Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação do planejamento urbano e regional realizado na região metropolitana da Grande São Paulo, no que se refere a exploração de minerais não metálicos usados na produção de agregados para a construção, mais especificamente as pedreiras. Adota como premissa a inexistência de uma política específica para esse setor da economia, e demonstra a inter-relação entre o desenvolvimento urbano e o consumo de brita, dando destaque para a necessidade de harmonizar o desenvolvimento social e econômico com a preservação ambiental. Constata a crescente demanda por rochas britadas e identifica os impactos ambientais advindos desse tipo de exploração mineral. Avalia os principais aspectos legais envolvidos na regulamentação dessa atividade extrativa, enfatizando as normas relativas à mineração e ao meio ambiente. Com relação à região da Grande São Paulo, identifica as origens da sua institucionalização e a implantação do planejamento regional integrado, bem como avalia os estudos e projetos realizados pela EMPLASA, principalmente durante a década de 1980, para organizar aquele setor da economia. Os estudos realizados constataram ser a experiência, na região metropolitana paulista, pioneira na tentativa de organização do setor da mineração em nível regional; confirmaram a premissa de que o Estado não dispõe de política para organizar esse setor, embora já tenha produzido uma quantidade significativa de dados e informações que hoje se encontram dispersos e carentes de atualização. Nos aspectos legais identificou superposição e conflitos de atribuições que, somados à imprecisão de conceitos, acabam por dificultar o atendimento aos objetivos pretendidos. Conclui observando que a experiência acumulada e documentada nos próprios órgãos do Estado pode fornecer os elementos básicos para a elaboração de uma política para esse setor da indústria extrativa, com resultados social e economicamente desejáveis / This study focus on a particular assessment of urban and regional planning developed for the Metropolitan Area of Great Sao Paulo (Brazil) associated with mineral exploitation to produce crushed stones. The research assumes the inexistence of an appropriate policy for this extractive sector, comparing the close relationship between urban development and crushed stone production, demonstrating the need to adequate social and economic development with environmental protection. The study identifies increasing demand for crushed stone and main environmental impacts from its exploitation, while evaluating the existing main legal framework in Brazil related to this subject, emphasizing those associated with mineral exploitation and environmental regulation. With regards to the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, this research identifies its origin and the regional planning statement and evaluates projects that had already been developed by EMPLASA in order to organize this sector of extractive industry. As a result, this study gathered evidence to present the lack of appropriate policies, in spite of several projects and data about the subject, mainly during the 80´s. However, most of such information remains, nowadays, lost or forgotten in several public organizations with no use. Concerned with legal aspects, this study identified existing overlap of laws and legal conflicts among duties of several public institutions, while discussing imprecise concepts that bring difficulties to reach the intended purposes. In conclusion, the experience and data, already collected by public sectors, are enough to establish a proper policy in order to organize the exploitation of raw materials used by the construction industry as aggregates, with desirable social and economic outcomes

The occupation of forest ecosystems in mountainous region of the Rio Grande do Sul state occurred with the establishment of agriculture and livestock at small family production units (FPU). Qualitatively and quantitatively scarcity of land has led farmers to explore agricultural areas with no suitability for farming by intensive practices, these areas should be intended to permanent preservation. The present study aims to: a) analyze the agroenvironmental conflicts in agroecosystems of tobacco production arising from inappropriate use of soils, especially in areas of permanent preservation (APP) of riparian forests; b) analyze the importance and limits of the use of environmental legislation instruments (Forest Code) and land classification system for agricultural suitability of soils in agroenvironmental planning as methods for reducing the contamination of water in small FPU; and c) verify the effectiveness of riparian forests in containing the pollution of superficial waters of three landscape units in the Arroio Lino Watershed (ALW). The study area is located in the municipality of Agudo, RS, and covers an area of 480.7 ha, which are subdivided into 36 FPU. The main features of the landscape and land uses were described, quantified and spatialized for the whole ALW and for each of the FPU. The map of APP was obtained by following the orientation of the Brazilian Forest Code. The map of land use conflicts was generated by crossing the layers of current land use, APP and land suitability for agriculture. To evaluate the ability of riparian forests to tamponate the water pollution, samples of water and sediment were collected at different landscape units with a variety of land use and occupation. Samples were taken inside and outside the limits of APP. The results of layers intersection showed that 44% of the ALW have some sort of environmental conflict as a result of inappropriate land use. The conflicts that deserve more attention refer to the occurrence of crops on land unsuitable for agricultural and those located in APP. These sites cover 6.7% of the watershed and constitute the main sources of pollution of surface waters, especially with tobacco being cultivated in the conventional system. Even if cultivating areas are restricted to only 25% of the watershed, an inadequate arrangement of the agricultural plots