In the second half of the twentieth century we saw the environmental debate escalate into one of the most challenging and complex issues that authorities at international, national, regional and municipal levels have to deal with. The inherent complexity of environmental problems, which brings out the interconnections between the economic, socio-cultural and ecological dimensions of the territory, is increased by the social, scientific and political focuses of the debate, and their interdependencies. In the framework of governance, scientific and technical assessments are a relevant but not “unique” source for legitimating environmental policymaking. The discussion is opened towards the consideration of different existing perspectives on the environment. The main objective of the present study is to systematize and explore in-depth the perspectives brought by feminism and gender to environmental governance. What is the specificity of a feminist and gender outlook? In what sense does it bring new light to environmental governance processes? Such questions are explored empirically and theoretically. / Durant la segona meitat del segle XX hem assistit a l’escalada del debat ambiental fins a convertir-se en un dels reptes més complexes amb els que han d’enfrontar-se les autoritats tant a nivell internacional, nacional, regional com municipal. En el marc de la governança, l’assessorament científic i tècnic deixa de ser la única font possible per a legitimar la presa de decisió política respecte a la gestió del medi ambient. La discussió s’obre a la consideració de les diferents perspectives (científiques, socials i polítiques) que existeixen respecte al nostre entorn. El principal objectiu d’aquest estudi és explorar en profunditat i sistematitzar les perspectives que aporten els estudis de gènere i feministes a la governança del medi ambient. Quina és l’especificitat d’una mirada de gènere i feminista? En quin sentit aporten una nova llum als processos de la governança ambiental? Aquestes qüestions són explorades empírica i teòricament.

This Bachelor's thesis in Environmental Science studies the quality of an index of performance measurement of Swedish municipalities' sustainability governance offered by the environmental magazine Miljöaktuellt. Executed for six consecutive years, this evaluation is arguably the most comprehensive and widely spread local sustainability assessment in Sweden. Contextualizing this quantitative measurement tool in the paradigm of New Public Management, the research questions posed are: 'to what extent does the index employed by Miljöaktuellt correspond to the requirements of a set of quality criteria for sustainability assessment?' and 'is the index appropriate as a measure of, or a goal for, Swedish municipalities' internal sustainability efforts?' Through the perspective of evaluation theory, Miljöaktuellt's index is seen as a performance evaluation, thus categorizing this study as a meta-evaluation. Through a qualitative thematic approach, the index is analyzed using the 8 BellagioSTAMP-principles that were developed as tools for assessing quality of sustainability assessments as themes for the analysis. The results found by Miljöaktuellt are clearly and effectively communicated, but the index in itself is shown to be inadequate in methodological rigour in its handling of indicator data, lacking analytical power as ecological indicators are given disproportionate attention compared to economic and social indicators, and insufficient in transparency due to unexplained theoretical considerations, rendering the index inappropriate as a basis for policy guidance in Swedish municipalities. / Denna kandidatuppsats i miljövetenskap syftar till att undersöka kvaliteten hos tidningen Miljöaktuellts utvärderingssystem av svenska kommuners hållbarhetsarbete som de har granskat och rankat årligen i sex år. Detta index är antagligen den mest genomgripande utvärderingen av kommunalt hållbarhetsarbete i Sverige. Miljöaktuellts kommunrankning sätts in i New Public Management-paradigmet och utvärderingssamhällets kontext för att besvara frågeställningarna som lyder: ”Hur väl överensstämmer Miljöaktuellts kommunrankning med en uppsättning kvalitetskriterier för utvärdering av hållbar utveckling?" och ”Är kommunrankningen lämplig att använda som mått på, eller mål för kommuners interna hållbarhetsarbete?" Från ett utvärderingsteoretiskt perspektiv betraktas kommunrankningen som en kvalitetsutvärdering; denna studie kategoriseras därmed som en metautvärdering. Indexet analyseras som en tematisk innehållsanalys med utgångspunkt i de 8 BellagioSTAMP-principerna som utvecklats som ett mätverktyg av utvärderingar av hållbar utveckling. Även om Miljöaktuellt kommunicerar sina resultat väl bedöms tidningens index sakna metodologisk tyngd i behandlingen av dess indikatorer, brista i analytisk kapacitet då ekologiska indikatorer ges oproportionerlig tyngd på bekostnad av ekonomiska och sociala indikatorer, samt sakna nödvändig transparens då teoretiska överväganden inte uttrycks och motiveras. Dessa brister gör indexet olämpligt som underlag för politiska beslut inom svenska kommuners hållbarhetsarbete.

