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Η ντοπαμινεργική νεύρωση είναι πολύ σημαντική για τις μακροχρόνιες αλλαγές της συναπτικής πλαστικότητας στον ιππόκαμπο και στον προμετωπιαίο φλοιό, καθώς και για την έκφραση των πρώιμων γονιδίων που σχετίζονται με τη μνήμη και τη μάθηση. Πολλές εργασίες έχουν δείξει ότι οι αλληλεπιδράσεις μεταξύ ντοπαμινεργικών και γλουταμινεργικών υποδοχέων είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντικές για τις γνωστικές λειτουργίες του ιππόκαμπου και του προμετωπιαίου φλοιού. Προκειμένου να μελετήσουμε το μοριακό υπόβαθρο των αλληλεπιδράσεων μεταξύ των ντοπαμινεργικών και γλουταμινεργικών υποδοχέων στο ιππόκαμπο και τον προμετωπιαίο φλοιό του επίμυος, εξετάσαμε «in vitro» την επίδραση της ενεργοποίησης των D1 υποδοχέων ντοπαμίνης στο επίπεδο φωσφορυλίωσης των υπομονάδων των NMDA και AMPA υποδοχέων γλουταμινικού οξέος., καθώς στην φωσφορυλίωση/ ενεργοποίηση του σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού της ERK1/2 κινάσης (Extracellular Regulated Kinase1/2) και της DARPP-32 (Dopamine-and cyclicAMP-Regulated PhosphoProtein-32). Επιπλέον, συγκρίναμε τις αλληλεπιδράσεις των D1/NMDA/AMPA υποδοχέων που παρατηρούνται στον ιππόκαμπο και στον προμετωπιαίο φλοιό με αυτές που εμφανίζονται στο ραβδωτό σώμα, στο οποίο η πυκνότητα των D1 υποδοχέων είναι η μέγιστη στον εγκέφαλο. Τα αποτελέσματά μας δείχνουν ότι η ενεργοποίηση των D1 υποδοχέων από τον ειδικό αγωνιστή τους SKF38393 (10 μΜ) στις τομές του ιππόκαμπου και του προμετωπιαίου φλοιού έχει ως αποτέλεσμα μια σημαντική αύξηση των επιπέδων φωσφορυλίωσης: α) της σερίνης-897 της NR1 υπομονάδας και της σερίνης-1303 της NR2B υπομονάδας του NMDA υποδοχέα, οι οποίες επάγουν τη διακίνηση των υποδοχέων στην μεμβρανική επιφάνεια (trafficking) και την ενίσχυση των ρευμάτων του ιοντικού διαύλου, αντίστοιχα, β) των σερινών-831 και -845 της GLUR1 υπομονάδας του AMPA υποδοχέα, οι οποίες ενισχύουν τα ρεύματα του ιοντικού διαύλου και αυξάνουν την πιθανότητα ανοίγματος του καναλιού, αντίστοιχα και γ) της ERK1/2 κινάσης, αλλά όχι της DARPP-32. Είναι ενδιαφέρον το γεγονός ότι η συνενεργοποίηση των D1 και NMDA υποδοχέων με ανενεργές δόσεις των ειδικών αγωνιστών τους SKF38393 (2 μΜ) και NMDA (5 μΜ), αντίστοιχα έχει ως αποτέλεσμα μια περαιτέρω αύξηση των επιπέδων φωσφορυλίωσης των υπομονάδων των NMDA και AMPA υποδοχέων, καθώς και της ERK1/2 κινάσης, αλλά όχι της DARPP-32. Οι παραπάνω επαγόμενες από την ενεργοποίηση των D1 υποδοχέων και την συνενεργοποίηση των D1/ NMDA υποδοχέων φωσφορυλιώσεις αναστέλλονται πλήρως από τον ειδικό αναστολέα της ενεργοποίησης της ERK1/2 κινάσης, SL327. Αντίθετα, στο ραβδωτό σώμα τα αποτελέσματα επιβεβαιώνουν ότι η επαγόμενη από τους D1 υποδοχείς φωσφορυλίωση των υπομονάδων των NMDA και AMPA υποδοχέων βασίζεται στο καλά περιγραμμένο σηματοδοτικό μονοπάτι D1/PKA/DARPP-32. Συμπερασματικά, τα «in vitro» πειράματα δείχνουν στον ιππόκαμπο και στον προμετωπιαίο φλοιό να υφίσταται ισχυρή συνεργιστική αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ των D1 και των NMDA υποδοχέων, η οποία οδηγεί στην ενεργοποίηση του σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού της ΕΡΚ1/2 κινάσης. Επιπλέον, η επαγόμενη από την διέγερση των D1 υποδοχέων και από τη συνδιέγερση των D1/ NMDA υποδοχέων φωσφορυλίωση των υπομονάδων των NMDA και AMΡΑ υποδοχέων φαίνεται να οφείλεται στο σηματοδοτικό μονοπάτι της ERK1/2 κινάσης και πιθανώς αποτελεί το μοριακό υπόβαθρο της ενίσχυσης των ρευμάτων των NMDA και AMPA υποδοχέων από την ενεργοποίηση των D1 υποδοχέων. Προκειμένου να διερευνήσουμε εάν αυτή η συνεργιστική αλληλεπίδραση των D1/ NMDA υποδοχέων υφίσταται και «in vivo» και να εξετάσουμε περαιτέρω τη λειτουργική της σημασία, επιλέξαμε ένα φυσικό συμπεριφορικό τεστ, την εισαγωγή των πειραματόζωων σε «πρωτόγνωρο» περιβάλλον (ελεύθερη εξερεύνηση του χώρου). Η δοκιμασία αυτή είναι γνωστό ότι επάγει την αύξηση των επιπέδων ντοπαμίνης στον ιππόκαμπο και τον προμετωπιαίο φλοιό και κατ’επέκταση επάγει την ενεργοποίηση των D1 υποδοχέων. Τα αποτελέσματα μας δείχνουν ότι η εισαγωγή των επίμυων στο «καινούργιο» περιβάλλον επάγει στον ιππόκαμπο και στον προμετωπιαίο φλοιό: α) μια σημαντική αύξηση των επιπέδων φωσφορυλίωσης των υπομονάδων των NMDA και ΑΜPA υποδοχέων, καθώς και ισχυρή φωσφορυλίωση/ ενεργοποίηση του σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού της ERK1/2 κινάσης. Τα φαινόμενα αυτά όπως