in the landscape contributes to an increase in up to ten times in water pollution by sediment and phosphorus. Thus, the distribution of land use in the landscape is just as, or even more important than the percentage occupied by each of these uses. Although more than half of ALW area is covered with native forests, the absence of forest cover in the APP, mainly at the edges of streams and water springs, has promoted the transfer of large amounts of sediment and nutrients to the waterways due to erosion by occasion of rain. Even though riparian forests did prove to be effective in containing surface runoff, they are not enough if the adjacent and higher areas of the landscape, such as APP at the top and steep slopes of the hills with soils of low agriculture suitability, are being used intensively. Under the conditions of ALW in which there are strong environmental restrictions and limited arable land, the unrestricted application of environmental legislation, especially of the Forest Code, may result in severe restrictions to several FPU. In a result of this, for the agroenvironmental planning it will be necessary to analyze the characteristics of each FPU in particular and how it integrates with the watershed landscape. A replanning of these FPU is critical to ensure the continuity of agriculture in these environments, while minimizing impacts on water resources. However, it is considered to be unsuitable to preservation and improvement of quality of natural resources, particularly superficial water, the current tobacco production and its technological arrangement. The transition to an agriculture of ecological bases could be the way to overcome the agroenvironmental conflicts in these regions which have strong limitations imposed by the agricultural suitability of land and by environmental legislation. / A ocupação dos ecossistemas de floresta das regiões serranas do Rio Grande do Sul se deu com o estabelecimento da agricultura e pecuária em pequenas unidades de produção familiares (UPF). A escassez de terras em quantidade e qualidade tem levado os agricultores a usar intensamente glebas sem aptidão agrícola que deveriam ser destinadas à preservação permanente. O presente estudo tem por objetivos: a) analisar os conflitos agroambientais em agroecossistemas de produção de fumo, decorrentes do uso inadequado dos solos, especialmente em áreas de preservação permanente (APP) de matas ciliares; b) analisar a importância e os limites do uso dos instrumentos da legislação ambiental (Código Florestal) e do sistema de classificação de aptidão de uso agrícola das terras no planejamento agroambiental, como forma de diminuir a poluição das águas em pequenas UPF; e c) verificar a eficiência das matas ciliares na contenção da poluição das águas superficiais de três unidades paisagísticas da Microbacia Hidrográfica do Arroio Lino (MBHAL). Essa unidade de estudo está localizada no município de Agudo, RS, e abrange uma área de 480,7 ha, que se encontra subdividida em 36 UPF. As principais características da paisagem e os usos dos solos foram descritos, quantificados e espacializados para toda a MBHAL e para cada uma das UPF. O mapa das APP foi obtido seguindo os dispositivos do Código Florestal Brasileiro. O mapa de conflitos de uso dos solos foi gerado pelo cruzamento dos planos de informação do uso atual dos solos, das APP e da aptidão agrícola das terras. Para verificar a influência das matas ciliares no tamponamento da poluição das águas foram coletadas e analisadas amostras de água e de sedimentos em unidades paisagísticas com diferentes intensidades de uso e ocupação dos solos, tanto dentro quanto fora dos limites das APP. Os resultados do cruzamento dos planos de informações evidenciam que 44% da superfície da MBHAL apresentam algum tipo de conflito ambiental em decorrência do uso inadequado dos solos. Os conflitos que merecem maior atenção se referem à ocorrência de lavouras sobre solos não aptos para uso agrícola e localizados em APP. Esses locais abrangem 6,7% da área da MBHAL e se constituem nas principais fontes de poluição das águas superficiais, especialmente por serem cultivadas com fumo em sistema convencional. Mesmo que as áreas de cultivo estejam restritas a apenas 25% da superfície da MBHAL, a má disposição das glebas na paisagem contribui para o aumento de até dez vezes a poluição da água com sedimentos e fósforo. Assim, a distribuição do uso dos solos na paisagem é tão ou mais importante do que o percentual ocupado por cada um destes usos. Embora que, mais da metade da área da MBHAL esteja coberta com florestas nativas, a ausência de cobertura florestal nas APP, principalmente nas margens de cursos d água e nascentes, tem promovido a transferência de grandes quantidades de sedimentos e nutrientes aos cursos d água por erosão durante as chuvas. Embora as matas ciliares tenham se mostrado eficientes em conter o deflúvio superficial, não são suficientes se as áreas adjacentes e mais elevadas da paisagem, como as APP de encostas e topo de morro com solos de baixa aptidão agrícola, estiverem sendo usadas intensivamente com cultivos agrícolas. Nas condições da MBHAL, em que há fortes restrições ambientais e limitada área agricultável, a aplicação irrestrita da legislação ambiental, especialmente do Código Florestal Brasileiro, poderá resultar em inviabilidade de várias UPF. Desse modo, para o planejamento agroambiental será necessário analisar as particularidades de cada UPF e como ela se integra à paisagem da microbacia hidrográfica. O redesenho dessas UPF é fundamental para garantir a permanência da agricultura nesses ambientes, minimizando os impactos nos recursos hídricos. No entanto, considera-se incompatível a preservação e melhoria da qualidade dos recursos naturais, especificamente das águas superficiais, com a manutenção do sistema de produção de fumo e do pacote tecnológico fornecido pelas empresas. A transição para agriculturas de base ecológica poderá ser o caminho para a superação de conflitos agroambientais nestas regiões com fortes limitações impostas pela aptidão agrícola das terras e pela legislação ambiental.

