Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cleison_de_Souza.pdf: 1475134 bytes, checksum: 9e2a396d9018cd92e2a098c15c6e15d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study was accomplished with the objective of determine the chemical composition, the energy values and evaluate the inclusion of crude glycerin (CG) on the performance, blood parameters, carcass characteristics and quality of broiler bed. For that two metabolism trials were accomplished, where in both birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with a reference diet (0% CG) and three test diets (substitution 5, 10 and 15% of the RR per CG), totaling four treatments with five replicates, ten birds per experimental unit in the first trial and five birds in the second. In the first trial 200 male Cobb-500 broiler chicks (11-to-21 days old) were used. In the second trial, 100 male Cobb-500 broiler chicks (31-to-41 days old) were used. The trial period lasted ten days, five days of adaptation and five days of collect. Subsequently the samples of feces were dried in forced-air oven at 55°C, subjected to analysis of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE) and nitrogen. After, the energy values by Matterson method and the Adeola were determined. The chemical composition of CG was 90.3% DM, 88.1% glycerol, 0.20% crude protein, 3,591 kcal kg-1 of GE, 3.76% methanol, 5.3% of raw mineral oil, 0.98% sodium, 0.03% potassium in the natural matter. The mean values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), metabolization coefficient of EB (CMAGE) and corrected for nitrogen balance (CMAGEn) CG, in natural matter, for the phase from 11 to 21 days by Matterson method were 2,408 kcal kg-1, 2,397 kcal kg-1, 67.06% and 66.74%, respectively. In the phase 31 to 41 days of age, were 2,479 kcal kg-1, 2,452 kcal kg-1, 69.02% and 62.24%, respectively. According to Adeola method, AMEn value estimated was 2,505 kg-1 kcal for the trial I and 2,431 kcal kg-1 for test II. In trial of performance the birds were distributed in a completely randomized design. Six treatments (GB inclusion levels: 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9%) were used in the initial phase, eight replicates and 22 birds per experimental unit. In the growth phase each treatment used in the initial phase was dismembered in two treatments. For evaluation of blood parameters at 21 and 42 days old, four birds each were fasted for 6 hours, for blood brachial puncture. At 42 days old, four birds per treatment were slaughtered to determine carcass yield, breast, thigh, drumstick, wing, back, liver, gizzard and abdominal fat, determination of carcass composition and evaluation of meat quality. The inclusion of 5, 7 and 9 GB% resulted in a higher weight average end (WAE) and weight gain (WG) compared to the control at the stage of 1 to 21 days of age. The group that received CG total period (1-42 days) showed higher WAE and WG, and lower feed intake and feed conversion compared with the group receiving only CG up to 21 days old. By F test, differences were observed for cholesterol and ALT, and the group that received dietary CG to 21 showed the highest concentration compared to birds that received up to 42 days. From 1 to 21 days of age and total period (1 to 42 days), the crude glycerin can be included in the diets of broiler chickens to the level of 9% / Esse estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a composição química, os valores energéticos e avaliar a inclusão de glicerina bruta (GB) sobre o desempenho, parâmetros sanguíneos, características de carcaça e qualidade da cama de frangos de corte. Para isso foram realizados dois ensaios de metabolismo e um de desempenho. Nos ensaios de metabolismo as aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com uma ração referência (0% de GB) e três rações testes (substituição de 5, 10 e 15% da RR por GB), totalizando quatro tratamentos, com cinco repetições, dez aves por unidade experimental no primeiro ensaio e cinco aves no segundo. No ensaio I foram utilizados 200 pintos de corte machos, de 11 a 21 dias de idade, já no ensaio II utilizou-se 100 pintos de corte machos, de 31 a 41 dias de idade. O período experimental teve duração de dez dias, sendo cinco dias de adaptação e cinco dias de coleta. Posteriormente, as amostras de excreta foram secas em estufa de circulação forçada de ar a 55ºC, submetidas à análise de matéria seca (MS), energia bruta (EB) e nitrogênio. Após, foram determinados os valores energéticos pelo método de Matterson e o de Adeola. A composição química da GB foi de 90,3% de MS, 88,1% de glicerol, 0,20% de proteína bruta, 3.591 kcal kg-1 de EB, 3,76% de metanol, 5,3% de matéria mineral, 0,98% de sódio, 0,03% de potássio, na matéria natural. Os valores médios de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), EMA corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da EB (CMAEB) e o corrigido para o balanço de nitrogênio (CMAEBn) da GB, na matéria natural, para a fase de 11 a 21 dias pelo método de Matterson foram de 2.408 kcal kg-1, 2.397 kcal kg-1, 67,06% e 66,74%, respectivamente. Na fase de 31 a 41 dias, foram de 2.479 kcal kg-1, 2.452 kcal kg-1, 69,02% e 62,24%, respectivamente. Segundo o método de Adeola, o valor de EMAn estimado foi 2.505 kcal kg-1 para o ensaio I e 2.431 kcal kg-1 para o ensaio II. No experimento de