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O Direito e a Ética na comunidade senciente: uma crítica ao antropocentrismoAntonio, Roberta Lopes da Cruz 04 June 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-06-04 / The present paper proposes an investigation into the ethical and legal treatment of
animals, evincing the recognition of sentience as a criterion in the moral
consideration of animals. It discusses initially the differences and similarities between
humans and other animals, anthropocentrism as a factor that favors the nonconsideration
of non-human animals as beings having intrinsic values, and the
legacy of Immanuel Kant as opposed to biocentrism, that includes life, in general, in
the core of the universe; also, the recent debates regarding the possibility of
recognizing animals fundamental rights and the development of a multidimensional
and comprehensive dignity, the latter being based on the studies of Ingo Sarlet. Next,
the paper presents an overview of the constitutions of Germany, Switzerland and
Ecuador, also highlighting some features of English law, so as study the legal
treatment given to animals in these countries. It also analyses the constitutional and
infra-constitutional position of the non-human animal in the Brazilian legal system.
Finally, it touches on the use of animals in scientific experiments, teaching activities,
cultural events, shows and religious rituals, from the viewpoint of animals wellbeing
and rights, suggesting a reflection on the need to bring animals within the sphere of
moral consideration, opposing speciesism. The ideas presented are based on Peter
Singer s theory of the equal consideration of interests and Tom Regan s theory of
animals rights / O presente trabalho propõe uma investigação sobre o tratamento ético e legal dos
animais evidenciando o reconhecimento da senciência como critério à consideração
moral dos animais. Discute, inicialmente, as diferenças e semelhanças existentes
entre os homens e os demais animais, o antropocentrismo como fator de
desconsideração dos animais não-humanos enquanto seres dotados de valores
intrínsecos e o legado de Immanuel Kant contraposto ao biocentrismo, que pretende
inserir no cerne do universo a vida de maneira geral, assim como os recentes
debates referentes à possibilidade de reconhecimento de direitos fundamentais aos
animais e do desenvolvimento de uma dignidade multidimensional e inclusiva, este
último baseado nos estudos de Ingo Sarlet. Em seguida, realiza um sobrevoo nas
Constituições da Alemanha, da Suíça e do Equador, além de pincelar características
do Direito Inglês, a fim de estudar o tratamento jurídico dispensado aos animais
nesses países. Analisa, também, o enquadramento constitucional e
infraconstitucional do animal não humano no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro.
Finalmente, atenta para a questão da utilização de animais em experimentos
científicos, atividades de ensino, eventos culturais, espetáculos e rituais religiosos, a
partir da linha do bem-estar animal e dos direitos animais, convidando à reflexão
acerca da necessidade de trazê-los para dentro esfera de consideração moral em
combate ao especismo. Para tanto, utiliza como apoio a teoria da igual consideração
de interesses, de Peter Singer, e a dos direitos animais, de Tom Regan
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Förtroendet för revisorerna : en textanalys / The trust in auditors : a text analysisBERGSTRÖM, SANDRA, JONASSON, MARTIN January 2011 (has links)
Under det senaste decenniet har massmedia i olika sammanhang rapporterat om revisorers inblandning i olika företags oegentligheter. Vi har intresserat oss för området, vilket vi benämner redovisningsskandaler. Vi har valt att granska tre finansbolag där revisorerna varit inblandade i redovisningsskandaler. Dessa tre är Carnegie, Habo Finans och HQ Bank. I samband med avslöjandet av grova redovisningsfelaktigheter i dessa tre bolag har en debatt blommat upp i massmedia. Debatten har rört förtroendet för revisorerna. I studien har vi lagt stor vikt vid begreppen förtroende och etik och vi ville undersöka hur professionen och regeringen reagerat på debatten som pågått i massmedia. Våra forskningsfrågor har varit:- Hur debatteras det kring revisorernas förtroende i massmedia?- Hur reagerar professionen på revisorernas agerande i de beskrivna bolagen?