Abstract The target of this dissertation is to propose a new qualification tool (QT) for component package (CP) feasibility qualification in telecommunication infrastructure products. The primary reason for the introduction of the QT is the Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) manufacturers’ continuing development of new products with tighter product requirements, e.g. compact size, environmental friendliness and cost-efficiency. CP’s need to match these requirements and thus they need to be developed further and qualified/re-qualified continuously. This qualification process with the new component package needs to be done in as early phase as possible, enabling EEE manufacturers to implement component packages into use with minimal risk. Qualification of a CP to match with these requirements is usually done with the qualification expert’s possessed know-how. However, this process takes a lot of time as all the possible data must be collected or even created. Thus a new method needs to be introduced for early phase qualification. The QT proposed here contains eight qualification sub-areas for feasibility qualification of the CP and it uses three qualification principles. Including all these sub-areas to the feasibility qualification clearly enables more reliable and trustworthy conclusions. The QT is required as an assisting qualification tool for specialists and as a preliminary qualification tool, e.g. for hardware (HW) designers or component engineers. It could be used also as a requirement communication tool between customers and component package manufacturers. After the QT’s sub-areas and functionality were developed, functionality and approval limits were set-up with 44 different widely used commercial CPs. This historical data is recorded for future use in its own database. The QT is a unique tool as there are no competing open-source tools available in the market that can be tailored to match with the user’s own requirements. / Tiivistelmä Työn tarkoituksena oli esittää uusi kvalifiointityökalu (QT) infrastruktuurituotteiden komponenttikoteloiden käytettävyyden arviointiin. Laitevalmistajien kehittäessä uusia pienempiä, ympäristöystävällisempiä ja kustannustehokkaampia laitteita asettavat he samalla vastaavia vaatimuksia myös komponenttikoteloille. Vastaavasti komponenttien valmistajat joutuvat kehittämään komponentteja ottamalla käyttöön uusia materiaaleja ja kotelorakenteita ja kvalifioimaan niiden ominaisuuksia asiakkaiden vaatimuksien mukaisesti. Laitevalmistajien riski uusien komponenttikoteloiden käyttöönotossa pystytään minimoimaan, kun komponenttikoteloiden kvalifiointi tehdään mahdollisimman aikaisessa vaiheessa. Kvalifioinnit tehdään yleensä kvalifiointiasiantuntijoiden tietotaidon perusteella. Tämä prosessi on kuitenkin perinteisesti hidas, joten nopeammalle arviointimenetelmälle on selkeä tarve. Työssä kehitettyyn kvalifiointityökaluun määritettiin kahdeksan arviointialuetta. Lisäksi sitä voidaan käyttää kolmella eri kvalifiontiperiaatteella. Näiden arviointialueiden huomioiminen kvalifiointiprosessin aikana parantaa selkeästi tuloksen luotettavuutta ja todenmukaisuutta. Työkalu on määritetty siten, että sitä voivat käyttää asiantuntijat avustavana kvalifiointityökaluna sekä suunnittelijat / komponentti-insinöörit alustavana kvalifiointityökaluna. Lisäksi sitä voidaan myös käyttää asiakasvaatimusten määrityksessä ja tiedonvälityksessä asiakkaan ja toimittajan välillä. QT:n kvalifiointialueiden määrittelyn ja toiminnallisuuden rakentamisen jälkeen, hyväksyntäkriteerit tutkittiin ja arvioitiin käyttäen 44 erilaista kaupallista komponenttikoteloa työkalun lopullisen hienosäädön tekemiseksi. Koska kvalifioinnin tiedot tallennetaan QT:n tietokantaan, pystyy laitevalmistajat hyödyntämään aikaisemmat historiatiedot tulevissa kvalifioinneissa. QT on ennen näkemätön työkalu, sillä markkinoilla ei ole vastaavia avoimen lähdekoodin kvalifiointityökaluja tarjolla, jota voidaan räätälöidä asiakkaan omien tarpeiden mukaisesti.

Orientadores: Elizabete Jordão, Vanderley de Vasconcelos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T02:59:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reis_HelioGervasio_M.pdf: 779503 bytes, checksum: c8238dcf1afddbfefe23a43639dff543 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A partir da Resolução CONAMA n° 001/86, para o licenciamento de atividades modificadoras do meio ambiente, o Estudo de Análise de Riscos ¿ EAR passou a ser um dos documentos técnicos exigidos de forma que, além dos aspectos relacionados com a poluição, também a prevenção dos acidentes operacionais fosse contemplada no processo. São exemplos de atividades sujeitas a exigências de Estudos de Análise de Riscos: extração e beneficiamento de minérios; indústrias químicas e petroquímicas; produção e distribuição de energia elétrica; transporte, terminais e depósitos de materiais perigosos. Os requisitos mínimos para os EARs são normalmente definidos pelos órgãos ambientais competentes, dos diferentes estados da Federação, através do estabelecimento dos Termos de Referência. No caso do licenciamento de instalações nucleares e radiativas a CNEN (Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear) é partícipe no processo de licenciamento ambiental. Dentro dos Relatórios de Análise de Segurança de tais instalações a CNEN exige a apresentação de uma análise de risco de acidentes. No entanto, o escopo, a abrangência e os critérios para isenção da obrigatoriedade de realização de avaliações de risco não são claramente definidos por estes órgãos. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as exigências legais em relação a análises de risco, bem como propor uma abordagem para o seu atendimento. Foram analisados dois Termos de Referência, de órgãos ambientais de dois estados da Federação ? CETESB (SP) e FEPAM (RS). Seus critérios foram comparados usando diferentes cenários de acidentes, envolvendo diferentes substâncias perigosas, quantidades e distância da população. Foi avaliado sob quais condições um dos critérios se torna mais conservativo que o outro. A abordagem proposta considera os aspectos determinístico e probabilístico da avaliação de risco e sugere o uso do Princípio da Precaução para auxiliar o processo de tomada de decisões envolvendo a análise e o gerenciamento de risco realizados / Abstract: According to CONAMA nr. 001/86 it is required, for licensing purposes, a Risk Analysis Study ? RAS of the activities that can harm the environment. Thus, not only the pollution questions should be considered in licensing process, but also the accident prevention and mitigation. Milling and mining, chemical and petrochemical industries, electric power generation and distribution, and handling, storage and transport of hazardous materials are examples of activities that should provide RAS to the environmental bodies. The minimal requirements of RAS are normally defined in different Reference Terms by the regulatory bodies of the states of Federation. In the case of nuclear and radioactive facilities both the environmental bodies and CNEN (Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission) conduct the licensing process. Inside Safety Analysis Reports of such facilities it is required by CNEN the presentation of an accident risk analysis. However, neither the scope nor the exemption criteria for risk analysis are clearly defined. The purpose of this present work is to evaluate the legal requirements for accident risk analysis and propose an approach to comply them. Two different Reference Terms, from environmental bodies of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul (CETESB and FEPAM, respectively), were analyzed. They were compared using different accident scenarios, including different hazardous materials, quantities and population distances. It was verified the conditions that make one more conservative than the other. The deterministic and probabilistic approaches are considered and it is proposed the use of the Precaution Principle in order to help the decisions about the scope and completeness of the risk analysis and management / Mestrado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Mestre em Engenharia Química

