Increasing demand for road freight has lead to a widespread adoption of more-productive large freight vehicles (LFVs), such as B-Doubles, by Australia's road freight industry. Individual LFVs have a greater potential to impact traffic efficiency through their greater length and poorer longitudinal performance. However, this is offset to an extent as fewer vehicles are required to perform a given freight task on a tonne-km basis. This research has developed a means of characterising the effects that large freight vehicles have on the performance of an urban arterial corridor managed by signalised intersections. A corridor-level microsimulation model was developed from first principles, which modelled the longitudinal performance of individual vehicles to a greater accuracy than most existing traffic simulation software does. The model was calibrated from traffic counts and GPS-equipped chase car surveys conducted on an urban arterial corridor in Brisbane's southern suburbs. The model was applied to various freight policy and traffic management scenarios, including freight vehicle mode choice, lane utilisation and traffic signal settings; as well as the effectiveness of green time extension for approaching heavy vehicles. Benefits were able to be quantified in terms of reduced travel times and stop rates for both heavy and light vehicles in urban arterial corridors.

This thesis examines three questions concerned with the relative income needs of families of different sizes - often summarised by indices known as ???equivalence scales???. The first is the extent to which researchers and policy makers should offset the costs of family composition (eg the expenditure costs of children) with the benefits associated with demographic choice (eg the ???joys of parenthood???). Chapter 2 concludes that there are demographic and financial market constraints that will often make a narrow focus on expenditure costs appropriate for distributional research and tax/transfer policies. However, this will not always be the case. One implication of this result is that it may be reasonable for distributional research to use different equivalence scales for adults and children in the same household. Part 2 of the thesis introduces a new method for the estimation of the within-household income distribution and expenditure costs of different family types. This is based upon the household welfare model of Samuelson together with Lau???s method for modelling the joint consumption of household goods. In Chapter 4, this method is applied to the estimation of equivalence scales for older singles and married couples. The estimation is based upon a detailed set of assumptions about the extent of joint consumption for 17 different commodity groups. The main conclusions are that: the theoretical model fits the observed behaviour well (with the exception of some home production effects); that aged couples share their income relatively evenly; and that the relative rate of pension for aged singles in Australia is probably too low. In Part 3, the thesis examines how changes in poverty can be estimated when there is uncertainty about the equivalence scale. The thesis proposes a new method which permits a set of upper and lower bounds for the equivalence scale to be assumed, which in turn determine upper and lower bounds for the increase in poverty. This method is applied to measure the change in poverty in Australia during the 1980s. Equivalence scales can be found that imply either an increase or a decrease in poverty.

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Psychology, 2004. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 37-46).

Durant ces dernières décennies, la traductologie a connu un essor remarquable. En côtoyant des disciplines voisines, elle a élargi ses champs d’investigation. Ainsi le champ conceptuel de la traduction s’étend-il désormais à divers domaines bien au-delà du transfert interlinguistique. Or, dans ce champ d’étude complexe où se croisent de multiples approches, il n’existe guère de consensus au sein de la traductologie et l’expansion de la notion de traduction risque de provoquer la dilution de son objet d’étude.Face à cette situation, la nécessité de mener des réflexions épistémologiques se manifeste au sein de la discipline. Dans cette mouvance, ce travail se propose d’étudier sur un terrain commun différentes positions théoriques sur l’activité de la traduction en revisitant les lieux de convergence entre métaphore et traduction, qui nouent un lien étroit sur le plan historique et conceptuel dans l’espace culturel de l’Occident. Pour cette analyse critique et métathéorique, les métaphores deviennent tantôt un instrument cognitif permettant de comprendre l’acte de traduire, tantôt un procédé argumentatif visant à imposer de nouveaux modèles théoriques, tantôt l’objet de la traduction, tantôt le miroir des théories de la traduction. / Over the last few decades, remarkable headway has been made in Translation Studies. Interaction withother neighboring disciplines has made Translation Studies expand its field of investigation. In particular,the conceptual field of translation reached an extensive area well beyond the interlingual transfer. Yet, acomplex picture of discipline that consists of multiple approaches reveals that there is little consensusamong scholars in the field of Translation Studies. Moreover, the expansion of the notion of translationmay seem obscure the main subject of study. Given this situation, there is a greater need to undertake theepistemological reflections within the discipline.In line with this, this thesis proposes to investigate on a common ground between various theoreticalpositions on the translation activity by revisiting the points of convergence between metaphor andtranslation that are closely linked, both historically and conceptually in the domain of Western culture.For this critical and meta-theoretical analysis, the metaphor take many different forms including cognitivetool to provide the understanding of the act of translation, argumentative method to impose newtheoretical models, the object of translation, and the mirror of translation theories.

Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo do limite de Karlhede para ondas pp. Para este fim, uma revisão rigorosa de Geometria Diferencial foi apresentada numa abordagem independente de sistemas de coordenadas. Além da abordagem usual, a curvatura de uma variedade riemanniana foi reescrita usando os formalismos de referenciais, formas diferenciais e espinores do grupo de Lorentz. O problema de equivalência para geometrias riemannianas foi formulado e as peculiaridades de sua aplicação é a Relatividade Geral são delineadas. O limite teórico de Karlhede para espaços-tempo de vácuo de tipo Petrov N foi apresentado. Esse limite é estudado na prática usando técnicas espinores e as condições para sua existência são resolvidas sem a introdução de sistemas de coordenadas. / In this work a study of the Karlhede limit was made. To this end, a thorough review of Differential Geometry was presented in a coordinate independent approach. Besides the usual approach, the curvature of a riemannian manifold was rewritten using the formalisms of frames, differential forms and Lorentz group spinors. The equivalence problem for riemannian geometries was formulated and the peculiarities of its application to General Relativity are outlined. The theoretical Karlhede limit for vacuum Petrov N space-times is presented. This limit was studied in practice using spinor techniques and the conditions for its existence are solved without introducing coordinate systems.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-09-27T18:38:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissSDCP.pdf: 2530109 bytes, checksum: 969acf4fbd844c709316d1eb4bc99426 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (producaointelectual.bco@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-10T18:02:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissSDCP.pdf: 2530109 bytes, checksum: 969acf4fbd844c709316d1eb4bc99426 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (producaointelectual.bco@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-10T18:03:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissSDCP.pdf: 2530109 bytes, checksum: 969acf4fbd844c709316d1eb4bc99426 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-10T18:11:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissSDCP.pdf: 2530109 bytes, checksum: 969acf4fbd844c709316d1eb4bc99426 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / False memories can be defined as recollections that do not correspond to the facts experienced by subjects. Cognitive research have pointed out that the referred phenomenon is, to some extent, determined by semantic relations among stimuli. Based on these studies, behavior analysts have proposed experimental analogous of false memories using the stimulus equivalence paradigm to establish symbolic relations. The current master’s thesis was composed by one preliminary study and two main studies. The preliminary study aimed to assess the valence and arousal of pictures depicting facial expressions, and to select the meaningful stimuli that were employed on the class formation procedures of Studies 1 and 2. Study 1 aimed to analyze possible effects of emotional stimuli with different valences (positive, neutral and negative) on the occurrence of false memories. For this purpose, a systematic replication of Aggio’s (2014) Study 3, using lists of symbolically related stimuli through the stimulus equivalence paradigm was carried out. The main experimental manipulations of Study 1, in the present thesis, were the control of valence and arousal magnitudes attributed to the emotional stimuli; the use of emotional stimuli in the class formation procedure, which contained the unrelated distracting stimuli; and the randomization of list order presentation. Study 1 was structured in four phases, which encompassed 1) the establishment of six equivalence classes; 2) a false memories test with a memorization task and a recognition test, held one week after the beginning of Phase 1; 3) class merger and maintenance test, and 4) stimuli assessment through a semantic differential. Results showed that the false memories effect, under symbolic control, occurred only in relation to the positive stimuli list. It was hypothesized that the stability of the equivalence classes was an intervening variable. In order to verify the aforementioned hypothesis and search for new evidences regarding the effects of emotional valence on the establishment of false memories, a second study was proposed. The Study 2 had the same procedure as Study 1, with the exception of two changes: the reduction of the time interval employed between the first and the second phase, and the insertion of baseline review blocks of the six equivalence classes before the false memories test. These changes were adopted in order to increase the probability that the equivalence relations were stable and strengthened at the moment of the false memories test. Results showed the occurrence of the false memories effect in positive and neutral lists. These results suggest that stimuli with negative emotional valence can reduce the probability of false memories occurrence. / Falsas memórias podem ser definidas como lembranças não fidedignas aos fatos vivenciados pelos sujeitos. Pesquisas de base cognitivista têm