Este estudo dedica-se a investigar de que formas a governança ambiental global se tem desenvolvido no mundo globalizado e como se articula o influxo recíproco entre esta e o direito internacional ambiental. Tomando por base o fenômeno da globalização, o status de preocupação comum da humanidade que reveste as questões de proteção internacional ao meio ambiente e, ainda, o conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável, verifica-se de que formas a nova governança ambiental global se distingue da governança tradicional, para, em seguida, refletir sobre as implicações deste processo para o direito internacional ambiental. Dá-se especial relevo à crescente participação de atores não estatais, buscando compreender seu papel e a quebra de paradigma consistente na adoção de formas contratuais, voluntárias, para a consecução dos objetivos da proteção internacional ao meio ambiente. Considerando-se que os instrumentos da nova governança são inclusivos, mas, ao mesmo tempo, multifacetados e, por vezes, caóticos, busca-se conciliá-los com os instrumentos da governança tradicional com vistas a garantir que a flexibilidade das soluções construídas de baixo para cima não seja ameaçada e, ao mesmo tempo, que seja conferida coesão ao sistema, evitando que antinomias ponham em risco a efetividade desejada. Para tanto, propõe-se uma nova arquitetura institucional que compreende duas instituições centrais: uma Organização Mundial do Meio Ambiente (OMMA) e uma Corte Internacional de Meio Ambiente (CIMA), constituídas de forma a consagrar expressamente a principal característica da nova governança ambiental global, a saber, a participação de atores não estatais. / This dissertation aims at investigating how global international governance develops in the globalized world, and how the reciprocal influx between the later and international environmental law is articulated. Taking into consideration the globalization phenomenon, the status of a common concern of humanity that characterizes the issues of international environmental protection as well as the concept of sustainable development, the study analyzes how the new global environmental governance sets itself apart from traditional governance, while reflecting upon the implications of said process for international environmental law. The increasing level of participation of non-state actors is especially considered in an effort to understand its role and the breaking of a paradigm it entails, consisting in the adoption of voluntary, contractual instruments for achieving the goals of international environmental protection. Bearing in mind that the instruments of the new governance are inclusive but at the same time multifaceted and even chaotic, this study tries to reconcile them with traditional governance instruments so that the flexibility of bottom-up solutions is not threatened and that at the same time the system gains cohesion, thus avoiding contradictions that may jeopardize its desirable effectiveness. In order to reach these goals, a new institutional architecture which encompasses two central institutions is proposed: a World Environmental Organization (WEO) and an International Environmental Court (IEC), constituted so as to expressly recognize the main feature of the new global environmental governance, that is, the participation of non-state actors.

abstract: This dissertation explores the intersection of two major developments in global environmental governance: the vision for a Green Economy and the growing influence of non-state actors. The work draws on multi-sited thick description to analyze how relationships between the state, market, and civil society are being reoriented towards global problems. Its focus is a non-binding agreement between California and Chiapas to create a market in carbon offsets credits for Reducing Emissions for Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD). The study draws on three bodies of scholarship. From the institutionalist study of global environmental politics, it uses the ideas of orchestration, civil regulation, and private entrepreneurial authority to identity emerging alignments of state and non-state actors, premised on an exchange of public authority and private expertise. From concepts borrowed from science and technology studies, it inquires into the production, certification, and contestation of knowledge. From a constitutionalist perspective, it analyzes how new forms of public law and private expertise are reshaping foundational categories such as territory, authority, and rights. The analysis begins with general research questions applied to California and Chiapas, and the international space where groups influential in these sites are also active: 1) Where are new political and legal institutions emerging, and how are they structured? 2) What role does scientific, legal, and administrative expertise play in shaping these institutions, and vice versa? And 3) How are constitutional elements of the political order being reoriented towards these new spaces and away from the exclusive domain of the nation-state? The dissertation offers a number of propositions for combining institutionalist and constructivist approaches for the study of complex global governing arrangements. It argues that this can help identify constitutional reconfigurations that are not readily apparent using either approach alone. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Science and Technology Policy 2015

