Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2007. / Prepared for : School of Education. Bibliography: leaves 100-112. Also available online via the Internet.

A reflectance volume holographic imaging (VHI) endoscope has been designed for simultaneous in vivo imaging of surface and subsurface tissue structures. Prior utilization of VHI systems has been limited to ex vivo tissue imaging. The VHI system presented in this work is designed for laparoscopic use. It consists of a probe section that relays light from the tissue sample to a handheld unit that contains the VHI microscope. The probe section is constructed from gradient index (GRIN) lenses that form a 1: 1 relay for image collection. The probe has an outer diameter of 3.8 mm and is capable of achieving 228.1 lp/mm resolution with 660-nm Kohler illumination. The handheld optical section operates with a magnification of 13.9 and a field of view of 390 mu m x 244 mu m. System performance is assessed through imaging of 1951 USAF resolution targets and soft tissue samples. The system has also passed sterilization procedures required for surgical use and has been used in two laparoscopic surgical procedures. (C) 2017 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13388号 / 論医博第2220号 / 新制||医||1048(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 羽賀 博典, 教授 佐藤 俊哉, 教授 妹尾 浩 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Treatment of duodenal ulcer with the histamine H2-receptor antagonist, ranitidine, was assessed in a double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial in which patients were treated for two consecutive 4-week periods with ranitidine 150 mg b.i.d. or a placebo. All patients were allowed to take antacids as necessary for symptoms. Three hundred eighty-two patients were entered and 355 completed the first 4-week trial period. Ranitidine significantly improved healing at 2 weeks (37 versus 19%, p < 0.01) and at 4 weeks (73 versus 45%, p < 0.01), with better relief of pain and lower use of antacids. In the second 4-week trial period, 124 unhealed patients from the first 4 weeks were re-randomized. Ranitidine treatment resulted in a greater healing rate regardless of previous treatment (p < 0.05). In this trial, side effects were uncommon and not different between placebo and the tested drug. One case of hepatitis in the ranitidine treated group was presumed on the evidence to be non-A non-B. Ranitidine is effective and appears to be safe in the treatment of duodenal ulcer and its symptoms.

No description available.

INTRODUÇÃO: A técnica de ESD (Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection) é um procedimento endoscópico de grande complexidade, com alto índice de complicações e dificuldades técnicas. Para superar este problema, muitos centros de treinamento em endoscopia vêm publicando a aplicabilidade dos modelos animais para a aquisição de competência em ESD. Em todas as publicações sobre o assunto, a habilidade do aluno é acompanhada pela evolução de variáveis como o tempo de ressecção, ressecção em bloco e complicações tais como sangramento e perfuração; entretanto a profundidade de ressecção nunca foi utilizada como parâmetro de aprendizagem, o que pode ser um fator relevante a ser ensinado, dado que atingir o plano de dissecção ideal é de suma importância para uma ressecção curativa e na prevenção de complicações intraoperatórias. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o aprendizado em ESD em treinamentos de curta duração através da avaliação da profundidade de submucosa ressecada; e sua associação com complicações. MÉTODOS: estudo experimental; incluídos 25 endoscopistas com experiência em procedimentos terapêuticos ( > 5anos) e 75 peças ressecadas por ESD sendo uma média de 3 resseções por endoscopista. Os parâmetros de aprendizagem (tempo de ressecção, tamanho, taxa de ressecção em bloco, sangramento, perfuração e análise histológica da camada submucosa) foram prospectivamente avaliados. Antes, durante e ao final do treinamento os participantes foram submetidos a um questionário sobre a dificuldade e insegurança em realizar o procedimento. RESULTADOS: Todas as ressecções foram realizadas no corpo gástrico (n=75). O tamanho médio das peças ressecadas foi de 23,97 ± 7,2 mm. O número de complicações como sangramento, perfuração e morte foram respectivamente, 17 (22,67%), 3 (4%) e 0 casos. Na terceira dissecção, tempo médio do procedimento diminuiu de 28,44 ± 9,73 para 18,72 ± 8,81 minutos (p < 0,001). Quando comparada a primeira com a terceira dissecção houve uma diminuição significativa na taxa de sangramento (p=0,047) em contraste com a percentagem de submucosa ressecada que foi aumentando progressivamente quando comparada a primeira (53.5 ± 23.76%), segunda (61.8±26.47%) e terceira (69.82 ± 27.86) dissecção (p=0,073). O número de participantes que se sentiam inseguros diminuiu de 100(IC95%: 83,88-100) para 32(IC95%: 17,18-51,78), (p < 0,001). O grupo que teve sangramento durante o procedimento ressecou 37,97±21,13% da camada submucosa e o grupo sem sangramento ressecou 68,66±23,99%, demonstrando uma associação significante entre a profundidade de dissecção submucosa e a incidência de sangramento (p < 0,001). De acordo com a análise de curva ROC, o valor de corte da profundidade de submucosa ressecada para a ocorrência de sangramento é de 61%(64% sensibilidade, 94% especificidade), logo quando o ESD é realizado em uma profundidade maior do que 61% da camada submucosa o risco de sangramento durante o procedimento diminui (VPP=0,97; IC95%:0,85-0,99). CONCLUSÃO: O modelo de treinamento de curta duração possibilitou um aprendizado da técnica de ESD mostrando uma melhora cognitiva dos alunos já na terceira dissecção através de parâmetros como tempo de ressecção, diminuição dos casos de sangramento, um menor nível de insegurança e um maior percentual de submucosa ressecada comprovada na análise histológica. Existe uma associação significativa entre a profundidade de ressecção da submucosa com o risco de sangramento, ou seja, quanto mais profundo a ressecção na camada submucosa menor serão os episódios de sangramento / BACKGROUND: Endoscopic submucosal dissection is a complex endoscopic technique, with several technical difficulties to overcome and potentially high complication rates. To overcome that problem many endoscopic training centers in the west have been reporting the usefulness of animal models to achieve some expertise. In most of these reports the variables used to evaluate their learning curve are resection time, complete en-bloc resection rate and complications as bleeding and perforation; however the depth of the submucosal resection has never been analyzed. That might be a relevant factor since appropriate depth of submucosal dissection is important to a curative resection and prevent intraoperative complications which could be a very important concept to be taught during ESD training. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between the depth of submucosal resection with the learning curve in ESD and their complications. METHODS: Twenty-five senior endoscopists with experience in therapeutic procedures ( > 5years) undergone seventy-five en bloc ESDs in live porcine models. Each participant did at least 3 endoscopic resections. The learning curve parameters (procedure time, specimen size, en-bloc resection rate, perforation, bleeding and histological analysis of the submucosal layer) were prospectively evaluated. During and after each procedure the participants were submitted into a questionnaire about difficulties and insecurities in doing this procedure. RESULTS: ESDs were all completed at the gastric body (n=75). Medium sizes of the specimens resected were 23.97 ± 7.2 mm. Complication as bleeding, perforation and death were seen respectively in 17 (22.67%), 3 (4%) and 0 cases. After the third ESD, procedure mean time has progressively reduced from 28.44 ± 9.73 to 18.72±8.81 minutes (p < 0.001). Bleeding rate were significantly lower when comparing the first to the third resection (p=0.047) and the depth of submucosal resection, in contrast, has increased when comparing the first (53.5±23.76%), second (61.8±26.47%) and third (69.82±27.86) dissection (p=0.073). Results of the questionnaire showed that participants felt increasingly less insecure from the first (95%CI: 100(83.88-100)) until the third (95%CI: 32(17.18-51.78)) ESD procedure (p < 0.001). The group that had bleeding during the procedure resected 37.97±21.13% of the submucosal layer and the non-bleeding group resected 68.66±23.99%, showing a significant association between the depth of submucosal dissection and the incidence of bleeding (p < 0.001). According to the ROC curve analysis, the resulting cutoff value of the submucosal dissection depth for bleeding is 61 %( 64% sensitivity, 94% specificity). When ESD is done deeper than 61% of the submucosal layer the risk of bleeding decreases during the procedure (PPV=0.97, 95%CI: 0.85-0.99). CONCLUSION: The short term ESD training course in live porcine models made a significant improvement on ESD skills regarding on resection time, bleeding rate, insecurity and increased depth of submucosal resection. Association between the depths of submucosal resection with the incidence of bleeding might be significant, which means that deeper in the submucosal layer undergoes the procedure; lower will be the risk of bleeding

