The remedial measures in the protection of the environment. This thesis focus on the remedial measures which belong to legal instruments and create an integral part of the public law. The public bodies, which are responsible for the enforcement of public interests, are in charge of enforcement of remedial measures to be done. As in the international law, the state is primarily responsible for remedying of damages arising from activities under its jurisdiction. Despite the remedial measures are incorporated into almost all legal enactments, the quality of the legislature is rather low and this legal tool has been beyond the academical interest. The remedial measures represent one of the most important instruments of the environment protection and are closely connected with the principles of the environment protection, i.e. the principle of the sustainable development, the polluter- pays principle, the preventive principle and the principle of the State responsibility. The remedial measures create a part of the measures within the environment protection, which primarily work as subsequent measures and partly as continuous and preventive ones. The remedial measures comprise different kinds of measures, the main goal of which is to remedy changes which are considered to be undesired from the legal and...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:25:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Cesar da Rocha.pdf: 1151151 bytes, checksum: 48f1fb7a3fb7a835f8ca3daeab3b567a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-04 / The Brazilian Federal Constitution, promulgated on 1988, provides the property right; nevertheless it‟s related to a social purpose. Therefore the Magna Carta asserts that the right to a healthy or adequate environment is itself a human right, which leads to the citzens and the State the responsibility of ensuring the needs and interests of present and future generations fully safeguarded, covering a variety of issues including protection of the environment. Furthermore, the Union has the authority to determine land expropriation of the areas which are not committed with a social purpose, featuring these lands for agrarian reform. Hence, knowing both constitutional guidelines, comes to a closer discussion the compensation for the environmental when there‟s a land expropriation penalty. Focusing this, an analyses could be done in a way that using the land expropriation penalty could be a legal instrument leading to environmental protection. Considering the procedures of land expropriation penalty, the expropiating entity checks the rural property including the environmental damage of it. Thus, if environmental damage is found, the State should mention demand for restitution of the area in the expropriation procedures, under penalty of handle it hereafter, counting as damage to the treasury. Moreover, there was verified the real legal intent of this kind of expropriation. In this way, it suggests a new designation of the institute and formulated a new concept of Desapropriação Agrária Sancionatória. In this inquiry, we adapt the a deductive technique, using a literature research, judicial precedents and legislative. The process used is the positivism, mitigated by Miguel Reale in Teoria Tridimensional do Direito , referring not only, in norms and brazilian courts decisions, but in historical and contemporary facts, as well as moral questions raised as instrument used in the description of the object of study. / A Constituição Federal de 1988 garante o direito de propriedade, contudo, vincula-o a uma finalidade social. Consequentemente, a Carta Magna determina que todos têm direito ao ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, impondo ao Poder Público e à coletividade o dever de defendê-lo e preservá-lo para as presentes e futuras gerações. Outrossim, outorga competência à União de desapropriar, para fins de reforma agrária, o imóvel rural que não esteja cumprindo sua função social. Na conjugação dessas diretrizes constitucionais, vem a lume a discussão sobre a reparação do dano ambiental na desapropriação agrária sancionatória. Nessa medida, analisa-se a utilização da desapropriação agrária sancionatória como instrumento jurídico para a preservação ambiental. Dentro do procedimento de desapropriação agrária sancionatória o ente expropriante avalia o imóvel rural e nessa avaliação também deverá verificar a existência de dano ambiental. Assim, constatado o dano ambiental o Estado deverá exigir a sua reparação no procedimento expropriatório, sob pena de ter que arcar com tal ônus futuramente, com prejuízo ao erário. Ademais, incidentalmente nessa pesquisa, foi verificada a real natureza jurídica dessa modalidade de desapropriação. Deste modo, foi proposta nova denominação do instituto e foi formulado novo conceito da Desapropriação Agrária Sancionatória. Nessa pesquisa, apropriar-se-á da técnica dedutiva, por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica, jurisprudencial e legislativa. O método utilizado é o positivismo, mitigado pela Teoria Tridimensional do Direito de Miguel Reale, reportando-se, não apenas em normas e jurisprudência, mas também em fatos históricos e contemporâneos, bem como questões de ordem moral, como instrumentais de suma relevância na descrição do objeto de estudo.