- Hur har regeringen reagerat på redovisningsskandalerna?Syftet har varit att undersöka hur regeringen och professionen reagerat på den debatt som pågått i massmedia kring förtroendet för revisorerna, efter skandalerna i de tre ovan nämnda bolagen.För att kunna besvara våra frågeställningar har vi valt att genomföra en kvalitativ textanalys, vilket innebär att vi har granskat främst tidningsartiklar. Vårt empiriska material består därför i stor utsträckning av tidningsartiklar. Med hjälp av detta material har vi senare kunnat bygga upp en analys och dra slutsatser. Vi har konstaterat att det finns mycket att arbeta på för att professionen ska kunna vara nöjd med förtroendet för revisorerna. Dock tycks FAR vara nöjda med det förtroende som finns för branschen. Vidare kan vi även konstatera att självreglering inte är att föredra i alla lägen och lagstiftad reglering hade varit att föredra i det här fallet. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet
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Ett mediestrategiskt konstverk : En diskursanalytisk studie av den mediala uppmärksamheten kring Okänd, kvinna 2009 – 349701 / A media strategic artwork : - a discourse analytic study of the media attention concerning Okänd, kvinna 2009 – 349701Pettersson, Jenny January 2019 (has links)
This thesis is an analysis of the media attention concerning the artist Anna Odell and her artwork Okänd, kvinna 2009 – 349701. The main materials I have used come from newspapers and articles where critics discuss Odell´s artwork in the period 2009 to 2015. The theoretical and methodological framework is based on Arthur C. Danto, George Dickie and Howard Beckers understanding of the art world and how artwork and artist receive their status. Another theoretical tool I have used is a discourse theory of Mara Lee. Lee helped me to understand the language and the relations between power and institutions. My aim with this thesis has been to understand how Okänd, kvinna 2009 – 349701 achieved its value and its transformation from a bad to a good evaluation. Why did Odell, in the beginning, get blamed for using tax money, tricking people in to believing that she was mentally ill resulting to the attention of the police, but in the end became an appreciated artist for this very same action? Odell was criticized for her behavior and was accused of stepping over a line for using art in a questionable way. A discussion started about the question of what art is. And what the purpose of art in society is. A few years later, in 2015, Odell was called one of the most interesting artists in Sweden by art critics when they wrote about Okänd, kvinna 2009 – 349701. What changed in the eyes of the critics? What is artistic quality and how can we understand the transformation that Odell´s artwork underwent? My analysis shows that esthetic quality depends on the situation and in ethics and morality. At the beginning the critics compared Okänd, kvinna 2009 – 349701 and the profession of psychiatry and in that comparison the psychiatry profession is more important than art. People attributed more confidence to a doctor than to a student of art regarding the truth about what happened at the psychiatric institution of St: Göran´s on the 21th of January 2009.
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As narrativas da Vida do Espírito e educação em Hannah Arendt / The narratives of the Life of the Mind and Education in Hannah ArendtCrivorncica, Roberta 27 November 2017 (has links)
O escopo desta pesquisa de doutorado é examinar as narrativas que Hannah Arendt elabora em A vida do espírito (1992). A partir dessas narrativas, busca-se pensar e dar significado a cada atividade das faculdades do espírito e de compreender a relação de cada uma delas com o âmbito da política, do viver junto uns aos outros. Para tal análise, tem-se por fio condutor os eventos que a autora vivencia durante o totalitarismo, um acontecimento central no mundo e que desencadeia em Arendt o desejo de compreender e de se reconciliar com este mundo. Tal aspiração leva Arendt a se direcionar para as atividades do espírito, isto é, para as faculdades do pensar, do querer e do julgar; e também, da compreensão dessas faculdades em relação ao domínio público, o espaço da política e da pluralidade humana. Para compreender as três faculdades do espírito, a autora destaca da história da filosofia três filósofos não profissionais que se relacionaram com o mundo em que viveram, manifestando um cuidado com o mundo e com a pluralidade humana. Quer dizer, são três modelos que servem como exemplo do entrelaçamento para aquilo que Arendt investiga: a relação