desempenho, as aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram utilizados seis tratamentos (seis níveis de inclusão de GB: 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 e 9%) na fase inicial, oito repetições e 22 aves por unidade experimental. Na fase de crescimento, cada tratamento utilizado na fase inicial foi desmembrado em dois tratamentos. As análises de colesterol, triglicerídeos (TAG), glicose, bilirubina total, creatinina, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e GamaGT do sangue foram realizadas aos 21 e 42 dias. Aos 42 dias de idade, quatro aves por unidade experimental foram abatidas para determinação do rendimento de carcaça, peito, coxa, sobrecoxa, asa, fígado, moela, porcentagem de gordura abdominal, determinação da composição de carcaça e avaliação da qualidade da carne. A inclusão de 5, 7 e 9% de GB proporcionou um melhor ganho de peso (GP), em comparação ao tratamento controle na fase de 1 a 21 dias de idade. O grupo que recebeu GB no período total (1 a 42 dias) apresentou maior GP, e menor consumo de ração e melhor conversão alimentar comparado ao grupo que recebeu GB só até os 21 dias de idade. Pelo Teste F, foram observadas diferenças para o colesterol e ALT, sendo que o grupo que recebeu GB na dieta até os 21 apresentou maior concentração, quando comparados às aves que receberam até os 42 dias. Na fase de 1 a 21 dias de idade e no período total (1 a 42 dias), a glicerina bruta pode ser incluída nas dietas de frangos de corte até o nível de 9%

The intent of this thesis is to analyse the sustainability of producing bio-ethanol from cane molasses in Indonesia and its potential to replace gasoline in the transportation sector. A field trip was conducted in East Java, Indonesia, and data was gathered for analysis. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to analyse the net emissions and energy consumption in the process chain. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the life cycle are 17.45 gCO2e per MJ of ethanol produced. In comparison to gasoline, this results in a 78% reduction in GHG emissions in the complete process chain. Net Energy Value (NEV) and Net Renewable Energy Value (NREV) were 6.65 MJ/l and 24 MJ/l. Energy yield ratio (ER) was 9.43 MJ of ethanol per MJ of fossil energy consumed in the process. Economic allocation was chosen for allocating resources between sugar and molasses. Sensitivity analysis of various parameters was performed. The emissions and energy values are highly sensitive to sugarcane yield, ethanol yield and the price of molasses. Alternative management options were considered for optimizing the life cycle. Utilizing ethanol from all the mills in Indonesia has a potential to replace 2.3% of all motor gasoline imports. This translates in import savings of 2.3 trillion IDR per year. Use of anaerobic digestion or oxidation ponds for waste water treatment is unviable due to high costs and issues with gas leakage. Utilizing 15% of cane trash in the mill can enable grid independency. Environmental impacts due to land use change (Direct & Indirect) can be crucial in overall GHG calculations. Governmental regulation is necessary to remove current economic hurdles to aid a smoother transition towards bioethanol production and utilization. / Harnessing agricultural feedstock and residues for bioethanol production - towards a sustainable biofuel strategy in Indonesia

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

The level of fish consumption in the Czech Republic is very low. One of the possible factors influencing this situation is low awareness of the customer or consumer. The thesis "The Lipid Quality of our economically significant fish species" works with the list of nineteen economically most significant fish species not only including fish from the semi-intensive and intensive breeding, but also such species that are interesting for the consumption from the sport fishing point of view. The samples taken from particular fish were primarily used for the analysis of the fat content and fatty acid composition. The analysis established very interesting results in this field and created basis for further analysis for establishing atherogenic and thrombogenic index or for formation of nutritive values mentioned as "Big 7" (fat content and the ratio of fatty acid out of it, sacharide content and the sugar ratio in it, protein content, ash content and energy value) by particular fish species according to the regulation ES 1169/2011. The results of this work confirmed that the fat content and its composition are highly influenced by the type of ingested nourishment. The fish bred in semi-intensive way with the highest fat content are Common carp (7,62 ? 2,9 %) and Silver carp (6,87 ? 1,37 %). On the contrary the predatory fish evinced the fat content usually within 1%. The fish from extensive breeding or the types caught in sport fishing are in the fat con-tent more balanced. The fattest fish in this group is Silver Bream (5,52 ? 0,44 %) and the lowest content evinced Goldfish (1,14 ? 0,38 %). Also the species living in the aquaculture and living in the free waters as well were compared (Common carp, Rainbow trout, Peled, Tench, Wels catfish). The fatty acid composition significantly depends on the fat content. The predatory fish contain 195 - 219 mg×100 g-1, the most (p0,05) was found by the peled from the extensive breed (1048 mg×100 g-1 EPA + DHA). The participation of SFA by the most of the fish was under 30%, the content of MUFA was the highest by the Common carp (52,71 ? 