This article deals with main aspects of a novel technique for carbon dioxide capture and storage released by large combustion plants. Since this novel technique has become essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, it has been regulated by the European Union through the Directive number 2009/31. Therefore, acknowledging relevant legal aspects for regulation, suchas: mandatory, exploration permits, storage among others, the focus has been pointed out on responsibilities and guarantees regime. / El presente artículo desarrolla las principales aristas de la captura y almacenamiento del dióxido de carbono emanado de las grandes instalaciones de combustión, novedosa técnica que al tornarse imprescindible para la reducción de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero ha sido regulada porla Unión Europea (UE) a través de la directiva 2009/31. Así, tras reconocerlos aspectos jurídicos relevantes de su regulación —obligatoriedad, permisos de exploración y almacenamiento, entre otros— se incide en el régimen de responsabilidad y garantías.

As embalagens de PET (Poli Tereftalato de Etileno) acumulam-se de sobejo no meio ambiente natural, causando, além da poluição visual, a evidente degradação ambiental, que vem tomando lugar nos assentos das preocupações humanas contemporâneas. Neste sentido, e com o intuito de contribuir com a sociedade e a comunidade acadêmica, buscou-se estudar a responsabilidade civil ambiental a partir do contexto no qual se inserem as embalagens de PET, a partir da incidência do princípio ambiental da precaução. Para tal fim, fez-se necessário o estudo das fontes mais fidedignas acerca do tema, além, é claro, da interdisciplinaridade que o estudo do direito ambiental oferece aos apreciadores do tema, com suas interações entre a natureza e o homem. A partir disto, procurou-se reler a sociedade contemporânea lastreada pelo consumo, que vive sob os riscos constantes que ela mesma criou, um deles diz respeito aos problemas ambientais que restringem a cada dia as ações humanas sobre o planeta Terra. Além disso, procurou-se, já nas primeiras linhas do trabalho, apresentar algumas reflexões acerca da complexidade nesta sociedade, na qual o meio ambiente não encontra a interação necessária entre ele e o homem. Abordando-se, posteriormente, os aspectos técnicos das embalagens de PET, tais como as características físico-químicas, análise do seu Ciclo de Vida e a da sua quantidade produzida no país, revelou-se a evidente degradação ambiental que causam à natureza. Viu-se, portanto, que é possível responsabilizar-se quem fabrica as embalagens de PET, já que são responsáveis, desde a concepção até a destinação final destes tipos de embalagens, e não podem eximir-se do ônus de suportar os custos ambientais inerentes à sua atividade. Contribuem para a diminuição da degradação ambiental causada pelas embalagens de PET, entretanto, além da óbvia responsabilização, ações concretas no sentido da reciclagem, além da educação ambiental formadora de pessoas conscientes de seus atos para com a natureza, podendo utilizar-se dela sem, no entanto, extingui-la. Desta sorte, o trabalho restringiu-se a este tipo de assunto exatamente porque é quotidiano e incide oportunamente na sociedade atual na qual se vive, caracterizada, como dito acima, pelo reflexo das suas próprias ações. Por derradeiro, é preciso que se refira, a importância do estudo não se restringe à comunidade acadêmica senão que vai além, destina-se à sociedade, como forma de deixar um legado para as gerações futuras, que certamente poderão viver num meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado e destinado à sua sadia qualidade de vida. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-19T18:12:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Gustavo Rech .pdf: 938321 bytes, checksum: f598f74677ed75160e9b5dd23fd4e3bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-19T18:12:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Gustavo Rech .pdf: 938321 bytes, checksum: f598f74677ed75160e9b5dd23fd4e3bd (MD5) / The PET packing (Poli Ethylene Terephthalate) accumulate itself on the natural environment, causing, not only visual pollution, but the evident natural degradation, that comes taking place on the sits of human worries contemporary. Accordingly, and in order to contribute to the society and to the academic comunity, The study is sought environmental liability from the context in which it that insert the PET Packing, from the environmental impact of the principle of precaution. To this end, there was the need the study of the most creditable resources about theme, addition, of course, the interdisciplinary study of the environmental law offers to find the theme, with their interation between nature and the human being. From this, tried to read the contemporary society Lastry by consumption, which lives under the constantly hazard that it made by it self, One of them relates to environmental problems that restrict the every day human actions under the earth planet. Moreover, tried to, on the first lines of this work, to show some reflections about the complexity in this society, in which the environment is not a necessary interaction between him and the man. Addressing itself then the technical aspects of PET packaging, such as physico-chemical characteristics, analysis