δείξαμε μετά τη χορήγηση ειδικών ανταγωνιστών εξαρτώνται από τη σύγχρονη ενεργοποίηση των D1/ NMDA υποδοχέων και οφείλονται στο «νέο» ερέθισματα, δεδομένου ότι δεν εμφανίζονται μετά από δοκιμασία «εξοικείωσης» των επίμυων στο «καινούργιο» περιβάλλον, β) επιγεννετικές τροποποιήσεις (φωσφορυλίωση/ ακετυλίωση της ιστόνης Η3) και γ) αύξηση των πρωτεϊνικών επιπέδων έκφρασης των πρώιμων γονιδίων cFos και zif268 επιλεκτικά στη CA1 περιοχή του ιπποκάμπου, φαινόμενα τα οποία εξαρτώνται από την συνενεργοποίηση των D1/ NMDA υποδοχέων, καθώς και των μουσκαρινικών υποδοχέων ακετυλοχολίνης. Συμπερασματικά τα αποτελέσματα μας δείχνουν ότι: α) η φωσφορυλίωση των υπομονάδων των NMDA και AMPA υποδοχέων πιθανώς δρα ως «δείκτης του πρωτόγνωρου ερεθίσματος», δεδομένου ότι δεν εμφανίζονται μετά την «εξοικείωση» των επίμυων στο «καινούργιο» περιβάλλον, β) η ισχυρή ενεργοποίηση του σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού της ERK1/2 κινάσης που επάγεται από το «νέο» ερέθισμα απαιτεί τη συνεργιστική αλληλεπίδραση των D1/ NMDA υποδοχέων και γ) η ενεργοποίηση του μονοπατιού μεταγωγής σήματος της ERK1/2 κινάσης οδηγεί σε επιγεννετικές αλλαγές και αύξηση της έκφρασης των πρώιμων γονιδίων cFos και zif268, φαινόμενα τα οποία απαιτούνται στη ρύθμιση της συναπτικής πλαστικότητας, καθώς και στις διαδικασίες της μνήμης και της μάθησης. / Dopaminergic innervation is critical for long term changes in synaptic efficacy in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as for learning-associated immediate-early gene expression. Many studies have demonstrated that the interactions between dopamine and glutamate receptors are essential for the prefrontal cortical (PFC) and hippocampal cognitive functions. In order to understand the molecular basis of dopamine/glutamate interactions in rat PFC and hippocampus, we investigated the effect of “in vitro” dopamine D1 receptor stimulation on glutamate NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits’ phosphorylation, as well as on ERK1/2 (Extracellular Regulated Kinase1/2) and DARPP-32 (Dopamine-and cyclicAMP-Regulated PhosphoProtein-32) phosphorylation/activation. Furthermore, we compared the D1/NMDA/AMPA receptor interactions seen in PFC and hippocampus with those appearing in striatum, in which the D1 receptors’ density is the highest within the mammalian brain. Our results showed that stimulation of D1 receptor by the specific agonist SKF38393 (10μM) in PFC and hippocampal slices significantly increased the phosphorylation state of: a) NR1ser897 and NR2Bser1303 subunits of NMDA receptor, which promotes the trafficking and enhances the ionic currents, respectively, b) of GLUR1(ser831 and ser845) subunit of AMPA receptor, which enhances the receptor currents and the open probability of the receptor channel and c) of ERK1/2, but not of DARPP-32. Interestingly, co-stimulation of D1 and NMDA receptors with an ineffective dose of SKF38393(2μM) and NMDA(5μM) respectively, elevated further the phosphorylation level of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits, as well as of ERK1/2, but not of DARPP-32. The D1- and D1/NMDA-induced phosphorylations were totally inhibited by SL327 (specific ERK1/2 inhibitor). Conversely, in striatal slices our data confirm that the D1-mediated phosphorylation of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits relies on D1/PKA/DARPP-32 signalling. In conclusion, in PFC and hippocampus: a) a strong synergistic interaction of D1 and NMDA receptors exists, which results in a significant ERK1/2 pathway activation, b) The D1 and the D1/NMDA receptor induced phosphorylation of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits seems to rely on ERK1/2 signalling and could to some extend underlie the enhancement of NMDA and AMPA receptor currents mediated by D1 receptor activation. In order to investigate whether this synergistic interaction occurs also “in vivo” and to further examine its functional significance, we exposed the rats to a novel environment (open field exploration), which is known to evoke dopamine release in hippocampus and PFC. Our results showed that the “spatial” novelty stimulus induced in rat hippocampus and PFC: a) a significant increase in phosphorylation of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits, as well as a robust phosphorylation/activation of ERK1/2 signalling, which are both