7,75 %), the lowest by the European perch (18,83 ? 1,12 %). Pike, Zander and European perch contain relatively the most of PUFA, this is over 50%. All the fish species (Nile tilapia excluded) show in this study the values of atherogenic index below 0,5 and thrombogenic index below 0,4. The total energetic value was counted from the results of nutritional values presented in the "Big 7" list. The higher energetic value is directly proportional to the increasing fat content. The fish species included in this thesis show the total energetic value in the range of 500 - 900 kJ×100 g-1. The results of this study bring complete, laboratory proven information about the nutrition composition of our fish. This data can be appli-cable not only to increase the knowledge of the customers but mainly to be used by breeders and manufacturers of fish as an implement of fulfilling the duty of stating the nutrition facts on their products according to ES 1169/2011 on the providing infor-mation about the eatables to the consumers.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-31T14:57:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Demosthenes Arabutan Travassos da Silva.pdf: 283510 bytes, checksum: a13f24bf67f1261c9b7a3050cc58de08 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-31T14:57:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Demosthenes Arabutan Travassos da Silva.pdf: 283510 bytes, checksum: a13f24bf67f1261c9b7a3050cc58de08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-28 / The experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of yeast, sugar cane by the method "Spray dry". Two experiments were conducted: the first was to determine the chemical composition and coefficient of metabolizable dry matter (CMADM), the coefficients of gross energy metabolization (CMAEB), the coefficients of apparent metabolizable energy corrected gross (CMAnEB) and values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and corrected for apparent nitrogen balance (AMEn) of the yeast sugar cane. The yast showed the following chemical composition: 90.68% of dry matter, 31.99% crude protein, 0.06% etério extract, 3.89% mineral matter and 4.130 kcal/kg DM of gross energy. The AME, AMEn, CMAMS, and CMAEB CMAnEB ingredient were 2.241 kcal / kgms; 1.981 kcal / kgms; 38.33%, 49.19% and 43.49% in dry matter, respectively. The second experiment was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of different levels of the yeast sugar cane in diets for laying hens on the performance and characteristics of the eggs. Birds were housed two hundred, forty-seven weeks of age in cages during three periods of twenty-eight days. The experimental design was completely randomized design with five treatments (one reference diet and four with 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% inclusion) and five replicates of eight birds. The feed conversion per dozen eggs, feed conversion by egg mass, laying percentage, egg weight and egg mass, there was no significant difference between treatments with the exception of a period in which the level 4.6% Total best result for feed conversion per dozen eggs. The inclusion of yeast sugar cane dried by spray dry-level up to 8% in diets of laying hens does not affect performance and egg quality. / Os experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização da levedura de cana-de-açúcar pelo método “Spray dry”. Dois experimentos foram realizados; o primeiro foi para determinar a composição química e dos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca (CMAMS), dos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da energia bruta (CMAEB), dos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade aparente corrigido da energia bruta (CMAnEB) e os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) da levedura de cana-de açúcar. A levedura apresentou a seguinte composição química: 90,68% de Matéria seca, 31,99% de proteína bruta, 0,06% de extrato etério, 3,89% de matéria mineral e 4.130 kcal/ kg/MS de energia bruta. Os valores de EMA, EMAn, CMAMS, CMAEB e CMAnEB do ingrediente foram: 2,241 kcal/kgMs; 1,981 kcal/kgMs; 38,33%; 49,19% e 43,49% na matéria seca, respectivamente. O segundo experimento foi realizado para avaliar a inclusão de diferentes níveis da levedura de cana-de açúcar em dietas para galinhas poedeiras sobre o desempenho zootécnico e características dos ovos. Foram alojadas duzentas aves, com quarenta e sete semanas de idade alojadas em gaiolas durante três períodos de vinte e oito dias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (uma dieta referência e quatro com 2%, 4%, 6% e 8% de inclusão) e cinco repetições de oito aves. Para a conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos, conversão alimentar por massa de ovos, percentagem de postura, peso dos ovos e massa de ovos produzida, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos com exceção do período 1 em que o nível 4,6% obteve melhor resultado para conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos. A inclusão de levedura de cana-de açúcar seca por spray dry em nível de até 8% em rações de poedeiras comerciais não afeta o desempenho e qualidade dos ovos.