entre as faculdades do espírito e o âmbito da política. Por fim, esta pesquisa apresenta uma possibilidade de pensar a educação das faculdades do espírito para um cuidado do mundo. Isso quer dizer: uma educação que acolhe os recém-chegados no mundo e se responsabiliza por eles. Uma educação como tentativa de despertar o desejo de tais alunos de se relacionar neste mundo e de pertencer a ele. Visto que este é o local em que, futuramente, este novo chegante por nascimento será inserido e no qual a tríade das faculdades do espírito - pensar-querer-julgar - será fundamental para que seja possível a manutenção e preservação do mundo para as futuras gerações. / The aim of this doctoral research is to examine the narratives that Hannah Arendt sets out on The Life of the Mind (1992). From these narratives, we try to think and give meaning to each with perspective of politically living together with others. For this analysis, we have to thread the events that the author experiences during totalitarianism, a central event in the world and sets off on Arendt\'s desire to understand and be in harmony with this world. Such an aspiration lead Arendt to direct herself to the activities of the mind, in the same way, to the faculties of thinking, of will, and of judging; and also the understanding of these faculties in relation to the public domain, the space of politics and human plurality. For a deeper understanding and a greater perception of the three mind faculties, the author highlights from the history of philosophy, three philosophers non-professionals For whom the world, they lived in, was related to. Equally important, is the theory of expressing care for the world and for human plurality. Consequently, there are three models served as an example of intertwining for what Arendt investigates: the relationship between the faculties of the mind and the scope of politics Accordingly, this research presents a possibility of thinking the education of mind faculties for a care of the world. This means: an education that welcomes newcomers to the world and takes responsibility for them. Education as an attempt to awaken the desire of such students to relate to and belong to this world. Since this is the place where, in the future, this new arrival by birth will be inserted and in which the triad of the faculties of the mind: think, will and judge; - will be essential if the world is to be maintained and preserved for future generations.
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Participação política como exercício da cidadania / Political participation as exercise of the citizenshipFreire, Roberto de Barros 27 April 2007 (has links)
Dentre as diversas formas de abordar a participação política, uma em particular chama atenção: a ocorrência de uma acentuada alienação política ou uma crescente apatia pela cidadania ativa. Nesta perspectiva, a abordagem do problema político se fará do ponto de vista do indivíduo diante de condições instituintes de ordens sociais, porém, maleáveis a ações humanas intencionadas. A política não será entendida tão somente como jogo de forças sociais e interesses, mas também como busca negociada de interesses particulares visando o bem comum, como produto de um consenso possível. O foco principal da política está no exercício da cidadania, podendo ocorrer de forma mais ou menos consciente, o que permite qualificar a ação política como mais ou menos ética. Ao fim, estabelece a política como chamamento para a atividade consciente e ativa, objetivando fazer cidadãos participativos. / Amongst the many possible ways that are of approaching the political participation, one calls more attention: the occurrence of an accentuated political alienation, or a crescent apathy for the active citizenship. Under this perspective, the approach to the political question will be made from the point of view of the individual before the institutional conditions of the social orders, malleable to intentional human actions. Politics, then, is not to be understood just as a game of social interests and forces, but as a negotiated search of the particulars interests meaning the common good, as a product of a possible consensus. The principal focus of the politics is in the exercise of the citizenship, and that can occur with some degree of awareness, justly what permit to designate the political action as more or less ethical. In the end, the politics is established as a calling for an active and conscientious activity, made by participative citizens.