apontado que o referido fenômeno é, em alguma medida, determinado por relações semânticas entre estímulos. A partir dessas evidências, analistas do comportamento propuseram análogos experimentais de falsas memórias com o emprego do paradigma da equivalência de estímulos como recurso para o estabelecimento de relações simbólicas. A presente dissertação foi composta por um estudo preliminar e por dois estudos principais. O estudo preliminar objetivou avaliar as propriedades de valência e alerta de imagens de expressões faciais, além de selecionar os estímulos significativos que seriam empregados na formação das classes de equivalência estabelecidas nos Estudos 1 e 2. O Estudo1 visou analisar os possíveis efeitos de estímulos emocionais com diferentes valências (positiva, neutra e negativa) sobre a ocorrência de falsas memórias. Para tanto, foi proposta uma replicação sistemática do Estudo 3 de Aggio (2014), o qual fez uso de listas de estímulos simbolicamente relacionados por meio do paradigma da equivalência de estímulos. As principais manipulações experimentais propostas, no Estudo 1, da presente dissertação, foram o controle das magnitudes das propriedades de valência e alerta atribuídas aos estímulos emocionais; a utilização de estímulos emocionais na formação das classes que continham os distratores não relacionados e o balanceamento das ordens de apresentação das listas. O Estudo 1 foi estruturado em quatro fases que envolveram: 1) estabelecimento de seis classes de equivalência; 2) teste de falsas memórias, compreendendo uma tarefa de memorização e um teste de reconhecimento, realizados uma semana após o início da Fase 1; 3) teste de fusão e de manutenção de classes e 4) avaliação de estímulos por meio de instrumento de diferencial semântico. Os resultados demonstraram que o efeito de falsas memórias, sob controle simbólico, ocorreu apenas na lista de estímulos de valência positiva. A estabilidade das classes de equivalência foi apontada como uma possível variável interveniente na determinação dos referidos resultados. A fim de verificar a hipótese supracitada e buscar novas evidências em relação aos efeitos da valência emocional, sobre o fenômeno das falsas memórias, foi proposto um segundo estudo. O Estudo 2 teve um procedimento idêntico ao adotado no Estudo 1, com exceção de duas modificações: a redução do intervalo de tempo empregado entre a primeira e a segunda fase e a inserção de blocos de revisão de relações de linha de base das seis classes de equivalência, antes da realização das tarefas de teste de falsas memórias. As alterações citadas foram adotadas a fim de aumentar a probabilidade de que as relações de equivalência estivessem estáveis e fortalecidas no momento de realização das tarefas de teste de falsas memórias. Os resultados indicaram a ocorrência do efeito de falsas memórias nas listas de valência positiva e neutra. Os referidos resultados sugerem que estímulos com valência emocional negativa podem reduzir a probabilidade de ocorrência de falsas memórias.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:47:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_mp_me_sjrp.pdf: 275726 bytes, checksum: 321f242993a9cb5700217a8d44c3003b (MD5) / Neste trabalho estudamos problemas clássicos de controle para sistemas de equações diferenciais ordinárias lineares. O ponto de partida é a equivalência entre uma equação diferencial ordinária linear de ordem n e um sistema de n equações de primeira ordem. Problemas de controlabilidade completa, observabilidade e estabi- lização de equilíbrio são considerados. / We consider here classic problems on control for a system of ordinary diferential equations. The starting point is the equivalence between a linear equation of nth order of ordinary diferential equation and a system of n equations of first order. Problems on complete controllability, observability and stabilization of equilibrium are considered.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de formulação para produção de comprimidos contendo 25 mg de clozapina através do método de compressão direta. A clozapina é utilizada no tratamento da psicose e consta na lista do Programa de Medicamentos Distribuídos em Caráter Excepcional do Ministério da Saúde. Para o desenvolvimento proposto, foi utilizado um desenho experimental do tipo desenho composto central a fim de avaliar a influência dos adjuvantes estearato de magnésio e croscarmelose sódica nas características dos comprimidos obtidos a partir de formulações que continham, além destes dois adjuvantes, dióxido de silício coloidal, celulose microcristalina e lactose spray-dried. Os complexos farmacêuticos formados apresentaram boa capacidade de escoamento e compactação e geraram comprimidos com parâmetros de qualidade dentro dos limites estabelecidos pelos códigos oficiais. A dureza e a friabilidade dos comprimidos foram mais suscetíveis à concentração de estearato de magnésio, enquanto que o tempo de desintegração sofreu maior influência da concentração de croscarmelose sódica. A eficiência de dissolução dos comprimidos também foi influenciada pela croscarmelose sódica, sendo que os comprimidos apresentaram perfis de dissolução característicos de formas farmacêuticas de liberação imediata. Dessa forma, através da comprovação da rápida dissolução dos comprimidos e da