A live animal model of major haemorrhage using an implanted short gastric artery was devised to test the efficacy and safety of these endo-suture devices in vivo. Pulsatile arterial bleeding was successfully reproduced in eight pigs' stomachs through incision of the pre-buried vessels. Endoscopic suturing controlled the bleeding in all animals without obvious complications. The mean operating time with the Eagle Claw V was statistically shorter than that with the Eagle Claw II machine (3.6 verse 13.8 minutes, p&lt;0.001). / A vessel-perfusion-manometry system was first established incorporating porcine stomach and splenic artery with the Erlangen model. / From these investigations, it is concluded that (1) Both the vessel-perfusion-manometry system and the animal arterial haemorrhage model are reliable, reproducible and realistic methods suitable for endoscopic experiment in the laboratory settings. (2) Either three-throw knot tied endoscopically or intracorporeal endo-loop ligation can secure vessels as large as 2mm in diameter enduring flow pressure greater than 200 mmHg. (3) It is possible to control massive arterial bleeding in stomach with endoscopic suturing using the novel apparatus with a curved needle. (4) The Eagle Claw V represents significant improvement over previous version, and is associated with ease of operation and higher security, which brings the technique closer to clinical applications. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / Peptic ulcer remains the most common cause of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Existing endoscopic haemostatic modalities cannot securely control massive ulcer bleeding from large eroded vessels. A well-designed endoscopic suturing device has the possibility to plicate large artery. In addition, it may provide enormous potential in other forms of endo-surgery. A novel suturing device using a curved needle, the Eagle Claw, was developed. The aims of this thesis were to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Eagle Claw II and V in arresting artificial gastric bleeding from large vessel in a laboratory setting. These devices were tested both in vitro on the bench and in vivo in live animal models. / Hu Bing. / "August 2005." / Adviser: Ng Ekw. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-07, Section: B, page: 3694. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-160). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

INTRODUÇÃO: A técnica de ESD (Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection) é um procedimento endoscópico de grande complexidade, com alto índice de complicações e dificuldades técnicas. Para superar este problema, muitos centros de treinamento em endoscopia vêm publicando a aplicabilidade dos modelos animais para a aquisição de competência em ESD. Em todas as publicações sobre o assunto, a habilidade do aluno é acompanhada pela evolução de variáveis como o tempo de ressecção, ressecção em bloco e complicações tais como sangramento e perfuração; entretanto a profundidade de ressecção nunca foi utilizada como parâmetro de aprendizagem, o que pode ser um fator relevante a ser ensinado, dado que atingir o plano de dissecção ideal é de suma importância para uma ressecção curativa e na prevenção de complicações intraoperatórias. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o aprendizado em ESD em treinamentos de curta duração através da avaliação da profundidade de submucosa ressecada; e sua associação com complicações. MÉTODOS: estudo experimental; incluídos 25 endoscopistas com experiência em procedimentos terapêuticos ( > 5anos) e 75 peças ressecadas por ESD sendo uma média de 3 resseções por endoscopista. Os parâmetros de aprendizagem (tempo de ressecção, tamanho, taxa de ressecção em bloco, sangramento, perfuração e análise histológica da camada submucosa) foram prospectivamente avaliados. Antes, durante e ao final do treinamento os participantes foram submetidos a um questionário sobre a dificuldade e insegurança em realizar o procedimento. RESULTADOS: Todas as ressecções foram realizadas no corpo gástrico (n=75). O tamanho médio das peças ressecadas foi de 23,97 ± 7,2 mm. O número de complicações como sangramento, perfuração e morte foram respectivamente, 17 (22,67%), 3 (4%) e 0 casos. Na terceira dissecção, tempo médio do procedimento diminuiu de 28,44 ± 9,73 para 18,72 ± 8,81 minutos (p < 0,001). Quando comparada a primeira com a terceira dissecção houve uma diminuição significativa na taxa de sangramento (p=0,047) em contraste com a percentagem de submucosa ressecada que foi aumentando progressivamente quando comparada a primeira (53.5 ± 23.76%), segunda (61.8±26.47%) e terceira (69.82 ± 27.86) dissecção (p=0,073). O número de participantes que se sentiam inseguros diminuiu de 100(IC95%: 83,88-100) para 32(IC95%: 17,18-51,78), (p < 0,001). O grupo