The importance of energy conservation in all the aspects of energy production, transportation, distribution and utilisation should not be underestimated. A special attention to that is paid since the oil crisis in 70’s of the last century. Today energy efficiency has increased considerably, but there is still a potential for energy savings. This potential is widely spread in power plants, energy supply systems, factories, plants, agricultural and residential facilities.   In the countries in transition, such as former socialist countries, energy saving policies have started not so long time ago and a lot of work is to be done in order to improve energy efficiency and approach the level of developed countries. In Moldova, the energy sector is one of the most problematic parts of the national economy. 98% of the primary energy resources are imported, which complicates very much energy security in the state. Some internal problems, such as lack of investments in the sector, old and inefficient facilities, uncontrolled and unpaid energy consumption, internal social and political instability create additional difficulties in improving this situation. Industry and residential sector consume the highest amount of the supplied energy. It is obvious that improved energy efficiency in these sectors could lead to big energy savings. Reduction in energy consumption will favourably influence the impact of the energy sector on the environment.   The present work aims at identifying energy saving potential in the industrial and residential facilities in Moldova. Interdependence between energy and environment, the positive influence of reduced energy consumption on the environment is shown. Future development strategies and energy resources potential are also discussed.   A brief history overview of Moldova and of the energy sector development are presented for a better understanding of the particularities and reasons of the present situation. This is followed by a description of the energy sector in Moldova, its infrastructure and economy, the problems to pass and energy security objectives. In the following part, energy and environment issues are discussed and the way energy conservation influences environmental impact. Environmental aspects of energy use, policy, legislation and institutions in Moldova are also described. Energy Conservation Programme is presented concluding this part.   Energy utilisation sector, with deeper analysis of industrial and residential parts is overviewed in the main part of the study. Energy conservation measures are discussed in case studies and the energy savings potential is shown.   Scenarios and strategies for future development of the energy system of Moldova are described as a result of the study. Conclusions and further work suggestions are made.

Efficient use of resources and utility is the key to reduce the price of the commodities produced in any industry. This in turn would lead to reduced price of the commodity which is the key to success. Sustainability involves integration of all the three dimensions: environmental, economic and social. Sustainable manufacturing involves the use of sustainable processes and systems to produce better sustainable products. These products will be more attractive, and the industry will know more about the climate impact from their production. Manufacturing companies use a considerable amount of energy in their production processes. One important area to understand the sustainability level at these types of industries is to study this energy use. The present work studies energy use in a large-scale tool manufacturing company in Sweden. Value Stream Mapping method is implemented for the purpose of mapping the energy use in the different operations. To complement this, an energy audit has been conducted, which is a method that include a study and analysis of a facility, indicating possible areas of improvements by reducing energy use and saving energy costs. This presents an opportunity for the company to implement energy efficiency measures, thus generating positive impacts through budget savings. Less energy use is also good for the environment resulting in less greenhouse gas emissions level. This also helps in long-term strategic planning and initiatives to assess the required needs and stabilize energy use for the long run. Social sustainability completes the triad along with environmental and economic sustainability. In this study, the social sustainability is reflected with the company’s relationship with its working professionals by conducting a survey. The sustainable manufacturing potential found in the case study indicates that significant progress can be made in the three sustainability dimensions. Although, the scope of the thesis is limited to a tool manufacturing company, several of the findings could be implemented in other tool companies as well as industries belonging to other sectors. / <p>The thesis is a joint report between Linköping and Uppsala University. My thesis teammate has published it before at UU Diva Portal. The URL is: https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?dswid=8179&amp;pid=diva2%3A1449223&amp;c=1&amp;searchType=SIMPLE&amp;language=en&amp;query=sustainable+manufacturing&amp;af=%5B%22dateIssued%3A2020%22%5D&amp;aq=%5B%5B%5D%5D&amp;aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&amp;aqe=%5B%5D&amp;noOfRows=50&amp;sortOrder=author_sort_asc&amp;sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&amp;onlyFullText=false&amp;sf=undergraduate</p><p> </p> / Green Factory project, AB Sandvik Coromant

