This thesis reports a study of work ethic values, beliefs and attitudes held by medical professionals in selected hospitals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The study was in response to the public outcry about the declining work ethic and poor service delivery in South Africa’s healthcare sector. Scholarly interest in the work ethic and its role in economic development dates back to Max Weber’s classical work, which was the starting point for my study. The German economic sociologist published his seminal essay on The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism in 1904/1905. Since that time, Weber’s ideas on the Protestant work ethic continue to inform and influence studies of the contemporary work ethic, which is thought to have become secularised. My study was informed by data collected in 2009 through a questionnaire survey and personal interviews. A total of 174 doctors and nurses, working in four urban, periurban and rural hospitals near East London, completed a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire replicated the Multi-Dimensional Work Ethic Profile (MWEP) developed by Miller, Woehr and Hudspeth in 2001/2002. The instrument examines seven critical dimensions of the work ethic, namely self-reliance, morality, (foregoing) leisure, hard work, centrality of work in life, not wasting time, and delay of gratification. In addition, I conducted personal interviews in the same four hospitals with 41 hospital managers, doctors, nurses, and patients to discuss their understanding of the work ethic and its practical application. The study found that both doctors’ and nurses’ overall work ethic scores on the MWEP scale were above average. Although there was no significant difference between the overall work ethic scores of the two professions, doctors scored significantly higher than nurses on the ‘hard work’ and ‘self reliance’ dimensions of the work ethic scale. In the qualitative study, the doctors’ work ethic was rated much more highly than the nurses’ by their superiors and patients; and the work ethic of nurses in the urban hospitals was rated much lower than that of their rural colleagues. In contradiction to the idea of the secularization of the contemporary work ethic, religiosity and religious beliefs were influential in the endorsement of work ethic principles. In line with the notion that ‘happy’ workers are more productive, job and life satisfaction were found to be strong correlates of the work ethic of medical professionals.

O presente trabalho procura analisar a erótica na constituição ética do sujeito feminino, na escrita de novas Cartas Portuguesas. Suas autoras, Maria Teresa Horta, Maria Isabel Barreno e Maria Velho da Costa, construíram uma obra de ficção transgressiva, centrando a escrita em um diálogo ousado, que mostra a mulher em luta contra os valores patriarcais tradicionais na sociedade portuguesa. O percurso da leitura discutirá os seguintes aspectos: a intertextualidade com as cartas atribuídas à freira Mariana Alcoforado, a análise do simulacro do gênero epistolar e o engajamento político-social da mulher portuguesa. / The present work aims to evaluate the erotic behavior through the ethic of female gender in the collective volume Novas Cartas Portuguesas. The authors Maria Teresa Horta, Maria Isabel Barreno and Maria Velho da Costa, built a transgressive fiction, focusing the text on an audacious dialogue which shows the women ready to fight against all the archaic and traditional patriarchal values in the Portuguese society It will be discussed the following aspects: (i) the intertextuality with the letters supposedly written by the sister Mariana Alcoforado, (ii) analysis of epistolary gender discussion related to differences/equalities and, (iii) the complete emancipation and engagement political-social of Portuguese women.

O estudo analisa como se dá o processo de implantação e gestão da ética nas organizações e nos relacionamentos com os seus públicos, e estabelece a relação entre ética organizacional e reputação corporativa, com dados levantados por meio de entrevista em profundidade realizada com representantes de seis empresas com sede em São Paulo. Nas dimensões teóricas, são abordados os conceitos de ética, ética no âmbito das organizações, o papel do profissional de relações públicas e de comunicação organizacional na gestão da ética e os reflexos da ética na reputação corporativa. Na análise, são colocados em teste nove pressupostos e os dados da pesquisa são confrontados com os guias construídos a partir das noções de poder de Michel Foucault, e de ajustamentos do indivíduo no âmbito da organização de Erwing Goffman. Os resultados permitem afirmar, dentre outras conclusões, que, embora haja participação dos profissionais em significativos processos de gestão da ética, esta ainda é orientada em linha descendente; que são evidentes a relação ética e reputação corporativa; que a comunicação é considerada essencial no processo de gestão; que as organizações priorizam o relacionamento ético com os seus públicos, daí a possibilidade aos profissionais de relações públicas e de comunicação organizacional de atuação estratégica nesse processo. Tema que não se esgota, a ética constitui objeto permanente de pesquisa e investigação. / This study reports on how corporations implant and manage ethic practices in their organizations and in the relationship with their public, establishing the relation between organizational ethics and corporate reputation by means of data collected thorough interviews with representatives of six corporations established in São Paulo. It has approached the concept of ethics; ethic at the organization environment; the role of public-relation professionals and of organization communicators in managing ethic and its reflection on corporate reputation. Nine presuppositions were tested and the results compared to the guide of power-knowledge by Michel Foucault, and adjustment in organization environment by Erwing Goffman. It was concluded that although the participation of the professionals in this area was relevant to the process of ethics management it is still done in a controlled way; it was evident the relationethics and corporate reputation; that communication is essential in this process; that organizations prioritize ethical relation with their public, outstanding the necessity of public-relation professionals and organization communicators to strategically act in this process. Being a complex subject, ethic is in permanent studying and investigation.