Dans les régions tropicales. Il existe une multitude de systèmes alternatifs avec une grande diversité de pratiques. Ces systèmes sont souvent basés sur une utilisation optimale des ressources animales et végétales locales présentes sur l'exploitation. L'objectif de ce travail est de mieux connaître certaines de ces ressources tropicales disponibles et pouvant potentiellement être intéressantes à utiliser en alimentation porcine dans le cadre de ces systèmes alternatifs de type polyculture - élevage. Les résultats montrent que la capacité d'Ingestion des feuilles de manioc et de patate douce est la même quel que soit la forme de présentation (feuilles fraîches ou en farine). La capacité d'ingestion des feuilles de madère est plus élevée lorsqu'elles sont distribuées en farine (95 vs.40SgIj), inversement, les feuilles fraîches d'érythrine sont mieux ingérées (246 vs. 488 g/j). Les résultats sur la valeur nutritionnelle des feuillages tropicaux montrent qu'ils ont une faible densité énergétique comprise entre 6.5 et 8.2 MJ/kg de MS. La détermination du profil en acides aminés des feuilles montrent que les acides aminés des feuilles de madère et de patate douce sont plus digestibles que ceux des feuilles d'érythrine et de manioc.Au final les teneurs en lysine digestible sont de 5,3 g/kg MS pour la patate et 6,3 g/kg MS pour le madère. En conclusion, l'ingestion, ainsi que la teneur énergétique et protéique des feuilles d'une feuille à l'autre varie en fonction de sa teneur en fibres mais également en fonction de leur concentration en tanins. En pratique, les feuilles de patate douce et de madère sont les plus intéressantes pour la réalisation de ration. / In the troples, there are a multitude of alternative systems with wide variety of practices. These systems are often based on an optimal use of local plantand animal on the farm. The objective of this work is to better understand some of these tropical resources avaibable and can potentially be interesting to use in pig feed in the context of these mixed farming system.The results show that the feed intake capacity of cassava and sweet potato leaves is the same whatever the processing form (fresh leaves or meal).The intake capacity of cocoyam leaves18 higher when distributed Into meal (95 vs.408g1d). In opposite the Erythrina fresh leaves are best Ingested (246 va, 488 g 1dl. Results on the nutrltlonal value of tropical foliage show they have low energy density between 6.5 and 8.2 MJ1kg DM. The determlnation of amino acid profile show that the amina acids of cocoyam and sweet potato leaves are more dlgestible than the erythrina and cassava leaves. Ultlmately digestible lysine contents were 5.3 g/kg DM for potato and 6.3 g / kg DM for the cocoyam. ln conclusion, ingestion, and energy and protein content of leaves from one sheet to another depends on its fiber content but aIso according to their tannin. In practice,the leaves of sweet potato and cocoyam are the most Interesting for the realization of diet

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos no Departamento de Zootecnia da ESALQ/USP com o objetivo de estudar a substituição do milho moído fino pelos co-produtos farelo de glúten de milho e polpa cítrica peletizada em rações para bovinos terminados em confinamento. No Experimento 1 foram utilizados 88 machos cruzados (½ Braunvieh ¼ Angus ¼ Nelore) não castrados (407 kg), distribuídos em 24 baias por 57 dias. As rações continham 12% de bagaço de cana in natura e 88% de concentrado. Os tratamentos foram: (1) milho moído fino (M); (2) milho moído fino e farelo úmido de glúten de milho (MFUG); (3) polpa cítrica peletizada (P); (4) polpa cítrica peletizada e farelo úmido de glúten de milho (PFUG). O GPD e a EA dos animais não diferiram entre os tratamentos (P>0,05), porém houve efeito da fonte energética sobre a IMS, que foi maior para as rações com milho (P<0,05). Não foi observado efeito de fonte energética ou nível de farelo úmido de glúten de milho nos valores de ELm e ELg observados neste experimento (P>0,05), mas houve interação (P<0,05) com valores de energia mais altos para o tratamento PFUG em relação aos demais. No Experimento 2, foram utilizados 99 machos Nelore não castrados (348 kg), distribuídos em 20 baias por 85 dias. Os tratamentos foram: (1) milho moído fino (M); (2) milho moído fino e polpa cítrica peletizada (MPC); (3) milho moído fino e farelo úmido de glúten de milho (MFUG); (4) polpa cítrica peletizada e farelo úmido de glúten de milho (PFUG); (5) polpa cítrica peletizada e farelo seco de glúten de milho (PFSG). As rações continham de 5 a 11% de feno de gramínea como fonte de volumoso, formuladas para serem isoprotéicas. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) na IMS, GPD e EA para os tratamentos utilizados. A área de olho de lombo e espessura de gordura não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos, bem como as características qualitativas de carne (P>0,05). Acompanhando os resultados de desempenho, o valor energético das rações não diferiram entre si (P>0,05). Através dos resultados de ELm e ELg observados/esperados, concluiu-se que o milho brasileiro tem seu valor energético inferior ao milho descrito pelo NRC (1996). Os valores de energia do milho (ELm e ELg de 2,24 e 1,55 Mcal/kg) preditos através do amido fecal são semelhantes aos valores tabulados para o milho quebrado americano e superiores ao do milho moído. Com os resultados obtidos é possível afirmar que o farelo de glúten de milho e a polpa cítrica peletizada podem ser utilizados em substituição parcial ao milho moído fino e quando combinados, em substituição total ao milho moído fino em rações com altos teores de concentrado para bovinos em terminação, sem prejuízos ao desempenho e características de carcaça. / Two experiments were conducted at ESALQ/USPs Animal Science Department to evaluate corn gluten feed and dry citrus pulp in substitution for fine ground corn in high concentrate diets for finishing feedlot cattle. In Experiment 1, 88 croosbred (½ Braunvieh ¼ Angus ¼ Nelore) bulls (BW = 407 kg) were kept in 24 pens for 57 days. The rations contained 12% sugarcane bagass and 88% concentrate. The treatments were: (1) fine ground corn (M); (2) fine ground corn and wet corn gluten feed (MFUG); (3) citrus pulp pellets (P); (4) citrus pulp pellets and wet corn gluten feed (PFUG). ADG and G:F ratio did not differ among treatments (P>0,05), but there was an energetic source effect on DMI, higher for corn based diets (P<0,05). No differences were observed for energy souce or corn gluten feed level for NEm and NEg on this experiment (P>0,05), but an interaction (P<0,05) was observed for PFUG wich had higher energy value then the other treatments. In Experiment 2, 99 Nelore bulls (BW = 348 kg) were kept in 20 pens for 85 days. The treatments were: (1) fine ground corn (M); (2) fine ground corn and citrus pulp pellets (MPC); (3) fine ground corn and wet corn gluten feed (MFUG); (4) citrus pulp pellets and wet corn gluten feed (PFUG); (5) citrus pulp pellets and dry corn gluten feed (PFSG). The diets had 5 to 11% grass hay and 89 to 95% concentrate. No differences (P>0,05) were observed for DMI, ADG and G:F ratio among treatments. Diets energy value showed no differences among treatments (P>0,05). Observed/expected NEm and NEg values led to the conclusion that brazilian corn grain has lower energy value than what NRC (1996) tables show. Corn energy values (NEm and NEg was 2,24 and 1,55 Mcal/kg) predicted from fecal starch were similar to american cracked corn and higher than ground corn. Wet corn gluten feed and citrus pulp can be used in substitution for fine ground corn, alone or in combination, in high concentrate finishing feedlot diets, without depressing animal performance and carcass charateristics.