que teve sangramento durante o procedimento ressecou 37,97±21,13% da camada submucosa e o grupo sem sangramento ressecou 68,66±23,99%, demonstrando uma associação significante entre a profundidade de dissecção submucosa e a incidência de sangramento (p < 0,001). De acordo com a análise de curva ROC, o valor de corte da profundidade de submucosa ressecada para a ocorrência de sangramento é de 61%(64% sensibilidade, 94% especificidade), logo quando o ESD é realizado em uma profundidade maior do que 61% da camada submucosa o risco de sangramento durante o procedimento diminui (VPP=0,97; IC95%:0,85-0,99). CONCLUSÃO: O modelo de treinamento de curta duração possibilitou um aprendizado da técnica de ESD mostrando uma melhora cognitiva dos alunos já na terceira dissecção através de parâmetros como tempo de ressecção, diminuição dos casos de sangramento, um menor nível de insegurança e um maior percentual de submucosa ressecada comprovada na análise histológica. Existe uma associação significativa entre a profundidade de ressecção da submucosa com o risco de sangramento, ou seja, quanto mais profundo a ressecção na camada submucosa menor serão os episódios de sangramento / BACKGROUND: Endoscopic submucosal dissection is a complex endoscopic technique, with several technical difficulties to overcome and potentially high complication rates. To overcome that problem many endoscopic training centers in the west have been reporting the usefulness of animal models to achieve some expertise. In most of these reports the variables used to evaluate their learning curve are resection time, complete en-bloc resection rate and complications as bleeding and perforation; however the depth of the submucosal resection has never been analyzed. That might be a relevant factor since appropriate depth of submucosal dissection is important to a curative resection and prevent intraoperative complications which could be a very important concept to be taught during ESD training. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between the depth of submucosal resection with the learning curve in ESD and their complications. METHODS: Twenty-five senior endoscopists with experience in therapeutic procedures ( > 5years) undergone seventy-five en bloc ESDs in live porcine models. Each participant did at least 3 endoscopic resections. The learning curve parameters (procedure time, specimen size, en-bloc resection rate, perforation, bleeding and histological analysis of the submucosal layer) were prospectively evaluated. During and after each procedure the participants were submitted into a questionnaire about difficulties and insecurities in doing this procedure. RESULTS: ESDs were all completed at the gastric body (n=75). Medium sizes of the specimens resected were 23.97 ± 7.2 mm. Complication as bleeding, perforation and death were seen respectively in 17 (22.67%), 3 (4%) and 0 cases. After the third ESD, procedure mean time has progressively reduced from 28.44 ± 9.73 to 18.72±8.81 minutes (p < 0.001). Bleeding rate were significantly lower when comparing the first to the third resection (p=0.047) and the depth of submucosal resection, in contrast, has increased when comparing the first (53.5±23.76%), second (61.8±26.47%) and third (69.82±27.86) dissection (p=0.073). Results of the questionnaire showed that participants felt increasingly less insecure from the first (95%CI: 100(83.88-100)) until the third (95%CI: 32(17.18-51.78)) ESD procedure (p < 0.001). The group that had bleeding during the procedure resected 37.97±21.13% of the submucosal layer and the non-bleeding group resected 68.66±23.99%, showing a significant association between the depth of submucosal dissection and the incidence of bleeding (p < 0.001). According to the ROC curve analysis, the resulting cutoff value of the submucosal dissection depth for bleeding is 61 %( 64% sensitivity, 94% specificity). When ESD is done deeper than 61% of the submucosal layer the risk of bleeding decreases during the procedure (PPV=0.97, 95%CI: 0.85-0.99). CONCLUSION: The short term ESD training course in live porcine models made a significant improvement on ESD skills regarding on resection time, bleeding rate, insecurity and increased depth of submucosal resection. Association between the depths of submucosal resection with the incidence of bleeding might be significant, which means that deeper in the submucosal layer undergoes the procedure; lower will be the risk of bleeding