Este estudo dedica-se a investigar de que formas a governança ambiental global se tem desenvolvido no mundo globalizado e como se articula o influxo recíproco entre esta e o direito internacional ambiental. Tomando por base o fenômeno da globalização, o status de preocupação comum da humanidade que reveste as questões de proteção internacional ao meio ambiente e, ainda, o conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável, verifica-se de que formas a nova governança ambiental global se distingue da governança tradicional, para, em seguida, refletir sobre as implicações deste processo para o direito internacional ambiental. Dá-se especial relevo à crescente participação de atores não estatais, buscando compreender seu papel e a quebra de paradigma consistente na adoção de formas contratuais, voluntárias, para a consecução dos objetivos da proteção internacional ao meio ambiente. Considerando-se que os instrumentos da nova governança são inclusivos, mas, ao mesmo tempo, multifacetados e, por vezes, caóticos, busca-se conciliá-los com os instrumentos da governança tradicional com vistas a garantir que a flexibilidade das soluções construídas de baixo para cima não seja ameaçada e, ao mesmo tempo, que seja conferida coesão ao sistema, evitando que antinomias ponham em risco a efetividade desejada. Para tanto, propõe-se uma nova arquitetura institucional que compreende duas instituições centrais: uma Organização Mundial do Meio Ambiente (OMMA) e uma Corte Internacional de Meio Ambiente (CIMA), constituídas de forma a consagrar expressamente a principal característica da nova governança ambiental global, a saber, a participação de atores não estatais. / This dissertation aims at investigating how global international governance develops in the globalized world, and how the reciprocal influx between the later and international environmental law is articulated. Taking into consideration the globalization phenomenon, the status of a common concern of humanity that characterizes the issues of international environmental protection as well as the concept of sustainable development, the study analyzes how the new global environmental governance sets itself apart from traditional governance, while reflecting upon the implications of said process for international environmental law. The increasing level of participation of non-state actors is especially considered in an effort to understand its role and the breaking of a paradigm it entails, consisting in the adoption of voluntary, contractual instruments for achieving the goals of international environmental protection. Bearing in mind that the instruments of the new governance are inclusive but at the same time multifaceted and even chaotic, this study tries to reconcile them with traditional governance instruments so that the flexibility of bottom-up solutions is not threatened and that at the same time the system gains cohesion, thus avoiding contradictions that may jeopardize its desirable effectiveness. In order to reach these goals, a new institutional architecture which encompasses two central institutions is proposed: a World Environmental Organization (WEO) and an International Environmental Court (IEC), constituted so as to expressly recognize the main feature of the new global environmental governance, that is, the participation of non-state actors.

Este estudo dedica-se a investigar de que formas a governança ambiental global se tem desenvolvido no mundo globalizado e como se articula o influxo recíproco entre esta e o direito internacional ambiental. Tomando por base o fenômeno da globalização, o status de preocupação comum da humanidade que reveste as questões de proteção internacional ao meio ambiente e, ainda, o conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável, verifica-se de que formas a nova governança ambiental global se distingue da governança tradicional, para, em seguida, refletir sobre as implicações deste processo para o direito internacional ambiental. Dá-se especial relevo à crescente participação de atores não estatais, buscando compreender seu papel e a quebra de paradigma consistente na adoção de formas contratuais, voluntárias, para a consecução dos objetivos da proteção internacional ao meio ambiente. Considerando-se que os instrumentos da nova governança são inclusivos, mas, ao mesmo tempo, multifacetados e, por vezes, caóticos, busca-se conciliá-los com os instrumentos da governança tradicional com vistas a garantir que a flexibilidade das soluções construídas de baixo para cima não seja ameaçada e, ao mesmo tempo, que seja conferida coesão ao sistema, evitando que antinomias ponham em risco a efetividade desejada. Para tanto, propõe-se uma nova arquitetura institucional que compreende duas instituições centrais: uma Organização Mundial do Meio Ambiente (OMMA) e uma Corte Internacional de Meio Ambiente (CIMA), constituídas de forma a consagrar expressamente a principal característica da nova governança ambiental global, a saber, a participação de atores não estatais. / This dissertation aims at investigating how global international governance develops in the globalized world, and how the reciprocal influx between the later and international environmental law is articulated. Taking into consideration the globalization phenomenon, the status of a common concern of humanity that characterizes the issues of international environmental protection as well as the concept of sustainable development, the study analyzes how the new global environmental governance sets itself apart from traditional governance, while reflecting upon the implications of said process for international environmental law. The increasing level of participation of non-state actors is especially considered in an effort to understand its role and the breaking of a paradigm it entails, consisting in the adoption of voluntary, contractual instruments for achieving the goals of international environmental protection. Bearing in mind that the instruments of the new governance are inclusive but at the same time multifaceted and even chaotic, this study tries to reconcile them with traditional governance instruments so that the flexibility of bottom-up solutions is not threatened and that at the same time the system gains cohesion, thus avoiding contradictions that may jeopardize its desirable effectiveness. In order to reach these goals, a new institutional architecture which encompasses two central institutions is proposed: a World Environmental Organization (WEO) and an International Environmental Court (IEC), constituted so as to expressly recognize the main feature of the new global environmental governance, that is, the participation of non-state actors.