This research versa basically on two points, the conservation of the cultural environment and the development of the municipality of Laranjeiras/SE. The main objective is to examine how the municipal urban and environmental legislation contemplates its tangible and intangible assets with respect to environmental issues. The aim is to verify if the right to the city (LEFEBVRE, 2008) is respected, in order to assist in the understanding of issues relating to the valuation of tangible and intangible heritage for a better sociability. The aim is to finally expand the thinking about the size of environmental protection through a discussion that demonstrates that the artificial and cultural environment are as important as the natural environment in the construction of sustainable societies. The hypothesis is that the strengthening of ties of identity is the basis for the expansion of the vision of the importance of cultural heritage and is a determining factor for the perpetuation of local culture as an asset to be preserved so that future generations can meet you. And, it seems, the municipal legislature in the process of urban laws of Laranjeiras/SE, did not take into account the issues and the complexity of social and environmental problems of the city, so that they do not respond effectively to the demands concerning the preservation, conservation and use of this heritage. Justified this work as a way to prove that when it comes to historic cities, culture should always be the center of attention, so all laws of a city with rich cultural material and immaterial as Laranjeiras is under direct influence of its framework cultural, aimed at environmental development. This research uses the dialectical method, considering the need to address the facts in the political, social and economic context, in order to promote a dynamic and totalizing interpretation of reality (PEREIRA, 2010). To achieve the goal, a bibliographic and documentary survey was conducted, in addition to interviews with several segments at the municipal, state and federal, and several site visits (of the place) aiming at the social reality. This is a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive research with a view to appear problematic. The final text was structured in three parts: Theoretical framework, divided into three (03) chapters. Next is presents the methodology used. Finally, the final chapter with the compilation of collected and processed data on Laranjeiras/SE and the formation of the material and immaterial cultural heritage of the city throughout its history. After which it was concluded that the undoubtedly identity ties are the basis for the expansion of the vision of the importance of cultural heritage and is a determining factor for the perpetuation of local culture as an asset to be preserved so that future generations can meet. The hope is that the results of this research contribute to a comprehensive way of thinking the community of Laranjeiras, so that it can reduce social contrasts as well as strengthen ties between the people and place. / Esta pesquisa versa basicamente sobre dois pontos, a conservação do ambiente cultural e o desenvolvimento do município de Laranjeiras/SE. O objetivo principal é analisar de que forma a legislação urbanística e ambiental municipal contempla seu patrimônio material e imaterial no que concerne às questões socioambientais. Pretende-se verificar, se o Direito à cidade (LEFEBVRE, 2001) é respeitado, de modo a auxiliar na compreensão das questões relativas à valorização do patrimônio material e imaterial para uma melhor sociabilidade. Busca-se enfim ampliar o pensamento acerca da dimensão da proteção ambiental através de uma discussão que demonstra que o ambiente artificial e cultural são tão importantes quanto o ambiente natural na construção de sociedades sustentáveis. A hipótese é que o fortalecimento dos laços de identidade constitui a base para a ampliação da visão da importância do patrimônio cultural e é fator determinante para a perpetuação da cultura local como um bem a ser conservado de modo que as futuras gerações possam conhecê-la. E, ao que tudo indica, o legislador municipal no processo de elaboração das leis urbanas de Laranjeiras, não levou em conta as questões e a complexidade dos problemas socioambientais da cidade, de modo que estas não respondem de forma eficaz às demandas concernentes à preservação, conservação e uso deste patrimônio. Justifica-se esse trabalho como uma forma para comprovar que em se tratando de cidades históricas, a cultura deve ser sempre o centro das atenções, logo, toda a legislação de uma cidade com riqueza cultural material e imaterial como Laranjeiras sofre influência direta do seu arcabouço cultural, visando o desenvolvimento socioambiental. Esta pesquisa se utiliza do método dialético, considerando a necessidade de abordar os fatos dentro do contexto político, social e econômico, de modo a favorecer uma interpretação dinâmica e totalizante da realidade (PEREIRA, 2010). Para alcançar o objetivo, foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico e documental, além da realização de entrevistas com diversos segmentos no âmbito municipal, estadual e federal, além de diversas visitas in loco visando conhecer a realidade social do lugar. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória e descritiva tendo em vista a problemática apresentada. O texto final foi estruturado em três partes: a Fundamentação teórica, dividida em 03 (três) capítulos. Em seguida é apresenta a metodologia utilizada. E por fim, o capítulo final com a compilação de dados coletados e tratados sobre Laranjeiras/SE e a formação do patrimônio cultural material e imaterial da cidade ao longo da sua história. Após o que foi possível concluir que os laços de identidade sem dúvida são a base para a ampliação da visão da importância do patrimônio cultural e é fator determinante para a perpetuação da cultura local como um bem a ser conservado de modo que as futuras gerações possam conhecê-la. O que se espera é que os resultados desta pesquisa contribuam para uma forma abrangente de se pensar a comunidade de Laranjeiras, de modo que possa se diminuir os contrastes sociais bem como estreitar os laços entre o povo e seu lugar.