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos no Departamento de Zootecnia da ESALQ/USP com o objetivo de estudar a substituição do milho moído fino pelos co-produtos farelo de glúten de milho e polpa cítrica peletizada em rações para bovinos terminados em confinamento. No Experimento 1 foram utilizados 88 machos cruzados (½ Braunvieh ¼ Angus ¼ Nelore) não castrados (407 kg), distribuídos em 24 baias por 57 dias. As rações continham 12% de bagaço de cana in natura e 88% de concentrado. Os tratamentos foram: (1) milho moído fino (M); (2) milho moído fino e farelo úmido de glúten de milho (MFUG); (3) polpa cítrica peletizada (P); (4) polpa cítrica peletizada e farelo úmido de glúten de milho (PFUG). O GPD e a EA dos animais não diferiram entre os tratamentos (P>0,05), porém houve efeito da fonte energética sobre a IMS, que foi maior para as rações com milho (P<0,05). Não foi observado efeito de fonte energética ou nível de farelo úmido de glúten de milho nos valores de ELm e ELg observados neste experimento (P>0,05), mas houve interação (P<0,05) com valores de energia mais altos para o tratamento PFUG em relação aos demais. No Experimento 2, foram utilizados 99 machos Nelore não castrados (348 kg), distribuídos em 20 baias por 85 dias. Os tratamentos foram: (1) milho moído fino (M); (2) milho moído fino e polpa cítrica peletizada (MPC); (3) milho moído fino e farelo úmido de glúten de milho (MFUG); (4) polpa cítrica peletizada e farelo úmido de glúten de milho (PFUG); (5) polpa cítrica peletizada e farelo seco de glúten de milho (PFSG). As rações continham de 5 a 11% de feno de gramínea como fonte de volumoso, formuladas para serem isoprotéicas. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) na IMS, GPD e EA para os tratamentos utilizados. A área de olho de lombo e espessura de gordura não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos, bem como as características qualitativas de carne (P>0,05). Acompanhando os resultados de desempenho, o valor energético das rações não diferiram entre si (P>0,05). Através dos resultados de ELm e ELg observados/esperados, concluiu-se que o milho brasileiro tem seu valor energético inferior ao milho descrito pelo NRC (1996). Os valores de energia do milho (ELm e ELg de 2,24 e 1,55 Mcal/kg) preditos através do amido fecal são semelhantes aos valores tabulados para o milho quebrado americano e superiores ao do milho moído. Com os resultados obtidos é possível afirmar que o farelo de glúten de milho e a polpa cítrica peletizada podem ser utilizados em substituição parcial ao milho moído fino e quando combinados, em substituição total ao milho moído fino em rações com altos teores de concentrado para bovinos em terminação, sem prejuízos ao desempenho e características de carcaça. / Two experiments were conducted at ESALQ/USPs Animal Science Department to evaluate corn gluten feed and dry citrus pulp in substitution for fine ground corn in high concentrate diets for finishing feedlot cattle. In Experiment 1, 88 croosbred (½ Braunvieh ¼ Angus ¼ Nelore) bulls (BW = 407 kg) were kept in 24 pens for 57 days. The rations contained 12% sugarcane bagass and 88% concentrate. The treatments were: (1) fine ground corn (M); (2) fine ground corn and wet corn gluten feed (MFUG); (3) citrus pulp pellets (P); (4) citrus pulp pellets and wet corn gluten feed (PFUG). ADG and G:F ratio did not differ among treatments (P>0,05), but there was an energetic source effect on DMI, higher for corn based diets (P<0,05). No differences were observed for energy souce or corn gluten feed level for NEm and NEg on this experiment (P>0,05), but an interaction (P<0,05) was observed for PFUG wich had higher energy value then the other treatments. In Experiment 2, 99 Nelore bulls (BW = 348 kg) were kept in 20 pens for 85 days. The treatments were: (1) fine ground corn (M); (2) fine ground corn and citrus pulp pellets (MPC); (3) fine ground corn and wet corn gluten feed (MFUG); (4) citrus pulp pellets and wet corn gluten feed (PFUG); (5) citrus pulp pellets and dry corn gluten feed (PFSG). The diets had 5 to 11% grass hay and 89 to 95% concentrate. No differences (P>0,05) were observed for DMI, ADG and G:F ratio among treatments. Diets energy value showed no differences among treatments (P>0,05). Observed/expected NEm and NEg values led to the conclusion that brazilian corn grain has lower energy value than what NRC (1996) tables show. Corn energy values (NEm and NEg was 2,24 and 1,55 Mcal/kg) predicted from fecal starch were similar to american cracked corn and higher than ground corn. Wet corn gluten feed and citrus pulp can be used in substitution for fine ground corn, alone or in combination, in high concentrate finishing feedlot diets, without depressing animal performance and carcass charateristics.