dependent on the concomitant stimulation of D1/NMDA receptors and are both abolished by habituation, b) chromatin remodeling events (phosphorylation-acetylation of histone H3) and c) an increase in the immediate early genes cFos and zif268 expression in the CA1 region of hippocampus, which is dependent on the coactivation of D1/NMDA and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Our results indicate that: a) the phosphorylation of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits could act as a ‘novelty detector’, since it is absent after habituation, b) the robust activation of ERK1/2 signalling elicited by “spatial” novelty, demands the synergistic interaction of D1/NMDA receptors and c) the activation of ERK1/2 pathway leads to chromatin remodeling events and expression of the immediate early genes cFos and zif268, which are required for the regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation.

Plusieurs lymphomes à cellules B présentent des anomalies génétiques qui sont importantes pour déterminer leurs caractéristiques biologiques et peuvent être utiles pour le diagnostic. Les types les plus courants sont le lymphome folliculaire et le lymphome diffus à grandes cellules B (LDGCB), qui représentent à eux deux plus de 60 % de tous les lymphomes. Les LDGCB sont agressifs mais peuvent être traités par chimiothérapie à agents multiples. Cependant, les gènes suppresseurs de tumeur (GST) potentiellement responsables de la lymphomagenèse ne sont pas tous connus. Le rationnel de ce projet reposait sur des données non publiées du projet translationnel GHEDI (déchiffrer l'hétérogénéité génétique du lymphome diffus à grandes cellules B à l'ère du rituximab). Une hybridation génomique comparative (CGH) (puce Agilent 180 K) a été réalisée sur une série de 202 LDGCB de la série GHEDI et 40 % des délétions de la région 6q21 ont été identifiées, dont la région minimale commune délétée qui contient le gène HACE1. Par ailleurs, l'analyse transcriptomique a montré une corrélation significative entre le nombre de copies du gène et le niveau d'expression. Le gène HACE1, situé sur le chromosome 6q, code pour une ubiquitine ligase E3 et est régulé négativement chez l'homme dans les tumeurs, y compris les neuroblastomes et les lymphomes à cellules tueuses naturelles (NK). Il a été montré que le gène HACE1 ubiquityle Rac1, une protéine impliquée dans la prolifération cellulaire et la progression G2/M du cycle cellulaire. La fonction du gène HACE1 et les facteurs impliqués dans sa régulation transcriptionnelle sont en grande partie inconnus dans le contexte des lymphomes à cellules B. Dans cette étude, nous avons examiné si le gène HACE1 était un gène candidat dans la région génomique 6q impliqué dans la lymphomagenèse des LDGCB et plus largement dans les lymphomes B. Nous avons déterminé la fréquence de l'inactivation du gène HACE1 dans le lymphome à cellules B et analysé les mécanismes impliqués dans son extinction. / Several B-cell lymphomas have characteristic genetic abnormalities that are important in determining their biologic features and can be useful in differential diagnosis. Historically, classical Hodgkin lymphomas have been distinguished from non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). The most common types are follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which together make up more than 60% of all lymphomas. DBCL are aggressive but potentially curable with multi-agent chemotherapy. However the putative tumor suppressor genes (TSG) responsible for lymphomagenesis still remain unknown. The rational of this project was based on unpublished data from the translational project GHEDI (Deciphering the Genetic Heterogeneity of Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era). Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) (Agilent 180 K) was performed in a series of 202 DLBCL and found 40% of deletions of 6q21 region, whose minimal commune deleted region (MCR) contains HACE1 gene. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis showed a significant correlation between gene copy number and expression level. HACE1, located on chromosome 6q, encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase and is downregulated in human tumors such as neuroblastomas and natural killer (NK) lymphomas. HACE1 has been shown to ubiquitylate Rac1, a protein involved in cell proliferation and G2/M cell cycle progression. The function of HACE1 and the factors involved in its transcriptional regulation are largely unknown in the context of B-cell lymphomas. In this study, we investigated whether HACE1 is a candidate gene in the 6q genomic region involved in DLBCL lymphomagenesis. We determined the frequency of HACE1 inactivation in B-cell lymphoma and analyzed the mechanisms involved in its silencing. We show, by RT-qPCR, that HACE1 gene is constitutively expressed in normal lymph nodes and in normal B-cells isolated from peripheral blood, contrasting with a strong downregulation of its expression in more than 70% (77/111) of B-cell lymphoma cases and in four tested B-Lymphoma cell lines. HACE1 gene copy number was assessed by quantitative multiplex PCR of short fluorescent fragments (QMPSF) and array for comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) in 91 DLBCL cases.

Le développement du rein est un exemple intriguant d’un équilibre délicat entre la prolifération des cellules progénitrices, la différentiation et l’apoptose. Le gène Wt1 est indispensable pour la survie des cellules progénitrices. Le but de cette thèse a été de définir les voies de signalisation activées par Wt1 pendant le développement du rein. En utilisant les souris Wt1 KO, nous avons démontré que WT1 coordonne l’action de deux voies de signalisation opposées : Fgf et Bmp/Smad intervenant dans la survie des cellules progénitrices rénales. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons analysé le rôle du modificateur épigénétique, le gène Phf19 pendant le développement du rein. Nous avons démontré que l’expression de ce gène est Wt1-dependant et il est exclusivement exprimé dans les cellules progénitrices rénales au cours du développement et que son inactivation dans le rein embryonnaire en culture, conduit à l’apoptose des cellules progénitrices. Nous avons généré des souris knockout de Phf19 par l’approche de CRISPR/Cas9. Dans le cas d’une létalité précoce des embryons homozygotes, nous opterons pour la production du model animal knockout conditionnel et procéderons à la caractérisation de leur profile épigénétique. Cette thèse a permis d’une part, de découvrir deux voies de signalisation antagonistes, régulées par le Wt1et impliquées dans le contrôle de la survie des cellules progénitrices rénales et d’autre part de nous orienter vers le contrôle de la survie et la prolifération de ces cellules par modifications épigénétiques. Ceci nous permettra de contribuer à la connaissance de l’étiologie d’une grande proportion des malformations rénales restant à ce jour inconnues. / Kidney organogenesis requires the tight control of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of renal progenitor cells. The Wilms’ tumour suppressor Wt1 is required for renal progenitor survival. The aim of this thesis was to elucidate the molecular cause for renal agenesis in Wt1 mutant mouse. Here we demonstrate that lack of Wt1 abolishes FGF and induces BMP/pSMAD signaling within the metanephric mesenchyme. We further show that recombinant BMP4, but not BMP7, induces an apoptotic response within the early kidney that can be suppressed by simultaneous addition of FGFs. These data reveal an unknown sensitivity of early renal progenitors to pSMAD signalling, establishes FGF and pSMAD signalling as antagonistic forces in early kidney development and places WT1 as a key regulator of pro-survival FGF signalling pathway genes. In a second study, we demonstrated, that Phf19, an epigenetic modifier, is essential both for maintaining Wt1 expression in renal progenitor cells and their survival in an ex-vivo culture. We further generated a Phf19 knockout mouse by CRISPR/Cas9. The homozygous embryos will be analyzed to further decipher the contribution of Phf19 to potential kidney malformations and the epigenetic profile of renal progenitor cells will be characterized. Overall, the new insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling the survival of renal progenitor cells, reported in this thesis, provide one more step in our understanding of renal malformations. In addition, our results conducted us toward the epigenetique modifications that could open up promising new avenue of understanding the etiology of an important proportion of renal malformation that remains unknown.