Submitted by Jakeline Ortega (jakortega@unoeste.br) on 2017-06-05T22:43:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Mario Yudi Takada.pdf: 422990 bytes, checksum: eeae64af1b2b573ecd6e0be3a7dcad9e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-05T22:43:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Mario Yudi Takada.pdf: 422990 bytes, checksum: eeae64af1b2b573ecd6e0be3a7dcad9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-10 / This research, linked to the line of research Educational Institution: Organization and Management, grew out of concern so that the environment has been treated by man, given the challenges posed by environmental problems that the limit would preclude human life on earth. Our objective was to investigate the limits and possibilities of environmental education in the face of environmental crisis currently experienced, justifying it, therefore, the need to identify the ethics adopted by major legal documents concerning the environment and environmental education. The methodology was qualitative research through two procedures: i) survey and literature review in books and scholarly articles to study the ethical issue in environmental education; ii) as well as desk research, we focus on the ethical conceptions present in legal documents such as the 1988 Federal Constitution, the law 9795 of 27 April 1999, which deals with environmental education, establishing the National Education Policy environmental and other provisions, the law 9394 of 20 December 1996 laying down the guidelines and bases of national education, the national Curricular Parameters of primary and secondary education, and the jurisprudence of the Brazilian courts. The results indicated that the prevailing ethics in society is anthropocentric, in which the human being puts your well-being first. The environment was objectified existing only to satisfy human needs. Nevertheless, in our legislation and the main documents of the environmental education regarding education found progress in dealing with the environment, we conclude that the ultimate goal of environmental protection discourse is to end human life. / A presente pesquisa, vinculada à linha de pesquisa Instituição Educacional: Organização e Gestão, surgiu da preocupação com modo em que o meio ambiente vem sendo tratado pelo homem, haja vista os desafios postos pelos problemas ambientais que no limite impossibilitariam a vida humana na terra. O nosso objetivo foi investigar os limites e as possibilidades da educação ambiental face à crise ambiental vivenciada atualmente, justificando-se, portanto, a necessidade de identificar a ética adotada pelos principais documentos legais referentes ao meio ambiente e à educação ambiental. A metodologia adotada foi a pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de dois procedimentos: i) levantamento e análise bibliográfica em livros e artigos acadêmicos, para estudar a questão ética na educação ambiental; ii) e também a pesquisa documental, em que focalizamos as concepções éticas presentes nos documentos legais tais como a Constituição Federal de 1988, a lei 9795, de 27 de abril de 1999, que dispõe sobre a educação ambiental, institui a Política Nacional de Educação Ambiental e dá outras providências, a lei 9394, de 20 de dezembro de 1996, que estabelece as diretrizes e bases da educação nacional, nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais do ensino fundamental e médio, e a jurisprudência dos tribunais brasileiros. Os resultados indicaram que a ética predominante na sociedade é antropocêntrica, na qual o ser humano coloca o seu bem estar em primeiro lugar. O meio ambiente foi objetificado existindo apenas para satisfazer as necessidades humanas. Apesar disso, em nossa legislação e nos principais documentos da educação referente à educação ambiental encontramos evolução no trato com o meio ambiente, concluímos que o objetivo final do discurso de proteção ambiental tem como fim a vida humana.