Objectives: Optical and technical characteristics usually do not allow objective endoscopic distance measurements. So far no standardized method for endoscopic distance measurement is available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of transoral airway measurements with a multipoint-laser endoscope. Methods: The semirigid endoscope includes a multipoint laser measurement system that projects 49 laser points (wavelength 639 nm, power < 5mW) into the optical axis of the endoscopic view. Distances, areas, and depths can be measured in real-time. Transoral endoscopic airway measurements were performed on nine human cadavers, which were correlated with CT measurements. Results: The preliminary experiment showed an optimum distance between the endoscope tip and the object of 5 to 6 cm. There was a mean measurement error of 3.26% ± 2.53%. A Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.95 (

This dissertation looks at motor control in speech production. Two specific questions emerging from the speech motor control literature are studied: the question of articulatory versus acoustic motor control targets, and the question of whether prosodic linguistic variables are controlled in the same way as segmental linguistic variables. In the first study, I test the utility of whispered speech as a tool for addressing the question of articulatory or acoustic motor control targets. Research has been done probing both sides of this question. The case for articulatory specifications is developed in depth in the Articulatory Phonology framework of Haskins researchers (eg. Browman & Goldstein 2000), based on the task-dynamic model of control presented by Saltzman & Kelso (1987). The case for acoustic specifications is developed in the work of Perkell and others (eg Perkell, Matthies, Svirsky & Jordan 1993, Guenther, Espy-Wilson, Boyce, Matthies, Zandipour & Perkell 1999, Perkell, Guenther, Lane, Matthies, Perrier, Vick,Wilhelms-Tricarico & Zandipour 2000). It has also been suggested that some productions are governed by articulatory targets while others are governed by acoustic targets (Ladefoged 2005). This study involves two experiments. In the first, I make endoscopic video recordings of the larynx during the production of phonological voicing contrasts in normal and whispered speech. I discovered that the glottal aperture differences between voiced obstruents (ie, /d) and voiceless obstruents (ie, /t) in normal speech was preserved in whispered speech. Of particular interest was the observation that phonologically voiced obstruents tended to exhibit a narrower glottal aperture in whisper than vowels, which are also phonologically voiced. This suggests that the motor control targets of voicing is different for vowels than for voiced obstruents. A perceptual experiment on the speech material elicited in the endoscopic recordings elicited judgements to see whether listeners could discriminate phonological voicing in whisper, in the absence of non-laryngeal cues such as duration. I found that perceptual discrimination in whisper, while lower than that for normal speech, was significantly above chance. Together, the perceptual and the production data suggest that whispered speech removes neither the acoustic nor the articulatory distinction between phonologically voiced and voiceless segments. Whisper is therefore not a useful tool for probing the question of articulatory versus acoustic motor control targets. In the second study, I look at the multiple parameters contributing to relative prominence, to see whether they are controlled in a qualitatively similar way to the parameters observed in bite block studies to contribute to labial closure or vowel height. I vary prominence by eliciting nuclear accents with a contrastive and a non-contrastive reading. Prominence in this manipulation is found to be signalled by f0 peak, accented syllable duration, and peak amplitude, but not by vowel de-centralization or spectral tilt. I manipulate the contribution of f0 in two ways. The first is by eliciting the contrastive and non-contrastive readings in questions rather than statements. This reduces the f0 difference between the two readings. The second is by eliciting the contrastive and non-contrastive readings in whispered speech, thus removing the acoustic f0 information entirely. In the first manipulation, I find that the contributions of both duration and amplitude to signalling contrast are reduced in parallel with the f0 contribution. This is a qualitatively different behaviour from all other motor control studies; generally, when one variable is manipulated, others either act to compensate or do not react at all. It would seem, then, that this prosodic variable is controlled in a different manner from other speech motor targets that have been examined. In the whisper manipulation, I find no response in duration or amplitude to the manipulation of f0. This result suggests that, like in the endoscopy study, perhaps whisper is not an effective means of perturbing laryngeal articulations.