abstract: Deforestation is a common phenomenon in Bangladesh, leaving the country under a great threat of losing its natural habitat. The increasing rate of natural habitat loss has raised questions regarding the country’s forest resource management practices. These practices were originally adopted to protect the forest ecosystem and secure the livelihood of the people dependent on forest resources. Despite the support from development partners like the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the country is still struggling to protect its forest resources from human encroachment. One of the major problems is the lack of inconclusiveness in current approaches. Most initiatives are not evidence-based and are project-based for only a certain period of time. This has failed to ensure sustainable outcomes. This study looks at Bangladesh’s Himchari National Park forest management system to generate evidence regarding deforestation from 1991-2018 and highlight existing gaps. To identify and analyze the gaps, the study uses a social-ecological system (SES) lens. Results reveal deforestation across different time periods, articulates the overall governance structure regarding forest resource management, and provides an overview of the major gaps within the system. The study also offers a set of recommendations for improving the existing management system and policy implications. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Urban and Environmental Planning 2020

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第22948号 / 経博第623号 / 新制||経||294(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 諸富 徹, 教授 矢野 剛, 教授 劉 徳強 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DFAM

En el contexto de la creciente preocupación ambiental, que se ha venido desarrollando en los últimos años, surge la búsqueda por encontrar soluciones que minimicen los daños ambientales y aseguren la sostenibilidad de los recursos naturales y ecosistemas del planeta, es así como aparece la concepción de la Gobernanza Ambiental, de ahora en adelante GA, como una herramienta para resolver conflictos y tomar decisiones, a partir de las negociaciones entre los diferentes stakeholders. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal evaluar las diferentes posturas respecto a la GA en las organizaciones, independientemente de su ubicación geográfica y la nacionalidad de la empresa, así también determinar los principales motivos internos y externos que conducen a la proactividad ambiental, analizar la influencia de los stakeholders en la gestión ambiental e identificar las ventajas competitivas que se obtienen de una adecuada GA. Para ello, se estableció como método de investigación la revisión bibliográfica de artículos académicos, libros y tesis, a través de una tabla comparativa (benchmark) de criterios y autores. La investigación ha servido para identificar posturas como la proactividad, la innovación, la adopción de sistemas de gestión ambiental y la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa Medioambiental; las cuales contribuyen de forma positiva en las organizaciones llevándolas a la eficiencia en la reducción de costos y residuos, con la mejora en su imagen y reputación; y el incremento de la rentabilidad en un periodo de largo plazo. / In the context of the growing environmental concern, which has been developing in recent years, the search for solutions that minimise environmental damage and ensure the sustainability of the planet's natural resources and ecosystems is emerging, is So it appears the conception of environmental governance, from now on GA, as a tool to resolve conflicts and make decisions, from the negotiations between the different stakeholders. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the different positions with respect to the GA in the organizations, regardless of their geographical location and the nationality of the company, and also to determine the main internal motives and External that lead to environmental proactivity, analyze the influence of stakeholders in environmental management, identify the competitive advantages that are obtained from a suitable GA. To this end, the bibliographical review of academic articles, books and theses was established as a method of research, through a comparative table (benchmark) of criteria and authors. The research has served to identify positions such as proactivity, innovation, adoption of environmental management systems and environmental corporate Social responsibility; They contribute positively to the organizations by taking them to the efficiency in the reduction of costs and wastes, with the consequent improvement in the image and reputation, and the increase of the profitability in a long term period. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

This thesis conducts a comparative study of two big, international civil society organisations, La Via Campesina and WWF, and their work with climate change. The purpose is to investigate why they have such different perspectives toward solving the climate crisis, and whether the explanation can be found by looking at the different positions they have in relation to the global hegemonic system. Two supplementary approaches of discourse analysis, Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis and Bacchi’s What’s The Problem Represented to Be-approach, are utilised to analyse the organisations’ framing of climate change. Gramsci’s theoretical framework of hegemony is applied in order to inform the analysis and to shed light on how this framing interrelates to the hegemonic system of neoliberalism. In the case of La Via Campesina, the conclusion is that they are a counter-hegemonic movement, fighting in a war of position over the common sense. This spills over into their work on climate change, which is aimed at bringing transformative change. WWF has a more reformist agenda and is effectively enabling the perseverance of the current hegemony, but it cannot be confirmed within the scope if this thesis whether this is a direct consequence of co-optation or not.