The aim of the project was to make a detailed risk assessment using Swedish guidelines for a factory site in Kodaikanal, South India, and a nearby village called Vellagavi. The study areas were chosen due to previous records of mercury contamination on the factory site and a possible spread to Vellagavi. A comparison between Indian and Swedish guidelines for risk assessment of contaminated areas was performed. The purposes of comparing the two systems were to locate if there were any differences in the legislation, or guidelines, and to find ways of improving the processes. The project also included an evaluation of possible remedial actions that could reverse or prevent environmental damage that might be caused by the former factory. Methods used for the project were literature studies, semi-structured interviews and surveys. The results from the risk assessment were that the Swedish Computer Program for Calculation of Guideline Values (CPCGV), with some adjustments, could be used in order to calculate site specific guideline values for mercury concentrations on sites similar to Swedish conditions, such as climate. The site specific guideline values in soil rangedfrom 0.1-2.4 mg/kg. An Indian court decision had stated that a guideline value of 20 mg/kg should be used for remediation at the factory site. The result from the forward dose calculation showed that when a soil contains 20 mg/kg,the tolerable daily intake of mercury would be exceeded, and therefore pose a risk to human health. The comparison of legislation systems between India and Sweden showed several differences. India did not have any legislation relating directly to polluted soil. Risk assessments in India commonly relied on several different international standards even though the standards were not regulated by law. The results from the remedial evaluation showed that there were several possible remediation methods that could beused on the factory site. Limited remedial actions were suggested for Vellagavi since there were no measurements taken on site. Preferably, remediation should take place at the source of the contamination, i.e. the factory site. / Det övergripande målet med projektet var att genomföra en detaljerad riskbedömning för en fabriksplats i Kodaikanal, södra Indien, samt för en närliggande by, Vellagavi. Tidigare genomförda mätningar uppvisade förhöjda halter av kvicksilver i området, varför det ansågs vara ett lämpligt område för studien. Studien innehöll en jämförelse av riktlinjer för riskbedömningar för förorenad mark mellan Indien och Sverige där syftet var att identifiera skillnader i lagstiftning och riktlinjer samt lokalisera eventuella förbättringsmöjligheter. Studien innefattades även av en åtgärdsutredning för fabriksplatsen och Vellagavi, vars syfte var att utreda vilka åtgärder som skulle kunna minska risken för fortsatt miljöförstöring eller återställa området. Metoderna som användes i studien var litteraturstudier, semi-strukturerade intervjuer och en enkätundersökning. Resultatet från riskbedömningen visade att beräkningsverktyget för platsspecifika riktvärden från Naturvårdsverket kunde användas på platser som liknar Sverige klimatmässigt, efter att diverse justeringar hade gjorts. Beräkningsverktyget användes för att ta fram ett platsspecifikt gränsvärde för kvicksilverkoncentrationen i marken. Det framtagna platsspecifika gränsvärdet för koncentrationen kvicksilver i jord varierade mellan 0,1-2,4 mg/kg. Ett beslut utfärdat av indisk domstol angav att fabriksplatsen skulle saneras så att kvicksilverkoncentationen i marken inte skulle överskrida 20 mg/kg. Resultatet från den här studien visade att den nivån av förorening i marken skulle innebära att det tolerabla dagliga intaget av kvicksilver skulle överskridas. En jämförelse av de juridiska systemen som anknöt till förorenad jord i Indien respektive Sverige visade på flertalet skillnader mellan länderna. Indien hade ingen lagstiftning som speficikt reglerade förorenad jord medan det i Sverige reglerades av Miljöbalken. Riskbedömningar i Indien baserades ofta på internationella standarder, med det fanns ingen lagstifting som reglerade vilka standarder som skulle användas. Resultatet från åtgärdsutredningen var att det fanns flera olika åtgärdsmetoder som skulle kunna användas för att sanera fabriksplatsen. Åtgärdsutredningen för Vellagavi var begränsad eftersom det inte fanns tillräckligt mycket mätdata för området. Företrädesvis bör saneringsåtgärderna vidtas vid föroreningskällan, vilket i detta fall är fabriksplatsen.

The authors develop a simple analytical framework to study the welfaremaximizing environmental standards when market entry is endogenous and firms can circumvent regulation by bribing corrupt officials. Corruption changes the tradeoff in environmental policy. Corruption leads more polluting firms to enter into the market, which requires tighter environmental regulation. However, corruption also makes trading in some environmental protection for a marginally higher market entry optimal for the government.