As energy cost and climate change become increasingly prevalent concerns in the planning world, more and more jurisdictions are creating energy efficiency and climate action plans. As of 2011, over 120 cities and counties around the United States had already completed climate action plans (Boswell, Greve, & Seale, 2012, p. 24). A major factor in reducing energy use, and subsequently greenhouse gas emissions, is in making buildings more energy efficient. According to the EPA, buildings account for 36 percent of overall energy use in the United States (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013). Although many of these plans set target energy reduction levels for buildings, the process for actually meeting these goal levels is often disorganized, cost-prohibited, and behind schedule. In order to meet energy reduction goals, a jurisdiction must first establish a system for tracking and monitoring energy use, pinpointing areas in needs of improvements, and sharing this information with decision makers. Energy Star’s Portfolio Manager benchmarking system provides a tool for public workers and building managers to meet these needs. The County of San Luis Obispo’s climate action and energy reduction plan, titled the EnergyWise Plan (2011), sets a goal for the County’s municipal buildings to reduce their energy use by 20 percent from 2006 levels by the year 2020 (pg. 171). This report uses the Portfolio Manager Tool to analyze the current energy use of the County’s municipal buildings, pinpointing the areas most in need of further examination in order to meet the EnergyWise Plan’s goal. The report concludes with an audit and retrofit implementation plan for the County’s top energy users, as well as a set of recommendations to improve the County’s overall energy use which include: 1. Organization and collaboration between departments should be encouraged, in order to more efficiently share data. 2. Yearly reports should be produced as a measure of progress towards meeting 2020 reduction levels. 3. Efforts should be focused on audits and retrofits of the twelve selected buildings first, followed by analysis and audits in the remaining County buildings. 4. The Public Protection Department’s energy use levels should be monitored and improved when feasible. 5. Those buildings that are Energy Star qualified should apply for certification. 6. The County should continue to seek funding sources for implementing audits and retrofits.

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The industrial sector accounts for almost 40 % of the Swedish energy use and in order to meet the EU’s 2020 targets, an efficient production of high quality and great finish goods are more and more in demand. Moreover, it is important to develop the activities with the lowest environmental impact possible.  The energy audit process is an effective tool to achieve it. Thus, in this document the energy audit of an industrial company, Automat Industrier in Gävle, Sweden, was carried out. The energy balance of the building and the potential energy efficiency measures were analyzed with the IDA ICE simulation. The proposed energy retrofitting was apropos of the building envelope, the lighting system, the ventilation system and the installation of a PV system on the roof of the building. The survey indicated that the potential energy savings of the company accounted for 62.5 % of the current electricity use and 48.8 % of the current DH use if all the proposed ameliorations were performed. The main promoter of the electricity savings is the installation of the PV system, with 85 % of influence. Almost 90 % of the DH savings are due to the measures in the ventilation system. Financially, these savings can reach the amounts of 531 597 SEK/year for electricity and 174 201 SEK/year for DH. Nevertheless, the ameliorations regarding the building envelope have very long payback periods. Thus, it was recommended to not pursue them. Fortunately, the energy efficiency measures providing the greatest savings’ payback periods are between 3.47 years and 10.22 years long. As they are independent from each other, the owner has the freedom to decide whether to apply them or not and when if so.