博士（社会学） / 甲第686号 / 206p / 一橋大学

No description available.

The purpose was to elucidate the reactions of formal carers as witnesses and helpers in situations of elder abuse, to illuminate abusive situations and to reflect on the findings from an ethical point of view. Twenty-one district nurses from one county council were interviewed (I, II, III, IV). They described the problems they had when dealing with cases of elder abuse, the uncertainty they felt when they approached the family, identified the abuse and intervened (I). They used no distinct definition of elder abuse but described it as ’overstepping the boundaries of a person’s integrity/autonomy’ (II). In the 44 cases narrated the elderly people were mostly physically and/or psychologically impaired, the person abused could either be the impaired elderly person, the informal carer or both. Abuse was related to the inability of one party to meet the demands made on him/herself, the other person, or to a history of violence (III). The cases narrated were analysed for reliability and were considered reliable (IV). Questionnaires submitted to 163 district nurses revealed 33 cases of elder abuse (V) and to home service assistants 97 cases (VI). The abused elderly people were often very old women, mostly healthy or unhealthy in equal proportions. The perpetrators were mostly close relatives, responsible or not responsible for the caring. The abusive acts often involved a combination of psychological, physical, and financial abuse and neglect. Mental disturbance and alcohol abuse, as well as financial reasons were reported as contributing to the abuse (V, VI). The attitudes of general practitioners, district nurses and home service assistants towards elder abuse and the interventions suggested in hypothetical cases of elder abuse were investigated (VII). All groups were uncertain about their attitudes towards elder abuse. Their suggested interventions were amalgamated into three groups; sparse and of the social type, more specific and of the health care and voluntary type, or overall types of intervention. The situation, profession and organization seemed to result in different interventions (VII). The findings were reflected on using Lögstrup’s ethic as a framework, and the conclusion was that in order to be able to intervene successfully formal carers need to find solutions on a meta-level. Conventions and norms must be developed and public responsibility is needed. / <p>S. 1-82: sammanfattning, s. 85-199: 7 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Many scholars claim that Pentecostalism is the fastest growing religious phenomenon in human history. Using two important essays of Max Weber as a foundation, this thesis examines whether growth of Pentecostalism in Latin America is promoting the Protestant Ethic described by Weber as well as Social Capital and Spiritual Capital. Analyzing data from the World Values Survey, this thesis argues that growth of Pentecostalism in Latin America is not creating a new Protestant Ethic among its followers, nor is Pentecostalism creating any greater Social Capital or Spiritual Capital among its followers when compared to other religious groups in the region. This thesis argues that the strong emotional character of Pentecostalism weighs against the creation or Social Capital and Spiritual Capital and that the tendency of Pentecostals to find assurance of their salvation in emotional experience does not promote the frugality or rationalization of work necessary for the Protestant Ethic.