Die anhaltende Entwaldung tropischer Regenwälder und die damit einhergehenden sozialen und ökologischen Folgen finden zunehmend Beachtung nationaler Regierungen und zivilgesellschaftlicher Akteure, die Initiativen zur Verringerung der Entwaldung und Strategien zum Schutz von Lebensräumen und Artenvielfalt entwickelt haben. Die Waldrestaurierung, d.h. die Wiederherstellung von Waldökosystemen, stellt hierbei, neben der Verringerung der Entwaldung, ein entscheidendes Ziel dar. Brasilien spielt in diesem Zusammenhang eine entscheidende Rolle. Der Großteildes Amazonas-Regenwaldes, der größte zusammenhängende tropische Regenwald der Welt, liegt auf brasilianischem Gebiet. Nahezu 18% des brasilianischen Regenwaldes sind bereits gerodet. Landspekulation, Bergbau, und Landwirtschaft stellen die stärkste Bedrohung für die Existenz des Regenwaldes dar. Im Rahmen des Pariser Abkommens hat sich Brasilien dazu verpflichtet die Netto-Entwaldung bis 2030 zu stoppen und 12 Millionen Hektar Waldökosysteme wiederherzustellen. Eine zentrale Rolle für die Umsetzung der Verpflichtung kommt dem brasilianischen Waldschutzgesetz (BFC) zu, der wichtigsten brasilianischen Umweltgesetzgebung, die die Rahmenbedingungen für die Landnutzung auf privatem Landbesitz regelt. Im brasilianischen Amazon verlangt das BFC den Schutz von 80% der natürlichen Vegetation, als sogenanntes Legal Reserves (LRs). In der neusten Gesetzesversion von 2012 wurde erstmals der Umgang mit denjenigen Landbesitzern festgelegt, die den Gesetzesvorgaben nicht entsprechen. Es wird erwartet, dass die Umsetzung des neuen BFCs auf der einen Seite den Schutz der Wälder in den LRs gewährleistet und auf der andern Seite, unter Mitwirkung der Landbesitzer, zu ein großflächige Waldrestaurierung führt. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist das Ziel dieser Dissertation die Potenziale des BFC für den Schutz der Ur- und den nachwachsenden Wäldern zu ermitteln. Im Speziellen habe ich in der vorliegenden Dissertation (i) die Raum-Zeitlichen Veränderungen der Waldflächen im Einflussbereich der Bundesstraße BR-163, zwischen Cuiabá und Santarém, analysiert; (ii) das Potenzial der BFC für den Schutz der des Regenwaldes und für die Waldrestaurierung bewertet; und (iii) prioritäre Gebiete für ein großflächige Waldrestaurierung, unter Einbezug von Kosten, Biodiversität und Kohlenstoffspeicherung, identifiziert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein Großteil der massiven Entwaldung in der Region zwischen Cuiabá und Santarém auf privaten Grundstücken stattfand. Dies lässt auf eine weitverbreitete Nichteinhaltung des BFCs schließen. Hohe Netto-Entwaldungsraten und eine rückläufige Verbreitung nachwachsenden Waldes deutet darauf hin, dass die Region weit von einer Trendwende von Netto-Waldverlust, zu Netto-Waldzuwachs entfernt ist. Um eine Ausbreitung der Wälder voranzutreiben, ist es daher notwendig, das Management der Ur- und nachwachsenden Wälder zu verbessern. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation zeigen, dass mehr als 6 Millionen Hektar der derzeitigen Waldregeneration geschützt und ein Drittel der LR-Defizite ausgeglichen werden könnten, wenn die nachwachsenden Wälder in die Schutzzonen der LRs einbezogen werden. Die künftige Regulierung der BFC-Ausgleichsmechanismen wird einen entscheidenden Effekt auf die Waldrestaurierung und den Schutz der Urwälder haben. Die Analyse möglicher Regulierungs-Szenarien hat deutliche Variation zwischen prioritären Gebieten für die Waldrestaurierung in Mato Grosso gezeigt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Waldrestaurierung auf privaten Grundstücken entscheidend für den Schutz von Biodiversität ist. Demgegenüber zeigt sich die Wiederherstellung von Waldökosystemen auf öffentlichem Land kostengünstiger und effektiver für die Kohlenstoffspeicherung. Die Ergebnisse demonstrieren die Relevanz detaillierter räumlicher Informationen zu Landbesitz und Landnutzungsänderungen, um die Auswirkungen von neuen rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen für den Waldschutz und die Waldrestaurierung in tropischen Gebieten zu untersuchen. Die Schätzungen der derzeit nachwachsenden Waldflache, und dessen Schutzstatus, sind entscheidend um die nationalen Ziele der Waldrestaurierung zu erreichen. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass ein besseres Management von nachwachsenden Waldökosystemen durch Bundes- und Landesgesetze notwendig ist, und neue Strategien und Mechanismen, die den Schutz nachwachsenden Wäldern sicherstellen, erarbeitet werden müssen. / Continued tropical forests decline has drawn concerted attention by governments and distinct sectors of the civil society, which have responded with anti-deforestation policies and conservation strategies. Alongside conservation, large-scale forest restoration is crucial for counteracting the negative impacts of deforestation on socio-ecological processes. In this context, Brazil plays a pivotal role. Most of the Amazon, the largest continuous tropical forest in the world, lies within the Brazilian territory. Nearly 18% of the Brazilian Amazon forest cover was already lost, and land speculation, mining, and agricultural expansion continue to threaten the forest. Therefore, cutting back land use change emissions is a major pillar of Brazil’s commitment to the Paris Agreement, which includes the plan to achieve zero net deforestation in the Amazon and restore 12Mha of forests countrywide by 2030. In this thesis I focused on the Brazilian Forest Code (BFC), the flagship environmental legislation governing land use in private lands of Brazil. In forestlands of the Amazon biome, the BFC requires the protection of 80% of the native vegetation as Legal Reserves (LRs). The latest version of the law, from 2012, also established the compliance conditions for past law offenders. Particularly, there are high expectations that the enforcement of the BFC will secure the protection of forests in LRs, and drive large-scale forest restoration. Therefore, my overall goal was to advance the knowledge about the potential of the BFC enforcement for the conservation of old- and regrowing forests in the Brazilian Amazon. Specifically, I (i) investigated the spatio-temporal patterns of net forest cover change for the influence area of the Cuiabá-Santarém highway, crossing the federal states of Pará and Mato Grosso in the Brazilian Amazon; (ii) evaluated the potential of the BFC enforcement for the protection of old and regrowing forests in the Brazilian Amazon, and estimated the contribution of regrowing forests for LRs demarcation; and (iii) applied a multicriteria analysis to map priority areas for large-scale forest restoration in private and public lands of Mato Grosso, contrasting the costs of restoration with the gains for biodiversity and carbon enhancement. Results show that the Cuiabá-Santarém focus region accumulated substantial deforestation, most of which on private lands, indicating a widespread non-compliance to the BFC. High net deforestation rates and decreasing prevalence of forest regrowth on deforested lands, indicates that this region is not near experiencing a turnaround from net forest losses to net forest gains. Hence, to promote forest expansion, it will be necessary to improve old- and regrowing forests governance. In this regard, results showed that if regrowing forests are included in LRs demarcation, over 6Mha of ongoing forest regeneration could be protected, and one third of LRs deficits could be offset. Also, the future regulation of BFC compensation mechanisms will be key for determining the potential of the law for promoting restoration and old-growth forests protection additionality. Finally, a substantial variation in the spatial distribution of priority areas for forest restoration was identified across Mato Grosso, and for different scenarios. Private properties were key to enhance intensively deforested habitats, while restoration in public lands was more effective in reducing restoration costs and mitigating carbon. The findings of this thesis demonstrate the importance of detailed spatial information on land tenure and land use change in tropical areas, to support spatial planning, and address the potential of legal frameworks for promoting forest conservation and restoration. The estimates of legal protection of current regrowing forests have strong implications for Brazil’s restoration targets. They call for an improved treatment of second-growth forests by federal and state legislations, and the creation of policy and mechanisms able to secure the protection of high-value regrowing forests.