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Educação e ética: desafios na atuação do professor da infância / Education and ethics: challenges in childhood teacher performanceLeite, Sandra Regina Mantovani [UNESP] 14 March 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-03-14 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal demonstrar o valor da dimensão ética na formação e atuação do professor da Educação Infantil. Primeiramente, faz-se necessário ressaltar a importância deste tema para a área da Educação e para os cursos de formação de professores, pois ao escolhermos como fundamento para a discussão e analise os conhecimentos filosóficos, principalmente a Ética, defendemos uma concepção de homem como ser humano ético, ativo, criativo, questionador e consciente. Isso posto, ressaltamos a importância do professor mediador, valorizando a relação existente entre os envolvidos no processo educativo para o alcance da humanização da criança. Mesmo considerando os avanços em termos legais e de discurso teórico que consideram a criança como um sujeito de direitos, ativa e capaz e, ao mesmo tempo, reconhecem o professor de Educação Infantil como um profissional da educação, temos muito a refletir e a propor acerca das especificidades do fazer docente para esse momento da infância. Assim, o desafio que se estabelece com o intuito de pensar a formação e atuação dos Professores de crianças pequenas é demonstrar a importância da dimensão ética na atuação do professor de educação infantil, possibilitando condições para que as crianças sejam entendidas como partícipes do processo, objetivando uma educação humanizadora. Dessa forma, temos como problema de pesquisa a seguinte questão: Como a concepção ética do professor pode contribuir para uma atuação mais humanizadora e acolhedora da criança no contexto da educação infantil? Para responder a essa problemática, utilizamos como metodologia a revisão bibliográfica e observação participante em um Centro Municipal de Educação Infantil da cidade de Londrina-PR, com professores e crianças de quatro e cinco anos de idade, com registro das observações em diário de campo, complementando com entrevistas semiestruturadas e registro fotográfico. Os resultados indicaram que os professores da educação infantil necessitam priorizar a reflexão nos momentos que antecedem a atuação junto às crianças, para que as práticas objetivem uma intencionalidade que favoreça a humanização das crianças, instrumentalizando-as por meio de conhecimentos historicamente acumulados, como também favorecendo momentos em que como pessoas participantes do processo educativo sejam construtores da sua história. Consideramos que os cursos de formação de professores precisam possibilitar conhecimentos necessários sobre a dimensão ética e sua importância para a aprendizagem e o desenvolvimento da criança, para que a atuação do educador se torne comprometida com o acolhimento e a humanização das mesmas. Ao possibilitarmos aos futuros professores conhecimentos filosóficos, priorizando a dimensão Ética, entendemos que ao iniciarem sua atuação com as crianças, os mesmos poderão trabalhar de forma consciente e intencional, relacionando o seu fazer com o Projeto Político Pedagógico da instituição e favorecendo as crianças uma educação humanizadora e acolhedora. / This work has as main objective to demonstrate the value of the ethical dimension in the formation and performance of the teacher of the Child Education. Firstly, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of this theme for the area of Education and for the courses of teacher training, because when we choose as the basis for the discussion and analysis of philosophical knowledge, especially Ethics, we defend a conception of man as being Human ethical, active, creative, questioning and conscious. That said, we emphasize the importance of the mediator teacher, valuing the relationship between those involved in the educational process to reach the humanization of the child. Even considering the advances in legal terms and theoretical discourse that consider the child as a subject of rights, active and capable and, at the same time, recognize the teacher of Early Childhood Education as a professional education, we have much to reflect and to propose about Of the specificities of teaching for this moment of childhood. Thus, the challenge to think about the training and performance of teachers of young children is to demonstrate the importance of the ethical dimension in the role of the child education teacher, enabling conditions for children to be understood as participants in the process, objectifying A humanizing education. Thus, we have as a research problem the following question: How can the ethical conception of the teacher contribute to a more humanizing and welcoming action of the child in the context of early childhood education? To answer this problem, we used as a methodology the bibliographical review and participant observation in a Municipal Center for Early Childhood Education in the city of Londrina-PR, with teachers and children of four and five years of age, with record of observations in field diary, Complemented with semi-structured interviews and photographic records. The results indicated that pre-school teachers need to prioritize reflection in the moments that precede the action with the children, so that the practices aim at an intentionality that favors the humanization of children, instrumentalizing them through historically accumulated knowledge, as well as favoring Moments in which as persons participating in the educational process are builders of their history. We believe that teacher training courses must provide the necessary knowledge about the ethical dimension and its importance for the learning and development of the child, so that the educator's performance becomes compromised with the reception and the humanization of the same. By enabling future teachers to have philosophical knowledge, prioritizing the Ethical dimension, we understand that when they begin their activities with children, they can work in a conscious and intentional way, relating their doing with the Institutional Political Project of the institution and favoring the children an education Humanizing and welcoming.
