pathos of idealism exposes the falsity of the futures promised by liberalism; and the pathos of confusion counters the destructive nationalisms that fractured the era. Second, the authors use these temporality pathae to identify the instrumentalist reasoning underlying these capitalist ideologies and to show how they stunt American empathy. Third, the authors deploy formal and thematic complexities that cultivate empathy-generating faculties of mind and cultivate alternative forms of reasoning. / English

Previous research has established that observing another in pain activates both affective and sensorimotor cortical activity that is also present during the first-hand experience of pain. Some researchers have taken this “mirroring” response as indicative of empathic processing. However, very little work has explored the downstream behavioral effects of empathic pain observation. The aim of this dissertation is to begin to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the relationship between empathic pain observation, overt motor behaviours, and sensorimotor activity. In chapters 2-4, I provide robust evidence that observing pain inflicted on another person leads to faster reaction time responses. This effect is shown to be temporally extended (by at least 500ms after pain observation), effector-general (affecting both finger and foot responses), influenced by top-down (i.e., instructions to explicitly empathize) but not bottom-up (i.e., the perceived level of pain) factors, and is not influenced by adaptive (approach/withdraw) behaviours. In chapter 5, I show that sensorimotor activity, measured via TMS-induced Motor Evoked Potentials, increases while observing another in pain regardless whether the observer is preparing to make an action vs. passively observing the stimuli. These results run counter to the literature, and I provide several explanations for why these results were found. Lastly, in chapter 6, I show that sensorimotor activity, measured via Mu and Beta suppression, also increases while observing another in pain regardless whether the observer is preparing to make an action vs. passively observing the stimuli. Interestingly, I do not find significant correlations between sensorimotor activity during pain observation and faster reaction times after pain observation. I embed these findings in relation to the wider social neuroscience of empathy literature and discuss several limitations and challenges in empirically measuring “empathy” as a psychological construct. Overall, this dissertation furthers our understanding of empathy for pain by highlighting the behavioural consequences of pain observation and its connection (or rather, lack thereof) to sensorimotor activity during pain observation. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Past research suggests that overlapping brain activity during the first-hand experience of pain and pain observation may be indicative of empathy. However, very little work has been done to explore how pain observation influences overt behaviours. This thesis investigates this issue by having participants complete a reaction time task while watching videos of needles stabbing a person’s hand. The findings reported in this thesis suggests that observing another in pain facilitates motor behaviours (i.e., faster reaction times); this facilitation extends 500ms after pain observation, affects both the hand and feet, is accentuated by instructing participants to explicitly empathize, and is not influenced by approach vs. withdraw movements. Brain activity in the motor system was also found to increase during pain observation. Overall, this thesis begins the discussion of how empathic pain observation influences explicit motor behaviours, and how such behaviours may be related to brain activity.

With this study, we attempted to answer the question Does empathic ability affect the choices made by players in decision-based games?. Nine participants were asked to complete an empathy questionnaire, play the first episode of Square Enix’s game Life Is Strange, and fill out a survey with the choices they made while playing. Five participants were then invited to an interview where further research was conducted regarding the motivations of the players and how they related to the game. We found a very weak relationship between empathic ability and the choices made (R = 0.3653), which, especially given the small group of participants, is not enough to sufficiently prove a relation. However, we found four common themes in the motivations of the players and how they related to the game: role-playing, curiosity, real life, and not real. / Med denna studie ämnade vi svara på forskningsfrågan Påverkar empatiförmåga valen spelare gör i beslutsbaserade spel?. Nio deltagare ombads fylla i ett frågeformulär om empatiförmåga, spela igenom första avsnittet av Square Enix spel Life Is Strange och fylla i ett formulär med valen de gjorde medan de spelade. Fem deltagare blev därefter inbjudna till en intervju där vidare forskning kring spelarnas motivation och hur de relaterade till spelet genomfördes. Vi hittade ett svagt förhållande mellan empatiförmåga och de val som gjordes (R = 0.3653), vilket, speciellt givet det låga antalet deltagare, inte är tillräckligt för att påvisa en relation. Vi fann dock fyra allmänna teman kring spelarnas motivation och hur de relaterade till spelet: rollspel, nyfikenhet, verkliga livet och inte verkligt.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att sammanställa forskning som belyser socialarbetarens egna erfarenheter av emotionellt arbete. Syftet var även att undersöka på vilket sätt emotioner hanteras i det klientnära arbetet och hur det påverkar socialarbetare. Den metod som användes var en översiktsstudie där 12 kvalitativa intervjustudier samlades in genom sökningar på databaserna Social Service Abstract och OneSearch. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys tillämpades där fyra teman identifierades vilka var emotionella påfrestningar i klientnära arbete, hantering av emotioner, emotionellt lönearbete och att visa känslor. Empirin analyserades med hjälp av Goffmans dramaturgiska perspektiv om interaktionens betydelse samt Hochschilds teori om emotionellt lönearbete. Resultatet visade att socialarbetare ständigt utsätts för emotionella påfrestningar samt att de tvingas använda sig av olika strategier som inkluderar att kontrollera och undantrycka sina känslor. Detta för att dels undvika att riskera sitt eget välbefinnande och dels för att det råder en känslokultur på arbetsplatsen som man förväntas förhålla sig till. Vidare visade resultatet att empati ses som en grundläggande del inom socialt arbete och att emotioner kan användas som en resurs i mötet med klienter. Slutsaten var att emotioner, som skapas i relation till klienter, har en stor påverkan på socialarbetare. Gemensamt för socialarbetarnas upplevelser var att socialt arbete är ett krävande arbete där man har en förväntan på sig att agera utifrån givna känsloregler. Detta har lett till att socialarbetarna skapat olika informella strategier för att handskas med det emotionellt påfrestande arbetet. / The purpose of this essay was to compile research that sheds light on the social worker's own experiences of emotional work. The purpose was also to investigate in what way emotions are handled in client-based work and how it affects social workers. The method used was a scoping study where 12 qualitative interview studies were collected through searches on the databases Social Service Abstract and OneSearch. A qualitative content analysis was applied where four themes were identified which were emotional stress in client-based work, managing emotions, emotional labour and showing emotions. The empiric was analyzed using Goffman's dramaturgical perspective about the significance of interaction and Hochschild's theory of emotional labour. The results showed that social workers are constantly exposed to emotional stress and that they are forced to use various strategies that include controlling and expressing their emotions. This is partly to avoid risking one's own well-being and partly because there is an emotional culture in the workplace that one is expected to relate to. Furthermore, the results showed that empathy is seen as a fundamental part of social work and that emotions can be used as a resource in meeting clients. The conclusion was that emotions, which are created in relation to clients, have a great impact on social workers. Common to the social workers' experiences was that social work is a demanding job where you have an expectation that you will act on the basis of given emotional rules. This has led to the social workers creating various informal strategies for dealing with the emotionally stressful work.

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