La protéine UHRF1 est impliquée dans le maintien et la transmission des modifications épigénétiques. Lors du processus de réplication, elle recrute la méthyltransférase de l’ADN Dnmt1 au niveau des sites CpG hémi-méthylés via son domaine SRA (SET and RING Associated), favorisant la duplication des profils de méthylation. La structure tridimensionnelle du complexe SRA/ADN révèle que la protéine induit un basculement de la méthylcytosine qui permet un ancrage spécifique de la protéine sur les sites hémim éthylés, facilitant le recrutement de la Dnmt1 au niveau de ces positions stratégiques. Dans ce contexte, notre projet vise à comprendre les mécanismes d’interaction du domaine SRA de UHRF1 avec l’ADN hémi-méthylé. Des oligonucléotides doubles brins ont été marqués à la 2-aminopurine, un analogue nucléosidique fluorescent sensible à l’environnement, à différentes positions au voisinage d’un unique site de reconnaissance CpG hémi-méthylé. Les mesures de spectroscopie de fluorescence à l’état stationnaire et résolues en temps de ces duplexes liés au domaine SRA nous ont permis de caractériser de manière site spécifique les changements conformationnels induits par la liaison du domaine SRA. En accord avec la structure tridimensionnelle du complexe SRA/ADN, nos données suggèrent que le domaine SRA est capable de basculer la méthylcytosine tout en préservant la structure des autres bases dans le duplexe. Le domaine SRA semble se lier selon le même mécanisme aux duplexes hémi-méthylés, bi-méthylés et non-méthylés. La protéine UHRF1 jouerait ainsi un rôle de “lecteur“ capable de scanner la séquence d’ADN à la recherche de sites hémi-méthylés. / The UHRF1 protein plays a key role in the maintenance and transmission of epigenetic modifications. Duringthe replication process, it recruits the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1 to hemi-methylated CpG sites via itsSRA (SET and RING Associated) domain, promoting the duplication of the methylation profiles. Thetridimensional structure of the SRA/DNA complex revealed that the protein induces a base-flipping of themethylcytosine that enables a specific anchoring of the protein to hemi-methylated sites facilitating therecruitment of Dnmt1 to this strategic position. In this context, our project was aimed to further understand themechanism of interaction of the SRA domain with hemi-methylated DNA. To this end, oligonucleotideduplexes were labeled by 2-aminopurine, a fluorescent nucleoside analogue sensitive to environment, atvarious positions close to the single hemi-methylated CpG recognition site. Steady-state and time-resolvedfluorescence spectroscopy measurements of these duplexes bound to the SRA domain enabled us to sitespecificallycharacterize the conformational changes induced by the binding of this domain. In agreement withthe tridimensional structure of the SRA/DNA complex, our data suggest that the SRA domain is able to flip themethylcytosine while preserving the structure of the surrounding bases in the duplex. The SRA domain wasshown to bind with the same mechanism to hemi-methylated, fully-methylated and non-methylated duplexes.Our data suggest the UHRF1 protein plays a role of “reader” that scans the DNA sequence for hemimethylatedsites.

Les cancers du sein ont la particularité de développer un microenvironnement tumoral important où les fibroblastes associés au cancer (CAF) jouent un rôle crucial dans la tumorigénèse via la sécrétion de différents facteurs de croissance, cytokines, protéases et composants de la matrice extracellulaire. Ces différents facteurs secrétés par les CAFs sont impliqués dans de nombreuses voies de signalisation suggérant que la reprogrammation des cellules cancéreuses par les CAFs peut affecter de nombreux gènes.Le séquençage des ARN messagers (RNAseq) de lignées cellulaires de cancer du sein cultivées en présence de milieux conditionnés de CAF, nous a permis d'identifier 372 gènes surexprimés in vitro par les facteurs sécrétés par les CAF et in vivo selon la teneur en cellules stromales des tumeurs mammaires. De façon inattendue, nous avons pu constater que les facteurs sécrétés par les CAF ainsi que le contenu en cellules stromales des tumeurs n'induisent pas de changements significatifs de méthylation de l'ADN mais activent de manière spécifique des gènes caractérisés par une signature méthylation. Différentes approches expérimentales, telles que l'inhibition de la méthylation de l'ADN, l'inhibition de l'expression de la protéine MBD2 (protéines de liaison à l'ADN méthylé) et des expériences d'immuno-précipitation de la chromatine (ChIP) ont permis de montrer l'implication de ces marques de méthylation et des protéines de liaison à l'ADN méthylé dans la réponse des cellules cancéreuses aux facteurs sécrétés par les CAFs. Ces résultats ont permis l'identification d'événements moléculaires impliqués dans la réponse des cellules tumorales aux signaux sécrétés par les cellules stromales dans les tumeurs mammaires mettant en lumière l'importance des marques épigénétiques dans la reprogrammation des cellules cancéreuses induites par les cellules stromales / Breast cancers develop in complex tissue