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Act Up-Paris : analyse d'une militance / Act Up-Paris : analysis of an activismBonnet, Vincent 10 January 2011 (has links)
Historiquement, l'apparition du sida a opéré des branchements inédits entre l'intime et lepolitique. Investiguer les motivations des militants d'Act Up-Paris, association de lutte contrele sida « issue de la communauté homosexuelle », leurs façons d'user de la mort dans lavisibilisation du combat ou les artifices inventés pour maintenir « vive et inspirée » l'identitédu groupe jette un éclairage particulier sur ce qu'on peut entendre par empowerment, entre unrapport récalcitrant aux savoirs constitués de la science et de la médecine et uneexpérimentation autour du commun, comme ce qui fonde et ce que vise tout à la fois l'actionpolitique. / Historically, the emergence of AIDS operated unprecedented connections between theintimate and the political. Investigating the motivations of the activists of the « born of thegay community » anti-AIDS association Act Up-Paris, their ways to make use of death in aneffort to make their fight visible or the artifices devised in order to maintain « the livelinessand inspirational force » of the group's identity sheds a peculiar light on what empowermentcould mean, somewhere between a reluctant relationship with science and medicines'spowers-that-be and an experimentation around the community, envisioned as both theground and the aim of political action.
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Od lásky k bližnímu k lásce k člověku / From loving a neighbor to loving a manKotrba, Michal January 2012 (has links)
1 Von Nächstenliebe zu Menschenliebe Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Diplom-Arbeit ist dem Hauptthema der jüdisch-christlichen Ethik gewidmet, und zwar dem Thema der Nächstenliebe, ihrer Reichweite und Bedeutung. Der Ausgangspunkt der ganzen Arbeit ist der Auftrag "die Nächsten zu lieben" (Lv 19,18), der im Rahmen einer isolierten Moral der sakralen Gemeinschaft gleichgerade mit ihrer Rückseite (mit den Aufträgen im Dt 13 einen Götzendienst oder einen Fluch dem Gott mit Tod zu strafen) angesehen wird. Die supranatural gegründete Nächstenliebe, die von der Gottesliebe zu Menschen und von der Menschenliebe zum Gott abgeleitet ist, bezieht sich verständlich nur auf die Gottesfürchtige, die Gott und sein Gesetz aus ganzem Herz miteinander lieben. Nur diese bilden den Kreis von "Nächsten", wobei alle gottlose zu "Feinden" (einschliesslich der Blutsverwandten) gerechnet werden. Die Entstehung solcher Moral versteht man unter der Bedingungen ehemaligen Religiös- Territorialkonflikten. Im Weiteren beobachtet Autor anhand der religiösen Schriften einen Übergang zur allgemeinen Menschenliebe. Dabei wird reflektiert, dass Auftauchen von der Gedanke der universal begriffenen Menschenliebe mit der katastrophalen geschichtlichen Ereignissen Israels korreliert. Diese Ereignisse (vorallem die Eroberungen von Jerusalem, der...
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Angústia e capitalismo em A ética protestante / Anxiety and capitalism in The protestant ethicCarlos Henrique Pissardo 28 March 2018 (has links)
Esta tese perscruta o modo como Max Weber, na segunda edição de A ética protestante e o espírito do capitalismo, recorre a dois conceitos oriundos da psicanálise freudiana, a saber, os conceitos de angústia e ab-reação. Defende, além disso, que estes devem ser compreendidos como parte de uma constelação na qual estão incluídos ainda dois conceitos de lavra propriamente weberiana: os de desencantamento do mundo e prêmios psicológicos. Com isso, por um lado, joga-se luz sobre uma relação jamais discutida explicitamente por Weber e virtualmente negligenciada pela literatura especializada. Por outro, busca-se sustentar uma compreensão da obra em seu núcleo distinta da atualmente dominante na weberologia, que compreende a explicação weberiana da gênese do espírito capitalista moderno na chave de uma ação racional puramente orientada a valores. / This thesis examines how Max Weber, in the second edition of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, makes use of two concepts derived from Freudian psychoanalysis, namely, the concepts of anxiety and ab-reaction. It further argues that these concepts should be understood as part of a constellation in which two other Weberian concepts are included: the disenchantment of the world and psychological premiums. Thus, on the one hand, it sheds light on a relationship that was never explicitly discussed by Weber and has been virtually neglected by specialized literature. On the other, it seeks to maintain an understanding of the core of Webers work distinct from its current dominant reading in Weberology, which understands the Weberian explanation of the genesis of the modern capitalist spirit in the key of a pure value-rational action.