comparação das curvas de dissolução do medicamento de referência e do teste, verificou-se que a formulação contendo 4,41 % de croscarmelose, 1,59 % de estearato de magnésio, além de 0,5 % de dióxido de silício coloidal e uma mistura de celulose microcristalina e lactose (70:30 m/m), apresentou equivalência farmacêutica em relação ao medicamento de referência. / It was the aim of this work to develop tablets containing 25 mg of clozapine by direct compression. Clozapine is used in psychoses treatment and is included on Brazilian Healthy Ministry Program of drugs exceptionally distributed. To this purpose, a composite central design was used to estimate the influence of the excipients magnesium stearate and sodium croscarmelose on the characteristics of tablets containing additionally, colloidal silicon dioxide, microcrystalline cellulose and spraydried lactose. The pharmaceutical mixtures obtained demonstrated good flowing and compaction capacity. Additionally, the tablets produced quality parameters within the limits established by official codex. Hardness and friability were more susceptible to magnesium stearate concentration, while disintegration time was influenced by sodium croscarmelose concentration. The dissolution efficiency was also influenced by sodium croscarmelose. Additionally, the dissolution profiles of the tablets suggest an immediate release mechanism of clozapine. Our results demonstrated that the formulation containing 4,41 % of sodium croscarmelose, 1,59 % of magnesium stearate, 0,5 % of colloidal silicon dioxide and a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and spray-dried lactose (70:30 w/w) is pharmaceutically equivalent to the reference product.

The present studies evaluated the effect of training structures on the development of equivalence classes in college students and individuals with intellectual disabilities. Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of two types of training structures, One-To-Many (OTM) (AB, AC, AD), and Many-To-One (MTO) (BA, CA, DA), on the establishment of equivalence classes in college students. A between group comparison was used in Experiment 1. Forty-two participants were randomly assigned to two different groups. Twenty-one were assigned to the OTM group and twenty-one to the MTO group. Participants in both groups were taught 3 four-member stimulus classes. Participants in both groups were exposed to conditional discrimination training, mixed training, symmetry and equivalence test. Response accuracy and response latency were measured in both groups. The results showed that the MTO training structure was slightly more effective in establishing equivalence classes in college students. In the Experiment 2, six young adults with intellectual disabilities were taught mathematical relations using the MTO training structure which was the most effective training structure in Experiment 1. All participants were taught three 3-member stimulus equivalence classes using the MTO training structure. The experimental sequence consisted of a generalization probe and pretest followed by conditional discrimination training, symmetry test, equivalence test, and posttest. Upon the completion of the training and testing phases a generalization probe was evaluated. Five participants demonstrated equivalence relations. The results show that the MTO training was superior to the OTM in the Experiment 1. Response latencies were faster in the MTO group during the training phases and slower in the testing conditions. Experiment 2 showed that only five participants demonstrated equivalence relations and transferred untaught relations to new setting. Results and implications are discussed in light of the research on equivalence and training structures in both adults and individual with intellectual disabilities.

Sidman's (2000) theory of stimulus equivalence states that all positive elements in a reinforcement contingency enter an equivalence class. The theory also states that if an element from an equivalence class conflicts with a programmed reinforcement contingency, the conflicting element will drop out of the equivalence class. Minster et al. (2006) found evidence suggesting that a conflicting element does not drop out of an equivalence class. In an effort to explain maintained accuracy on programmed reinforcement contingencies, the authors seem to suggest that participants will behave in accordance with a particular partitioning of the equivalence class which continues to include the conflicting element. This hypothesis seems to explain their data well, but their particular procedures are not a good test of the notion of "dropping out" due to the pre-establishment of equivalence classes before the conflicting member entered the class. The current experiment first developed unpartitioned equivalence classes and only later exposed participants to reinforcement contingencies that conflicted with pre-established equivalence classes. The results are consistent with the notion that a partition developed such that the conflicting element had dropped out of certain subclasses of the original equivalence class. The notion of a partitioning of an equivalence class seems to provide a fuller description of the phenomenon Sidman (1994, 2000) described as "dropping out" of an equivalence class.