of its cycle of life and the quantity of its production in the country, revealing the evident degradation that cause to nature. It has, therefore, it is possible to blame themselves who manufactures the PET packaging, as they are responsible, from conception till the final destination of this kind of packing, and can not shirk is the burden of supporting the environmental costs associated with their activities. They contribute to the reduction of environmental degradation caused by PET packaging, however, beyond the obvious accountability, concrete actions towards recycling, in addition to the environmental education training of people aware of their acts to the nature, and can use them without, in the But extingui it. As luck, the work restricted itself to this kind of issue exactly becaude is quotidian current focuses appropriately on society in which it lives, characterized as above, the reflection of their own actions. For ultimate, we need to refer the importance of the study is not limited to the academic community but goes beyond that, it is intended to society as a way to leave a legacy for the future genarations, that certainly can live an ecologically balanced environment and for its sound quality of life.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:09:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AdrianaMSR_TESE.pdf: 15407461 bytes, checksum: 9724571238317c177c2fdb4b02772cad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-06 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Activities that have fuel subterranean storage system are considered potentially polluting fuels by CONAMA Resolution 273, due to the possibility of leak, outpouring and overflow of fuel into the ground. Being even more worrying when contaminate groundwater for public supply, as the case of Natal City. For this reason, the Public Ministry/RN, in partnership with UFRN, developed the project environmental suitability of Gas stations in Natal, of which 36% showed evidence of contamination. This paper describes the four stages of the management of contaminated areas: preliminary assessment of environmental liabilities, detailed confirmatory investigation of the contamination, risk analysis to human health (RBCA), as well as the remediation plan of degraded areas. Therefore it is presented a case study. For the area investigated has been proposed a mathematical method to estimate the volume of LNAPL by a free CAD software (ScketchUp) and compare it with the partition method for grid area. Were also performed 3D graphics designs of feathers contamination. Research results showed that passive benzene contamination in groundwater was 2791.77 ?g/L, when the maximum allowed by CONAMA Resolution 420 is 5 ?g/L which is the potability standards. The individual and cumulative risks were calculated from 4.4 x10-3, both above the limits of 1.0 x10-5 or by RBCA 1.0 x10-6 by the Public Ministry/RN. Corrective action points that remediation of dissolved phase benzene is expected to reach a concentration of 25 ?g/L, based on carcinogenic risk for ingestion of groundwater by residents residential, diverging legislation. According to the proposed model, the volume of LNAPL using the ScketchUp was 17.59 m3, while by the grid partitioning method was 14.02 m3. Because of the low recovery, the expected removal of LNAPL is 11 years, if the multiphase extraction system installed in the enterprise is not optimized / Atividades que possuem sistema de armazenamento subterr?neo de combust?veis s?o consideradas potencialmente poluidoras pela Resolu??o CONAMA 273/2000, devido ? possibilidade de vazamento, derramamento e transbordamento de combust?veis para o solo. Sendo ainda mais preocupante quando contaminam ?guas subterr?neas destinadas ao abastecimento p?blico, como o caso de Natal. Por este motivo, o Minist?rio P?blico/RN, em parceria com a UFRN, desenvolveu o projeto de adequa??o ambiental dos postos revendedores de combust?veis em Natal, dos quais 36% apresentaram ind?cios de contamina??o. Este trabalho descreve as quatro etapas do gerenciamento de ?reas contaminadas: avalia??o preliminar do passivo ambiental, investiga??o confirmat?ria detalhada da contamina??o, an?lise de risco a sa?de humana (RBCA), bem como o plano de remedia??o das ?reas degradadas. E apresenta um estudo de caso. Para a ?rea investigada ? proposto um m?todo matem?tico para estimar o volume de fase livre auxiliado por um software CAD livre (ScketchUp), este foi comparado com o m?todo de parti??o da ?rea por grid. Tamb?m s?o realizados os designs gr?ficos 3D das plumas de contamina??o. Os resultados da investiga??o de passivo mostraram que a contamina??o por benzeno na ?gua subterr?nea foi 2791,77 ?g/L, quando o m?ximo permitido pela Resolu??o CONAMA 420/2009 ? de 5 ?g/L que ? o padr?o de potabilidade. Os riscos individual e cumulativo calculados foram de 4,4x10-3, ambos acima dos limites aceit?veis pelo RBCA de 1,0x10-5 ou pelo Minist?rio P?blico/RN de 1,0x10-6. A a??o corretiva aponta que a remedia??o da fase dissolvida de benzeno dever? atingir uma concentra??o de 25 ?g/L, com base no risco carcinog?nico, para ingest?o de ?gua subterr?nea para moradores residenciais, divergindo da legisla??o. De acordo com o modelo proposto, o volume de fase livre utilizando o ScketchUp foi de ? de 17,59 m3, enquanto o m?todo de parti??o por grid foi de 14,02 m3. Devido ? baixa recupera??o, a previs?o de remo??o da fase livre ? de 11 anos, caso o sistema de extra??o multif?sica instalado no empreendimento n?o seja otimizado / 2020-01-01