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Framing ethnic disparities : an analysis of views about disparities between Roma and non-Roma people in RomaniaPopoviciu, Salomea January 2018 (has links)
This thesis analysed the variety of views expressed about disparities between Romanian Roma and non-Roma by people who are actively engaged in redressing unjust social and economic differences. The focus was placed on the variability of views between and within three different contexts: academic texts proposing policy measures for addressing disparities between Roma and non-Roma people; policy documents concerning measures for Roma inclusion; and conversations by people involved in the implementation of Roma inclusion policy measures. The general concerns of this study were to identify (1) the ways in which the problem of ethnic disparity was portrayed, (2) the solutions proposed to the problem of ethnic disparity, (3) the ambivalent, dilemmatic or concealed aspects concerning the topic of disparities between Roma and non-Roma people living in Romania, (4) whether the perspectives of Roma people were accounted for in the contexts analyses and (5) the similarities and differences between the discourses of academics, policy makers, practitioners and beneficiaries of public policies concerning disparities. The theoretical foundation for this thesis was offered by the social psychological literature that links disparities between groups of people and racial or ethnic prejudice. There are four ways in which this thesis has contributed to this literature. Firstly, most of the social psychological research on ethnic disparities has been experimental, whereas in this thesis, the focus was on the often overlooked discursive practices concerning ethnic disparities. Secondly, although some of the social psychological literature, especially research on the contact hypothesis and social identity theory, has looked at the dynamic interrelationship between advantaged and disadvantaged group members, most research has focused only on the perspectives of the advantaged group members. Therefore, there remains a research gap in the literature concerning the perspectives presented in inter-ethnic interactions, and even more so, by disadvantaged group members. This thesis added to the analysis the perspectives of advantaged and disadvantaged group members, both separately and in interaction. Thirdly, whereas emergent work looks at the ambivalent views towards ethnic or racial minorities, and the possible ironic effects of prejudice reduction strategies, there is virtually no research about the possible ironic, ambivalent or dilemmatic effects of strategies which target systemic based ethnic disparities - issues explored in this thesis. Finally, most social psychological research focuses on a single context of study, most commonly the public perceptions about members of the disadvantaged groups, but also marginally mass media representations, academic publications or political discourses. This thesis places attention on an equally important area of study concerned with whether and how discourses can move between different domains, and the impact or acknowledgement of elite discourses on the everyday conversations. There are four key findings that emerged from the studies conducted for this thesis. Firstly, it was found that while expressing views about ethnic disparity, academics, policymakers, practitioners and beneficiaries of public policies for Roma people displayed subtle forms of ethnicism. Secondly, a great deal of political discourse was devoted to the encouragement of individual changes in ethnic minorities, without a similar focus on the roles of majority group members in perpetuating inequality. Whereas, the problem of Roma inclusion was acknowledged by academics, policymakers, practitioners and beneficiaries of policy measures, to be a matter for public policies, some of the attribution of responsibility for inclusion was offered to Roma people, who were encouraged to change as individuals in accord with majoritarian norms. Thirdly, the analysis showed the inclusion of the perspectives of ethnic minorities only in two of the three contexts where policy measures for Roma people were proposed and implemented: academic publications and conversations. The perspectives of feminist experts and women were only marginally present in academic publications and conversations, while missing from policy discourses. Also the perspectives of academics or the non-hegemonic voices of excluded or disadvantaged Roma people were largely absent from the arguments presented in policy documents for Roma inclusion. Lastly, this thesis found that there are ambivalence, dilemmas and concealment at work within arguments proposing policy measures for redressing ethnic disparities, with important political consequences. The findings of this thesis contribute to the important conversation about the meanings of disparity and the political solutions for achieving equality between groups of people. Also, the findings of this thesis have important implications for the social psychological theory of disparity, the policies for redressing disparity and the social work practice with disadvantaged group members.
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