environments where cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) play a crucial role in tumorigenesis by secreting various growth factors, cytokines, proteases and extracellular matrix components. Soluble factors secreted by CAFs are involved in many pathways including inflammation, metabolism, proliferation, and epigenetic modulation suggesting that CAF-dependent reprograming of cancer cells affects a large set of genes. From RNAseq data obtained from breast cancer cell lines grown in presence of CAF-secreted factors, we identified 372 upregulated genes exhibiting an expression level positively correlated with the stromal content of breast cancer specimens. Furthermore, we observed that gene expression changes were not mediated through significant DNA methylation changes. Nevertheless CAF-secreted factors but also stromal content of the tumors remarkably activated specific genes characterized by a DNA methylation signature: hypermethylation at transcription start site (TSS) and shore regions. Experimental approaches (inhibition of DNA methylation, knockdown of MBD2, and ChIP assays) demonstrated the implication of DNA methylation and methyl DNA binding protein in the response of cancers cells to CAF-secreted factors. These data put in light the importance of epigenetics marks in the cancer cell reprogramming induced by stromal cell and indicate that the interpreters of the DNA methylation signal play a major role in the response of the cancer cells to the microenvironment

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:21:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5633.pdf: 1339694 bytes, checksum: c96c2cb2d5b7dcda944ea18353c62f47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-02 / The Meat tenderness, a trate of economic importance in animal production, is influenced by the intensity of the degradation of myofibrillar proteins in post-mortem. The &#956;-calpain is the main enzyme responsible for meat tenderness of skeletal muscle, and, conversely, the calpastatin, which is encoded by the CAST gene, acts as endogenous inhibitor of calpain and thus decreases the extent of proteolysis in skeletal muscle. Polymorphisms in CAST were associated with enzyme activity and shear force, indicating the great importance of the study of CAST gene regulation. It is known that the transcription of most genes is stably suppressed in most tissues and only remains active in their tissue of expression and in certain developmental stages, and that can be controlled by epigenetic events such as methylation of DNA cytosine that is identified by sequencing of bisulfite-treated DNA. The aim of this study was to evaluate if there was preferential expression, of tissue, genotype and stage of development for the CAST gene in liver, muscle and skin of fetuses and muscle and liver of homozygous and heterozygous adult cattle for the A> G exon 30/3'UTR polymorphism, evaluated by real-time PCR with SYBR ® fluorophore, and to verify if the differential expression is regulated by the methylation status of promoter region. Differential gene expression analyses were normalized to the reference gene RPS-9. When we analyzed the tissue-specific expression in fetuses, the CAST gene was 2 times more expressed in liver than in skin (p <0.05) and almost two times more expressed in liver than in muscle (p <0.05). It was also found that this gene was 1.83 x up regulated in adult muscle when compared to fetal muscle (p <0.05), showing differential expression in the developmental stage. Differences in expression between genotypes were also found, when comparing the homozygous genotype to the heterozygous genotype (used as calibrator). Fetal samples of muscle and skin of individuals with GG genotype presented higher expression (p <0.05) of CAST gene (2x and 1,74 x, respectively, compared to heterozygous) and muscle of animals with AA genotypes also presented higher expression (1.4x compared to AG). In adult animals, the gene was up regulated in liver and muscle of individuals with GG genotype (2x and 1.63x more than AG, respectively) and was less expressed in the liver of homozygote AA (0,32x less than AG) (p <0.05). The presence of a CpG island in the promoter region of the gene CAST was identified and the methylation status was studied after bisulfite treatment, cloning of the fragment and sequencing of clones. The CpG island was hypomethylated in different tissues: 0.63% of methylated CpG dinucleotides in fetal muscle, 0.43% in fetal liver and 0.61% in adult muscle. According to the different genotypes the island was methylated in 0.61%, 0 49%, 0.60% in animal with AA genotype, 0.81%, 0.35%, 0.34% in AG, 0.4%, 0.45% ,0.9% in GG in fetal muscle, fetal liver and adult muscle respectively. In our results we show that the CpG island is hypomethylated and can allow transcription of the gene but the methylation does not explain the differences in expression within tissues, developmental stage and genotypes of the CAST gene. / A maciez da carne, uma característica de grande interesse econômico, é influenciada pela intensidade da degradação de proteínas miofibrilares no período pós-mortem. A &#956;-calpaína é a