Energieffektivisering har länge varit och blir alltmer aktuell, dels för att främja social, ekonomisk och miljömässig hållbarhet, dels för att motverka den rådande energikrisen i Europa. 2014 beslutades det om Lag (2014:266) om energikartläggning i stora företag. Lagen innebär att företag som årligen omsätter mer än 50 miljoner euro och är fler än 250 anställda ska göra en energikartläggning var fjärde år. Foria AB omsätter årligen mer än 50 miljoner euro och blev under 2022 fler än 250 anställda vilket resulterar i att företaget omfattas av Lag (2014:266). Syftet med examensarbetet är identifiera vilka styrkor och svagheter som energikartläggningar har samt att genomföra en energikartläggning över Foria AB:s energikrävande aktiviteter enligt kategorierna transport, verksamhet och byggnader och identifiera energieffektiviserande åtgärder i enlighet med Lag (2014:266). Energikartläggningen är genomförd enligt ISO 50001 standarden vilket bland annat kräver ett kontinuerligt arbete med energifrågan. Ett kontinuerligt arbete med energifrågan har visat sig ha större positiv effekt av företags energieffektivisering i jämförelse med om det är en engångsprocedur. Energikartläggningen är baserad på data om energianvändningen i form av tankad mängd drivmedel, el- och värmefakturor samt schablonberäkningar där data inte är tillgängliga. Resultatet av energikartläggningen visar att Forias transporter utgör den största energiposten med ett energibehov på 22,1 GWh under 2022, följt av byggnader som hade ett energibehov på 0,97 GWh och verksamhet med ett energibehov på 0,51 GWh. Vid utarbetandet av de energieffektiviserande åtgärderna togs beslutet att fokusera på transporter i sin helhet, samt byggnaderna och tillhörande verksamheter vid tre olika platskontor. De energieffektiviserande åtgärder som identifierades inom litteraturen och i samband med intervjuer med Foria AB:s anställda inom transportkategorin är att köra mer sparsamt, installera GPS:er i fordonen för att kunna trafikleda mer effektivt samt att nyttja ett mjukvaruprogram vid trafikledning. Bland dessa energibesparingsåtgärder identifierades överexponeringar och överlappande åtgärder på grund av bristfälliga data, vilka är några av de svagheterna som finns med energikartläggningar. Energieffektiviserande åtgärder inom kategorin byggnader är att behovsanpassa underhållsystem, optimera nyttjandet av lokaler i syfte att minska värme- och ventilationsbehovet samt byta ut och renovera ineffektiva värmesystem. De energibesparande åtgärder som ger störst andel sparad energi är samtliga åtgärder inom transport. Trots att den exakta besparingen inte kunnat fastställas görs bedömningen att det finns potential till energibesparing då både litteraturen och känslighetsanalysen tyder på det. För att få mer exakta resultat av energianvändningen och energibesparingen behöver mer data samlas in. Trots att datainsamlingen delvis är baserad på schablonberäkningar, att svagheter identifierats och de energieffektiviserande åtgärderna är baserade på förväntad andel sparad energi bedöms energikartläggningen ge en tillräckligt representativ bild av energibehovet samt att Foria AB har god potential till energieffektivisering genom att implementera de föreslagna åtgärderna. / To be energy efficiency is increasingly relevant, partly to promote social, economic, and environmental sustainability, and partly to counteract the ongoing energy crisis in Europe. In 2014, the Law (2014:266) on Energy Mapping in Large Companies was enacted. The law stipulates that companies that has an annual turnover of more than 50 million euros and have more than 250 employees must conduct an energy mapping every four years. In 2022, the transportation company Foria AB exceeded 250 employees, had an annual turnover of more than 50 million euros, and is therefore subject to Law (2014:266). The purpose of the thesis is to identify strengths and weaknesses of energy audits and to conduct an energy mapping of Foria AB's energy-intensive activities in the categories of transportation, operations, and buildings, and identify energy efficiency measures in accordance with Law (2014:266).  The energy audit has been conducted according to the ISO 50001 standards, which, among other things, requires ongoing work with the energy related questions. Continuous efforts in addressing energy issues have been found to have a greater impact on a company’s energy efficiency compared to a one-time procedure. The energy audit is based on data regarding fuel consumption, electricity, and heat invoices, as well as default calculations where real data was unavailable. The result of the energy audit revealed that Foria's transportations are the largest energy expenditure, with an energy demand of 22.1 GWh in 2022, followed by buildings with an energy demand of 0.97 GWh and operations with 0.51 GWh. When identifying the energy efficiency measures, the decision was made to focus on transportation, as well as the buildings and associated operations at three different branch offices. The energy efficiency measures were identified in the literature and through interviews with employees at Foria AB. For the transportation category this resulted in driving more efficiently, installing GPS systems in vehicles for more efficient traffic management, and utilizing software programs for traffic control. Energy efficiency measures for buildings include adapting maintenance systems to actual needs, optimizing space utilization to reduce heating and ventilation requirements, and replacing and renovating inefficient heating systems. The energy-saving measures that result in the largest proportion of saved energy are all within transportation. Although the exact savings couldn't be determined, the assessment is that there is potential for energy savings, as both the literature and sensitivity analysis suggest. To obtain more precise results regarding energy consumption and energy savings, more data needs to be collected. Although the data is partly based on default calculations, that weaknesses were identified, and the energy efficiency measures are based on expected energy savings, the energy mapping is deemed to provide a sufficiently representative picture of the energy demand and that Foria AB has good potential for energy efficiency by implementing the proposed measures.

Energy audit and calculation strategies for energy flows in buildings: a case study of Vallongatan 1   This thesis involves an energy audit of a building with offices and laboratories in Uppsala, Sweden. The calculations are performed in Microsoft Excel and were later used as the basis for developing calculation strategies for similar, future, energy audits.   The building was erected in the early 1990s and the heating requirement of just above 700 MWh is covered by district heating from the city network. The total gross floor area is about 8400 m2 and is served by an air conditioning system consisting of seven ventilation units with rotary heat exchangers, heating and cooling coils, as well as water radiators throughout the building.   No significant improvement measures have been implemented since the construction, and the building therefore has a potential to improve its energy performance. The report addresses a number of measures that could be taken, as well as an evaluation of each one. The most economically viable of these would be to clean the rotary heat exchangers, which is deemed to have a potential to save about 70 MWh or 48 700 SEK annually. In comparison to the estimated cost of between 35 000 and 42 000 SEK this is likely to become profitable as early as the first year.   The calculation templates that were developed cover three different building standards, these are categorized as low, improved and advanced standard. Here, the desired areas and types of activities are typed in easily for either individual rooms or entire offices or buildings. The templates provide estimates regarding power and energy needs for heating and comfort cooling, recommended air flows, heat development and dissipation as well as carbon dioxide concentration in the room air.

Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Kyle Riding / Over the past few years, state governments and entities have become concerned with energy consumption and efficiency at their facilities. The Department of Energy has become increasingly involved in energy code enforcement, and has established initiatives to help states monitor and improve energy consumption. In order to reduce energy consumption and increase building efficiency, facilities must be compared to a baseline building and changes made accordingly. The thesis objectives are to establish a process that all states and state-funded facilities can follow that determines the baseline, establish an energy auditing procedure, and recommend monitoring techniques. In addition, this report documents a procedure developed to make recommendations for improvements and select building and equipment upgrades based and return on investment calculations. The procedures and processes established are designed so that any employee, especially non-engineers, can accomplish changes that will improve facility energy efficiency. In order to develop simplified energy auditing procedures for large and dispersed organizations, a literature review of prevalent energy codes and standards was conducted, as well as documents outlining energy audit procedures. An energy audit workbook outlining a simplified auditing procedure was created. Six KDOT facilities were audited using the procedure as part of the case study. The audit results were then used to determine practical economic calculations and determine viable improvements that reduce energy consumption. As a result of this research and case study, a simplified energy audit procedure was created. This procedure was developed to include selecting a baseline of requirements, conducting an energy audit, and selecting viable improvements using economics. All of these procedures are able to be executed by any state employee, specifically those at the facilities who may not be engineers.

International experience indicates that energy labelling programmes are rapidly evolving as a valuable tool for energy efficiency awareness and practice in the built environment. Four years after the launch of the South African labelling programme, Green Buildings for Africa (GBfA), it became evident that implementation was not successful. This study evaluates the contribution of a range of factors towards the sustained implementation and uptake of energy labelling programmes for commercial buildings based on a comparative appraisal of relevant international case studies and the GBfA. The analytical process is based on three types of energy labelling categories (mandatory energy audit, voluntary energy audit and voluntary benchmarking scheme) and two categories of factors (contextual and programme-specific). The key finding is that government involvement and support is critical, if not a prerequisite, for successful roll-out of an energy labelling programme. Key recommendation is that a local programme be initially based on a voluntary benchmark programme approach.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Henrique Lawder.pdf: 1684315 bytes, checksum: baa427ab3ae9e5eba4e83d240cb1e26f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-03 / This research constituted a case study related to an energy audit that was done in the Laticínios Guaíra Ltda company, a dairy producer industrial entity, located at Guaira city, western Paraná. Located in a region of high average temperatures in the summer season, the company needs to generate large-scale cold for dairy food production and preservation produced. This motivated us to do a close study about the transformation of energy within the company, plus a full diagnosis of end uses of the company such as driving force, cooling and lighting. The strategy of this work was to monitor the company's production process, indicating points of possible improvements in the work methodology of the unit. At the end of the study an analysis of technical and economic viability showed to the owners of the organization which actions could be able to take effect and the financial gain realized with these measures. The main results obtained with the recommendations of this audit were the reduction of 11.490,50 kWh per month in electricity consumption of the company, representing a monthly savings of R$ 2.191,35 in electricity bills. The conclusion of the study confirmed the economic viability of energy efficiency measures presented by replacing lamps and motors with more efficient ones. The discounted payback values of thirty months, the internal rate of return of 3.93% a month and cost-benefit ratio of 0.30 justify the economic feasibility of the proposed conservation measures. / Este trabalho de pesquisa se constituiu num estudo de caso referente a uma Auditoria Energética que se efetuou na empresa Laticínios Guaíra Ltda, entidade industrial produtora de alimentos lácteos, localizada na cidade de Guaíra, Extremo- Oeste paranaense. Localizada numa região de altas temperaturas médias na estação de verão, a empresa necessita gerar frio em grande escala para produção e conservação dos alimentos lácteos produzidos. Isto motivou a fazer um estudo minucioso sobre a transformação de energia dentro da empresa, além de um completo diagnóstico dos usos finais da empresa, tais como: força motriz, refrigeração e iluminação. A estratégia deste trabalho consistiu em acompanhar o processo produtivo da empresa, indicando pontos de possíveis melhorias na metodologia de trabalho da unidade. Ao final do estudo, uma análise de viabilidade técnica e econômica mostrou aos proprietários da empresa as ações que poderiam ser efetivadas e o ganho financeiro auferido com estas medidas. Um dos principais resultados obtidos com as recomendações desta auditoria foi a redução de 11.490,50 kWh por mês no consumo de energia elétrica da empresa, representando uma economia mensal de R$ 2.191,35 na fatura de eletricidade. A conclusão do estudo confirmou a viabilidade econômica das medidas de eficiência energética apresentadas, através da substituição das lâmpadas e motores por outros mais eficientes. Os valores do payback descontado de trinta meses, a taxa interna de retorno de 3,93% ao mês e a relação custo-benefício de 0,30 justificam a viabilidade econômica das medidas de conservação propostas.