<h2>BIOGAS POTENTIAL IN GRASSES FROM WETLANDS</h2><p><em>Marvin Martins</em></p><p>The purpose of this study has been to survey wetlands that are suitable for mowing and to analyze the biogas potential in the harvested grasses. A preformed investigation showed that there are suitable wetlands, which can be harvestable, namely those mowed formerly in traditional haymaking. The practice of traditional haymaking is dying out in Sweden today but there are several good reasons why it should to be reconsidered. Nature- and cultural values are obvious, also the unutilized energy in the grass.</p><p>The suitable types of wetland that were specifically studied were the productive wetlands; meadow marshes and wet meadows. These wetlands are represented in the Swedish meadow- and pasture inventory database; (TUVA) and the Swedish national wetland inventory (VMI). Going through the databases showed that they largely complement each other. A geographical mapping was also carried out of wetlands in relation to areas of interest for the future establishment of biogas plants, so called “hotspots”. The geographical survey shows that there is ample amount of grass from wetlands within a 30-kilometer radius that can supplement the plants main substrate, manure. The map layer Swedish Ground Cover Data (SMD) together with GIS software was used to analyze the extent of overgrowth for the older VMI objects in Uppsala County, with the result that half of the VMI objects are no longer of interest. They have become either woodland and bogs, or reed beds.</p><p>There is very little information on wetland-grasses and methane production. Instead, a theory was evaluated regarding the possibility of transforming nutritional values for grass and sedges into biogas potentials. It was shown that this method does not capture the total biogas potential, but offers a minimum value that can be considered rather reliable. The energy transformation showed that late harvested grasses from wetlands has a biogas potential about 0, 21Nm³methane/ (kg, DM) which is about 60 % of the biogas potential for grass-legume forages. The gas yield after 20 days is also relatively low. It could though be favorable to try grasses from wetlands in methane production, because co-digestion with these grasses and other suitable materials could produce a higher net gas yield for the plant, than using the materials solely by themselves. The derived biogas potential showed that there is at least 4, 4 GWh biogas energy in grasses from wetlands in Uppsala county at a low estimate. Harvesting costs were however shown to be too high in the present to achieve a plus result.</p> / <h2>BIOGASPOTENTIAL HOS VÅTMARKSGRÄS</h2><p><em>Marvin Martins</em></p><p>Syftet med detta arbete har varit att kartlägga våtmarker i Biogas Östs region lämpliga att skörda samt att undersöka biogaspotentialen i detta våtmarksgräs. Undersökningen visar att det finns lämpliga våtmarker, så kallade slåtterängar, i den undersökta regionen. Traditionell slåtter är en utdöende företeelse i Sverige men det finns flera goda argument till varför den borde återupptas. Natur- och kulturvärden är givna sådana men även den outnyttjade energin i gräset.<em></em></p><p>Våtmarkstyper som specifikt har studerats är de produktiva våta slåtterängarna; fuktängar, strandängar och mader. Dessa våtmarker finns representerade i Ängs- och betesmarksinventeringens databas; TUVA och våtmarksinventeringens VMI. En genomgång av databaserna visade att de i stor utsträckning kompletterar varandra. En geografisk kartläggning har även utförts på slåttermarker i förhållande till intressanta områden för framtida biogasanläggningar, så kallade ”hotspots”. Kartläggningen visar att det finns gott om våtmarksgräs inom en tremilsradie som kan komplettera anläggningarnas huvudsubstrat, gödsel. Kartskiktet Svenska Marktäckedata (SMD) tillsammans med GIS-programvara har använts för att analysera hur mycket de äldre VMI-objekten i Uppsala län har växt igen, med resultatet att hälften av VMI-våtmarkerna är inaktuella i dagsläget. De har antingen växt igen med mossor och träd eller blivit vassbälten.</p><p>Det finns ytterst begränsat med information kring rötdata på våtmarksgräs. Istället utvärderades en teori, om fodervärden för ett par gräs- och starrarter kan omvandlas till biogaspotentialer. Det visade sig att denna metod inte ger den maximala biogaspotentialen men ett minimivärde erhålls som kan betraktas som ganska tillförlitligt. Energiomvandlingen visar att sent slåttat våtmarksgräs har en biogaspotential runt 0,21 Nm³ metan/(kg, TS) vilket är omkring 60 % av den odlade åkervallens biogaspotential. Gasutbytet efter 20 dagars rötning är också relativt lågt. Trots detta kan det vara fördelaktigt att röta våtmarksgräs, eftersom samrötning mellan detta och annat lämpligt material kan ge ett högre nettogasutbyte för anläggningen än rötning av de enskilda materialen var för sig. Den framtagna biogaspotentialen visar att det finns minst 4,4 GWh biogasenergi i våtmarksgräs från till exempel Uppsala län, lågt räknat. Slåtterkostnaderna har dock visat sig vara för höga för att få det att gå ihop ekonomiskt i dagsläget.</p>