[pt] O fenômeno da urbanização traz consigo o problema de mobilidade urbana nos grandes centros. A necessidade de vencer médias distâncias em um curto espaço de tempo resultou em um aumento na frota mundial de helicópteros. De acordo com os dados coletados na Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil (ANAC, 2019), a frota brasileira de helicópteros, com registro ativo, aumentou substancialmente nos últimos 40 anos, gerando grandes impactos na implantação de helipontos em áreas urbanas já consolidadas. Um desses impactos diz respeito à poluição sonora e consequentemente os efeitos decorrentes do ruído nas comunidades vizinhas aos locais de pouso e decolagem dessas aeronaves. O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em discutir como compatibilizar os ruídos gerados com a implantação de helipontos em áreas urbanas já consolidadas por meio de modelagem de projeto baseada em marco teórico legal contemporâneo. A metodologia tem início com a revisão de literatura do planejamento urbano e ambiental, com vistas a acrescentar subsídios teóricos aos debates sobre a legislação que orienta e disciplina o licenciamento de helipontos em grandes metrópoles, análise dos pedidos de licenciamento ambiental e urbanístico, tendo como estudo de caso o licenciamento urbano e ambiental de helipontos no município do Rio de Janeiro e as evoluções tecnológicas para mitigação do ruído. / [en] The use of helicopter aircraft has increased dramatically in recent decades. Following countries like Japan, Australia, United Kingdom, France, Canada and the United States, Brazil has the seventh worldwide helicopter fleet. The city of São Paulo in 2005 was considered in the international ranking, as the second city in number of helicopters in operation (Alves, 2018). The survey of the number of helicopters in 2013 indicated 2076 registered helicopters, with 70 percent of the fleet concentrated in the states of São Paulo (723), Rio de Janeiro (467) and Minas Gerais (246). The Brazilian helicopter fleet has 1398 aircrafts with active registration in May 2018 (reference year: 2017), which corresponds to 14.79 percent of the total of this type of aircraft, which adds up to 9,452 helicopters. Of the total fleet of registered aircraft, the state of São Paulo has 33 percent of the fleet, followed by Rio de Janeiro with 20 percent and Minas Gerais with 11 percent. (ANAC, 2017) Despite the slight drop in the number of aircraft registered since 2016, the trend line continues to increase.Brazil has a large territorial area, occupying the fifth place in the world in countries in this category. Since 1927 the air transport sector has evolved with the economy. The 1994 economic stabilization plan leveraged the sector with significant growth in Brazilian tourism, generating an increase in employment and income, mainly after being chosen to host important sporting events on a global scale, such as the World Cup in 2014 and the 2016 Olympic Games, which significantly boosted the Brazilian air transport sector (Santos, 2015). All this increase in the aeronautical sector brought positive impacts to the economy, mainly in the area of tourism. However, it had a negative impact with regard to noise pollution in the communities surrounding these areas. Following the same path, the implementation of helipads has caused many disturbances to the neighborhood. Noise pollution from overflights, landings and takeoffs, in addition to the risk of accidents, brought up the issue of urban and environmental licensing of helipads. Noise pollution is anthropic pollution and is directly related to urbanization processes, which have been exacerbated with industrialization. In addition, it has a specificity, noise leaves no residue, environmental damage concerns the harm that causes health. It is noted that the concern with urban noise has been increasing in the same proportion as industrial development and population concentration. Consolidated urban areas find it difficult to reconcile activities and enterprises that have high noise levels with the permanence of the population around these areas. The emergence of new environmental technologies for noise reduction, especially in the airport sector and more specifically for helipads inserted in urban areas, as the case in the city of Rio de Janeiro, has mitigated the discomfort in the surrounding communities in the implementation of these projects, which encouraged research in this sector.