As embalagens de PET (Poli Tereftalato de Etileno) acumulam-se de sobejo no meio ambiente natural, causando, além da poluição visual, a evidente degradação ambiental, que vem tomando lugar nos assentos das preocupações humanas contemporâneas. Neste sentido, e com o intuito de contribuir com a sociedade e a comunidade acadêmica, buscou-se estudar a responsabilidade civil ambiental a partir do contexto no qual se inserem as embalagens de PET, a partir da incidência do princípio ambiental da precaução. Para tal fim, fez-se necessário o estudo das fontes mais fidedignas acerca do tema, além, é claro, da interdisciplinaridade que o estudo do direito ambiental oferece aos apreciadores do tema, com suas interações entre a natureza e o homem. A partir disto, procurou-se reler a sociedade contemporânea lastreada pelo consumo, que vive sob os riscos constantes que ela mesma criou, um deles diz respeito aos problemas ambientais que restringem a cada dia as ações humanas sobre o planeta Terra. Além disso, procurou-se, já nas primeiras linhas do trabalho, apresentar algumas reflexões acerca da complexidade nesta sociedade, na qual o meio ambiente não encontra a interação necessária entre ele e o homem. Abordando-se, posteriormente, os aspectos técnicos das embalagens de PET, tais como as características físico-químicas, análise do seu Ciclo de Vida e a da sua quantidade produzida no país, revelou-se a evidente degradação ambiental que causam à natureza. Viu-se, portanto, que é possível responsabilizar-se quem fabrica as embalagens de PET, já que são responsáveis, desde a concepção até a destinação final destes tipos de embalagens, e não podem eximir-se do ônus de suportar os custos ambientais inerentes à sua atividade. Contribuem para a diminuição da degradação ambiental causada pelas embalagens de PET, entretanto, além da óbvia responsabilização, ações concretas no sentido da reciclagem, além da educação ambiental formadora de pessoas conscientes de seus atos para com a natureza, podendo utilizar-se dela sem, no entanto, extingui-la. Desta sorte, o trabalho restringiu-se a este tipo de assunto exatamente porque é quotidiano e incide oportunamente na sociedade atual na qual se vive, caracterizada, como dito acima, pelo reflexo das suas próprias ações. Por derradeiro, é preciso que se refira, a importância do estudo não se restringe à comunidade acadêmica senão que vai além, destina-se à sociedade, como forma de deixar um legado para as gerações futuras, que certamente poderão viver num meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado e destinado à sua sadia qualidade de vida. / The PET packing (Poli Ethylene Terephthalate) accumulate itself on the natural environment, causing, not only visual pollution, but the evident natural degradation, that comes taking place on the sits of human worries contemporary. Accordingly, and in order to contribute to the society and to the academic comunity, The study is sought environmental liability from the context in which it that insert the PET Packing, from the environmental impact of the principle of precaution. To this end, there was the need the study of the most creditable resources about theme, addition, of course, the interdisciplinary study of the environmental law offers to find the theme, with their interation between nature and the human being. From this, tried to read the contemporary society Lastry by consumption, which lives under the constantly hazard that it made by it self, One of them relates to environmental problems that restrict the every day human actions under the earth planet. Moreover, tried to, on the first lines of this work, to show some reflections about the complexity in this society, in which the environment is not a necessary interaction between him and the man. Addressing itself then the technical aspects of PET packaging, such as physico-chemical characteristics, analysis of its cycle of life and the quantity of its production in the country, revealing the evident degradation that cause to nature. It has, therefore, it is possible to blame themselves who manufactures the PET packaging, as they are responsible, from conception till the final destination of this kind of packing, and can not shirk is the burden of supporting the environmental costs associated with their activities. They contribute to the reduction of environmental degradation caused by PET packaging, however, beyond the obvious accountability, concrete actions towards recycling, in addition to the environmental education training of people aware of their acts to the nature, and can use them without, in the But extingui it. As luck, the work restricted itself to this kind of issue exactly becaude is quotidian current focuses appropriately on society in which it lives, characterized as above, the reflection of their own actions. For ultimate, we need to refer the importance of the study is not limited to the academic community but goes beyond that, it is intended to society as a way to leave a legacy for the future genarations, that certainly can live an ecologically balanced environment and for its sound quality of life.