principal enzima responsável pelo amaciamento do músculo esquelético, e de maneira oposta, a calpastatina que é codificada pelo gene CAST, atua como inibidor endógeno das calpaínas e, portanto, diminui a taxa e extensão da proteólise no músculo esquelético. Polimorfismos no gene CAST já foram associados à atividade da enzima e à força de cisalhamento, indicando a grande importância no estudo da regulação desse gene. Sabe-se que a transcrição da maior parte dos genes é reprimida estavelmente na maioria dos tecidos e só permanece ativa nos seus tecidos de expressão e em determinados estádios do desenvolvimento, e que isso pode ser controlado por eventos epigenéticos como a metilação de citosinas do DNA, passível de identificação por sequenciamento de DNA tratado com bissulfito. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar se ocorre expressão preferencial de tecido, de genótipo e de estádio do desenvolvimento para o gene CAST em fígado, músculo e pele de fetos e músculo e fígado de animais adultos em bovinos homozigotos e heterozigotos para o polimorfismo A>G no éxon 30/3 UTR por meio de PCR em tempo real com o fluoróforo SYBR®. Além disso, foi verificado se a expressão diferencial do gene é regulada pelo status de metilação no seu promotor. Todas as expressões foram normalizadas para o gene referência RPS-9. Em fetos o gene CAST foi duas vezes mais expresso (p<0,05) em fígado do que em pele e quase duas vezes mais expresso (p<0,05) em fígado do que em músculo. Também foi encontrado aumento na expressão do gene de 1,83 x (p<0,05) em músculo adulto quando comparado a músculo fetal, evidenciando expressão diferencial de estádio de desenvolvimento. Quando analisadas as diferenças de expressão entre genótipos, comparando o genótipo homozigoto com o genótipo heterozigoto (usado como calibrador) foi encontrado, em amostras de fetos, um aumento de expressão (p<0,05) do gene CAST em músculo e pele de indivíduos GG (2x e 1,74x, respectivamente, em relação a heterozigotos) e músculo de indivíduos AA (1,4x em reação a AG). Em amostras de animais adultos, o gene foi mais expresso em fígado e músculo de indivíduos GG (2x e 1,63x mais que AG, respectivamente) e foi menos expresso (p<0,05) em fígado de indivíduos homozigotos AA (0,32x menos que AG). Foi identificada a presença de uma ilha CpG na região promotora do gene CAST e foi realizado tratamento do DNA com bissulfito, a clonagem do fragmento e o sequenciamento de clones. A ilha CpG mostrou-se hipometilada nos diferentes tecidos: 0,63% de dinucleotídeos CpG metilados em músculo fetal, 0,43% em fígado fetal e 0,61% em músculo adulto; e nos diferentes genótipos: 0,61%, 0,49% e 0,60% em AA, 0,81%, 0,35%, 0,34% em AG, 0,4%, 0,45% e 0,9% em GG em músculo fetal, fígado fetal e músculo adulto respectivamente. Assim a hipometilação da ilha CpG pode permitir a transcrição do gene, mas não explica as diferenças de expressão entre tecidos, estádio de desenvolvimento e genótipo para o genes CAST.

Le cancer gastrique (CG) est traité par résection chirurgicale combinée à une chimiothérapie à base de composés de platine. La résistance croissante aux chimiothérapies renforce la nécessité d’identifier des marqueurs moléculaires robustes pour adapter le traitement et développer des thérapies ciblées. Durant ma thèse, j’ai montré l’importance des voies de l’épigénétique dans le mode d’action de drogues anti-cancéreuses dans le CG. Notamment, j’ai identifié le rôle d’une histone déacétylase, HDAC4, et de plusieurs miRNAs, dont miR-140, dans la réponse au cisplatine. De plus, j’ai démontré que des composés à base de ruthénium ayant des propriétés redox agissent indépendant de l’ADN et de p53 mais affectent certaines régulations épigénétiques. Ceci m’a donc conduit à étudier l’intérêt thérapeutique et les mécanismes sous-jacents d’un traitement combiné associant le cisplatine et des inhibiteurs de HDAC. L’ensemble de ces résultats permet d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension des mécanismes d’action des drogues anticancéreuses dans le CG et dans l’identification de marqueurs pronostiques ou de thérapie innovante plus adaptée. / Gastric cancer (GC) is treated by surgical resection combined with chemotherapy based on platinum compounds. The increase in chemotherapy resistance reinforces the need to identify robust molecular markers to tailor treatment and develop targeted therapies. During my PhD, I examined the importance of the epigenetic pathways in the mode of action of anticancer drugs in gastric cancer. In particular, I have identified the role of one histone deacetylase, HDAC4, and several miRNAs, including miR-140, in response to cisplatin. Moreover, I have shown that ruthenium compounds having redox properties act independently of DNA and p53 but affect some epigenetic regulations. This then led me to investigate the therapeutic value and the underlying mechanisms of a combined therapy associating cisplatin and HDAC inhibitors. All these results will open new perspectives in the understanding of the mechanisms of action of anticancer drugs in gastric cancer and in the identification of prognostic markers or more appropriate advanced therapy.

CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) can both activate as well as inhibit transcription by forming chromatin loops between regulatory regions and promoters. In this regard, Ctcf binding on the non-methylated DNA and its interaction with the Cohesin complex results in differential regulation of the H19/Igf2 locus. Similarly, a role for CTCF has been established in normal hematopoietic development; however its involvement, despite mutations in CTCF and Cohesin complex were identified in leukemia, remains elusive. CTCF regulates transcription dependently on DNA methylation status and can if bound block interactions of enhancers and promoters. Here, we show that in hematopietic cells CTCF binds to the imprinting control region of H19/Igf2 and found that chromatin remodeller Smarca5, which also associates with the Cohesin complex, facilitates Ctcf binding and regulatory effects. Furthermore, Smarca5 supports CTCF functionally and is needed for enhancer-blocking effect at imprinting control region. We identified new CTCF-recognized locus near hematopoietic regulator SPI1 (PU.1) in normally differentiating myeloid cells together with members of the Cohesin complex. Due to DNA methylation, CTCF binding to the SPI1 gene is reduced in AML blasts and this effect was reversible by DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacitidine.

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-08T11:33:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1921817 bytes, checksum: 7ba035d7ef40f1aafd9f93476aabedd6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-08T11:33:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1921817 bytes, checksum: 7ba035d7ef40f1aafd9f93476aabedd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Epigenetics is the study heritable changes of in gene expression without modifications in the primary sequence of DNA. In our study we investigated the influence of sun exposure on global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation status and at specific sites of the miR-9-1, miR9-3 and MTHFR genes in skin samples of subjects with no history of skin diseases. Skin biopsies were obtained by punch on sun-exposed and sun-protected arm areas from 24 corpses aged 16-89 years old from the Brazilian Service of Death Investigation. Genomic DNA was extracted from skin samples that were ranked according to Fitzpatrick’s criteria as light, moderate and dark brown. Global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation and DNA methylation at specific sites analyses were performed using an ELISA and MSP, respectively. No significant differences in global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation levels were found between the skin areas, skin type or age. However, gender-related differences were detected, where women showed higher methylation levels in comparison to those in men. Global DNA methylation levels were higher than hydroxymethylation levels, and the levels of these DNA modifications correlated in skin tissue. For specific sites, it was detected no differences among areas. Additional analyses showed no differences in the methylation status when age, gender and skin type were considered. We conclude that sun exposure does not induce changes in the global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation status or at specific sites in the miR-9-1, miR-9-3 and MTHFR genes for skin types studied. / A epigenética é o estudo das alterações hereditárias na expressão gênica sem mudanças na sequência primária do DNA. No nosso estudo investigamos a influência da exposição solar sobre o perfil de metilação e hidroximetilação global de DNA e em sítios específicos nos genes miR-9-1, miR-9-3 e MTHFR em amostras de pele humana. Para isso, biópsias foram obtidas por punch circular de área exposta e não exposta ao sol do braço de 24 cadáveres de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 16-89 anos sem histórico de doenças de pele oriundos do Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Paraíba (SVO). O DNA foi extraído e a análise de metilação e hidroximetilação global do DNA foi realizada através de Elisa indireto. A análise de metilação nos sítios específicos dos genes miR-9-1, miR-9-3 e MTHFR foi realizada por meio de PCR específica para metilação (MSP) seguida de eletroforese. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo software BioEstat 5.0 ao nível de significância de 5%. Não encontramos diferenças significativas nos níveis de metilação e hidroximetilação global de DNA entre as áreas exposta e não exposta da pele, tipo de pele ou idade. No entanto, foram detectadas diferenças em relação ao gênero, onde as mulheres apresentaram nível de metilação global mais alto em comparação aos homens. O nível de metilação global de DNA foi maior do que o nível de hidroximetilação, sendo estes, correlacionados no tecido da pele. Para sítios específicos, não foi detectada nenhuma diferença entre as áreas. Análises adicionais mostraram não haver diferenças significativas no perfil de metilação quando consideradas a idade, gênero e o tipo de pele. Conclui-se que a exposição ao sol não induz mudanças no perfil de metilação e hidroximetilação global do DNA ou em sítios específicos dos genes miR-9-1, miR-9-3 e MTHFR para os tipos de pele estudado.