Thesis (MPhil (Religion and Culture) (Practical Theology and Missiology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Green spirituality as found in popular media such as films can be used to develop an ecological ethic in theological reflection and praxis and serve as a platform in a multi-sectoral and multi-pronged response to the ecological crisis. By examining the films Avatar, Emerald Forest, Dances with Wolves, The Day the Earth Stood Still, and the animated films of Hayao Miyazaki, ecological and spiritual themes can be drawn from the text and applied as contemporary examples of 'green spirituality'. In the first chapter I articulate and describe the research problem, whether green spirituality is found in popular media and if so, could it be used to develop an ecological ethic in theological reflection and praxis. This discussion includes the aims of the study and the description of the research methodology used in the study, as well as the delimitations of the study. In the second chapter I define some of the key terms: spirituality, green spirituality, ecological crisis, ecological ethic, and present a brief overview of the theoretical concepts, ecofeminism, and deep ecology, within whose context this study takes place. This chapter will include the literature survey that informs this study. In the third chapter I present the data, namely the green spirituality found in media such as the films Avatar, Emerald Forest, Dances with Wolves, The Day the Earth Stood Still, and the films of Hayao Miyazaki. The films are summarised and evaluated according to the green spirituality and ecological themes presented. Four signifiers are identified to be present in the films: visual, cognitive, spiritual and communal. In the fourth chapter I present my interpretation of the data, as informed by scholarly sources, and also describe the relevance of the data in the faith traditions and the positions taken by faith traditions with regards to the ecological crisis. I also present some practical suggestions for responses in theological praxis. In chapter five I present my conclusion. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'Groen spiritualiteit', soos gevind in populêre media soos films kan gebruik word om 'n ekologiese etiek in teologiese refleksie en praxis te ontwikkel en kan dien as 'n platform in 'n multi-sektorale en multi-fokus reaksie op die ekologiese krisis. Deur die films Avatar, Emerald Forest, Dances with Wolves, The Day the Earth Stood Still, en die films van Hayao Miyazaki te ondersoek, kan ekologiese en spirituele temas onderskei word en toegepas word as kontemporêre voorbeelde van 'groen spiritualiteit'. In die eerste hoofstuk noem en beskryf ek die navorsingsprobleem, naamlik die moontlikheid om groen spiritualiteit wat te vinde is in die populêre media soos films, te gebruik om 'n ekologiese etiek te ontwikkel in teologiese refleksie en praxis. Hierdie bespreking sluit die doelwitte en beperkings van die studie in en beskryf die navorsingsmetodologie wat gebruik word. In die tweede hoofstuk gee ek 'n paar definisies van sleutel begrippe: spiritualiteit, groen spiritualiteit, ekologiese krisis, ekologiese etiek, sowel as 'n kort oorsig van die teoretiese konsepte soos ekofeminisme en 'deep ecology' waarin die studie omraam. Hier sluit ek in wat ek verstaan onder die sleutel konsepte om die studie te definieër binne die raamwerk van die navorsing. Hierdie hoofstuk sluit die literatuur oorsig in. In die derde hoofstuk gee ek die data, naamlik die groen spiritualiteit gevind in populêre media soos die films Avatar, Emerald Forest, Dances with Wolves, The Day the Earth Stood Still, en die films van Hayao Miyazaki. Die films word opgesom en ge-evalueer volgens die groen spiritualiteit en ekologiese temas teenwoordig. In die vierde hoofstuk beskryf ek my interpretasie van die data, soos voorgestel ook deur geleerde bronne en die geloofstradisies. Ek maak ook 'n paar praktiese voorstelle in teologiese praxis. In hoofstuk vyf gee ek my gevolgtrekking.

Narcissism has increased in the past 3 decades. Entitlement is a component of narcissism, and substantial research indicates that entitlement is associated with negative behaviors such as aggression, relationship conflict, incivility, and unreasonable expectations in the workplace, learning environments, and relationships. Despite such findings, factors such as self-control, work ethic, and self-efficacy that might explain the variance in entitlement in adolescents has received little investigation. Social cognitive theory indicates that continuous reciprocal relationships exist between personal, behavioral, and environmental factors. The study employed cross-sectional survey research to gather data from 118 students in Grades 10, 11, and 12 in the United States. A multiple regression was used to investigate whether each of self-control, as measured by the Self-Control Scale; work ethic, as measured by the Multidimensional Work Ethic Profileâ??Short Form; and self-efficacy, as measured by the General Self-Efficacy Scale, explained unique variance in the criterion variable entitlement, as measured by the Psychological Entitlement Scale, and a correlational analysis was used to examine the relationships between the variables. Self-control and work ethic displayed statistically significant negative correlations with entitlement, and each explained unique variance in entitlement. Self-efficacy was not a predictor of entitlement. The findings indicate that parents, teachers, and practitioners should design interventions aimed to increase work ethic and increase self-control to curb entitlement and its negative effects.

Narcissism has increased in the past 3 decades. Entitlement is a component of narcissism, and substantial research indicates that entitlement is associated with negative behaviors such as aggression, relationship conflict, incivility, and unreasonable expectations in the workplace, learning environments, and relationships. Despite such findings, factors such as self-control, work ethic, and self-efficacy that might explain the variance in entitlement in adolescents has received little investigation. Social cognitive theory indicates that continuous reciprocal relationships exist between personal, behavioral, and environmental factors. The study employed cross-sectional survey research to gather data from 118 students in Grades 10, 11, and 12 in the United States. A multiple regression was used to investigate whether each of self-control, as measured by the Self-Control Scale; work ethic, as measured by the Multidimensional Work Ethic Profileâ??Short Form; and self-efficacy, as measured by the General Self-Efficacy Scale, explained unique variance in the criterion variable entitlement, as measured by the Psychological Entitlement Scale, and a correlational analysis was used to examine the relationships between the variables. Self-control and work ethic displayed statistically significant negative correlations with entitlement, and each explained unique variance in entitlement. Self-efficacy was not a predictor of entitlement. The findings indicate that parents, teachers, and practitioners should design interventions aimed to increase work ethic and increase self-control to curb entitlement and its negative effects.