The subject of my master thesis is the EU directive 2004/35 on environmental responsibility, prevention and damage redress, its implementation into the legal order of the Czech Republic and the potential impact of undue transposition of the directive. The first part of my thesis deals with the harmonization need in this area and with the directive itself. Following a brief introduction of the directive, I'm presenting an overview of its basic institutes and their legal form. I'm also making an effort at identifying possible shortcomings of the directive. The basic institutes of the directive include: key principles, the environmental damage itself, operational activity, responsibility mechanisms, financial safeguards and the administrative procedure to impose a preventive or a remedial provisions. The second part of my thesis deals with the theoretical aspects of appropriate implementation, such as the interpretation of the directive, a timely adoption of the transposition provisions, proper projection of the content of the directive, due form of the transposition provisions, the application of EU norms, the equivalence and effectiveness imperative and the internal Czech rules for the implementation of EU norms that have been laid down by the governmental provision Nr. 1304 (methodological directions). The...

The impact of climate change on the financial performance of companies is of concern to bank credit processes. The main objective of this research was to develop a South African contextualised credit process that incorporates environmental risk. The research methodology comprised of a mixed-method being content analysis – the qualitative portion and the Probability of Default prediction using a Merton Model and the Hoffmann and Busch (2008) carbon risk analysis model - the quantitative portion. A content analysis of the banks’ Annual Reports, Integrated Reports and Sustainability Reports showed that, while South African banks follow a qualitative approach to embedding environmental risk into their credit process, none of the four banks that formed part of the study divulged their quantitative approach to embedding environmental risk. The study used a proximity matrix method to examine the level of embedding. The second part of the study, which used prior studies as the benchmark, adopted the following: (1) a simulated carbon tax regime as a proxy for an environmental risk, and (2) the Hoffmann and Busch (2008) carbon risk analysis tool and the Merton Model (1974) as the bank credit process proxies. The second part of the study used a sample of 33 JSE-listed Carbon Disclosure Project reporting companies out of a population of 107. The carbon risk analysis showed that the companies in the materials and energy sector have a high carbon risk. However, the results from the Merton Model showed that the companies have enough profit to cushion the additional carbon tax liability, given the insignificant shift in probability of default between the three scenarios, where financial data had (1) no carbon tax, (2) was adjusted for a carbon tax with incentives, and (3) adjusted for carbon tax without incentives. Triangulation of the results from the content analysis, carbon risk analysis and the probability of default analysis confirms that South African banks do not fully integrate environmental risk across the credit value chain or process in the 2010 to 2017 period. However, the carbon risk analysis shows a heavy dependency on carbon sources for critical inputs into the South African companies’ production processes, which if not checked, will affect the credit portfolios of banks. / Finance, Risk Management and Banking / D. Phil (Management Studies)

The evolution of environmental law in Mexico has developed efficient mechanisms for environmental protection. Mexico’s legal system stems from the civil law tradition and therefore is a system of positivelaw. Thus, the Mexican legal system is based in written laws, regulations and other legalprovisions, created by the legislature (Federal Congress) and applicable in the Mexicanterritory, without losing sight of Mexican Official Standards (NOM’s) and Mexican Standards (NMX).The present article will make and overview on the transformation of environmental law since 1987’s constitutional reforms, to the present day. / El tiempo y la experiencia en la aplicación de la Legislación Ambiental Mexicana ha sido detonante para el desarrollo de mecanismos cada vez más eficientes para la protección al medio ambiente.El Sistema Legal Mexicano es un sistema de derecho positivo. Así, el Derecho mexicano se encuentra basado en leyes escritas, reglamentos y otras disposiciones legales, creadas por el Congreso de la Unión y el Ejecutivo Federal; todas, aplicables en el territorio mexicano; sin perder de vista el rol de las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas (NOM’s) y las Normas Mexicanas (NMX).El presente artículo hará un recorrido en la transformación de la legislación ambiental desde las reformas constitucionales de 1987, hasta el día de hoy.