BIOGAS POTENTIAL IN GRASSES FROM WETLANDS Marvin Martins The purpose of this study has been to survey wetlands that are suitable for mowing and to analyze the biogas potential in the harvested grasses. A preformed investigation showed that there are suitable wetlands, which can be harvestable, namely those mowed formerly in traditional haymaking. The practice of traditional haymaking is dying out in Sweden today but there are several good reasons why it should to be reconsidered. Nature- and cultural values are obvious, also the unutilized energy in the grass. The suitable types of wetland that were specifically studied were the productive wetlands; meadow marshes and wet meadows. These wetlands are represented in the Swedish meadow- and pasture inventory database; (TUVA) and the Swedish national wetland inventory (VMI). Going through the databases showed that they largely complement each other. A geographical mapping was also carried out of wetlands in relation to areas of interest for the future establishment of biogas plants, so called “hotspots”. The geographical survey shows that there is ample amount of grass from wetlands within a 30-kilometer radius that can supplement the plants main substrate, manure. The map layer Swedish Ground Cover Data (SMD) together with GIS software was used to analyze the extent of overgrowth for the older VMI objects in Uppsala County, with the result that half of the VMI objects are no longer of interest. They have become either woodland and bogs, or reed beds. There is very little information on wetland-grasses and methane production. Instead, a theory was evaluated regarding the possibility of transforming nutritional values for grass and sedges into biogas potentials. It was shown that this method does not capture the total biogas potential, but offers a minimum value that can be considered rather reliable. The energy transformation showed that late harvested grasses from wetlands has a biogas potential about 0, 21Nm3 methane/ (kg, DM) which is about 60 % of the biogas potential for grass-legume forages. The gas yield after 20 days is also relatively low. It could though be favorable to try grasses from wetlands in methane production, because co-digestion with these grasses and other suitable materials could produce a higher net gas yield for the plant, than using the materials solely by themselves. The derived biogas potential showed that there is at least 4, 4 GWh biogas energy in grasses from wetlands in Uppsala county at a low estimate. Harvesting costs were however shown to be too high in the present to achieve a plus result. / BIOGASPOTENTIAL HOS VÅTMARKSGRÄS Marvin Martins Syftet med detta arbete har varit att kartlägga våtmarker i Biogas Östs region lämpliga att skörda samt att undersöka biogaspotentialen i detta våtmarksgräs. Undersökningen visar att det finns lämpliga våtmarker, så kallade slåtterängar, i den undersökta regionen. Traditionell slåtter är en utdöende företeelse i Sverige men det finns flera goda argument till varför den borde återupptas. Natur- och kulturvärden är givna sådana men även den outnyttjade energin i gräset. Våtmarkstyper som specifikt har studerats är de produktiva våta slåtterängarna; fuktängar, strandängar och mader. Dessa våtmarker finns representerade i Ängs- och betesmarksinventeringens databas; TUVA och våtmarksinventeringens VMI. En genomgång av databaserna visade att de i stor utsträckning kompletterar varandra. En geografisk kartläggning har även utförts på slåttermarker i förhållande till intressanta områden för framtida biogasanläggningar, så kallade ”hotspots”. Kartläggningen visar att det finns gott om våtmarksgräs inom en tremilsradie som kan komplettera anläggningarnas huvudsubstrat, gödsel. Kartskiktet Svenska Marktäckedata (SMD) tillsammans med GIS-programvara har använts för att analysera hur mycket de äldre VMI-objekten i Uppsala län har växt igen, med resultatet att hälften av VMI-våtmarkerna är inaktuella i dagsläget. De har antingen växt igen med mossor och träd eller blivit vassbälten. Det finns ytterst begränsat med information kring rötdata på våtmarksgräs. Istället utvärderades en teori, om fodervärden för ett par gräs- och starrarter kan omvandlas till biogaspotentialer. Det visade sig att denna metod inte ger den maximala biogaspotentialen men ett minimivärde erhålls som kan betraktas som ganska tillförlitligt. Energiomvandlingen visar att sent slåttat våtmarksgräs har en biogaspotential runt 0,21 Nm3 metan/(kg, TS) vilket är omkring 60 % av den odlade åkervallens biogaspotential. Gasutbytet efter 20 dagars rötning är också relativt lågt. Trots detta kan det vara fördelaktigt att röta våtmarksgräs, eftersom samrötning mellan detta och annat lämpligt material kan ge ett högre nettogasutbyte för anläggningen än rötning av de enskilda materialen var för sig. Den framtagna biogaspotentialen visar att det finns minst 4,4 GWh biogasenergi i våtmarksgräs från till exempel Uppsala län, lågt räknat. Slåtterkostnaderna har dock visat sig vara för höga för att få det att gå ihop ekonomiskt i dagsläget.