Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, (1918).

O engano, enquanto reflexo da realidade, está representado em diversos gêneros literários e na literatura de várias épocas. Este trabalho analisa, primariamente, os antecedentes míticos, o léxico e a estrutura dramática dos enganos mencionados ou encenados em todas as tragédias conhecidas de Eurípides, completas ou fragmentárias. Precede a análise um breve estudo da teoria comportamental do engano e de sua presença na literatura antiga, notadamente a da Grécia (dos poemas homéricos até o fim do século -V), e um excurso sobre o engano na poesia pré-euripidiana e sua influência na tragédia grega. A última parte do estudo compreende uma sistematização da estrutura do engano euripidiano e de seu léxico. / Deception, as a reflex of our reality, can be found in many literary genres and literary compositions of all times. This work deals primarily with the mythical antecedents and with lexical and dramatical structure of deceits briefly described or staged in all known Euripides complete or fragmentary tragedies. A study on behavioral deception theory and its presence in ancient literature, specially in Greece from homeric poems until the fifth century B.C., with an excursus on deception in pre-euripidean poetry and its influence in Greek tragedy precedes the analysis. A systemization of lexical and structural characteristics of euripidean deception completes the study.

Esta dissertação tem como objeto de estudo a tragédia Helena de Eurípides e sua reinterpretação do mito de Helena. Para tanto, está dividida em duas partes, sendo a primeira um estudo e a segunda uma tradução completa da tragédia em versos. O estudo tem dois capítulos: o primeiro aborda o problema do gênero dramático da peça e alguns aspectos de sua encenação; e o segundo discute imagens tradicionais do mito de Homero a Eurípides, enfatizando a síntese da composição euripideana. / This thesis focuses on the tragedy Helen by Euripides and its reinterpretation of the Helen myth. It is divided in two parts. The first one contains a study and the second offers a complete verse translation of the tragedy. The study presents two chapters. The first deals with the problem of Helens dramatic genre and some aspects of its staging. The second discusses traditional images of the myth from Homer to Euripides, emphasizing the synthesis of the Euripidean composition.

Le présent travail se propose d’écrire l’histoire de l’influence des tragédies grecques en France au XVIe et XVIIe siècles, dans la conviction qu’elle joua un rôle central, par sa présence ou son absence, dans la naissance et le développement de la tragédie française. Le fil rouge qui se dégage de notre travail est de nature religieuse et historique : les auteurs du XVIe et du XVIIe siècle alternent intérêt et désintérêt pour la tragédie grecque en fonction de la période historique et de leurs croyances religieuses, en fonction non pas de préférences littéraires mais à la suite des choix imposés par leur environnement par ce qu’il convient d’appeler la matérialité de l’Histoire : l’accès aux manuscrits, les interdictions du Concile de Trente, la diffusion du grec, etc. À travers l’analyse de plus de quarante pièces, ce fil rouge permet d’expliquer les fluctuations, autrement incompréhensibles, dans la relation à Euripide et Sophocle, le fait que les tragédies grecques monopolisent – par rapport à Sénèque – l’intérêt des traducteurs (tous évangélistes) de la première moitié du XVIe siècle, qu’elles laissent – avec une étonnante rapidité – le champ libre (en apparence du moins) à l’auteur latin pendant plus d’un siècle à partir de 1550, et qu’elles reviennent ensuite au premier plan avec Racine, dont les maîtres jansénistes partagent avec les évangélistes la dangereuse passion pour le grec. Racine se distingue des autres auteurs par sa capacité de retrouver chez Euripide le secret du personnage tragique, fondement d’une révolution dans l’art d’écrire des tragédies, à laquelle il renoncera lui-même à partir d’Andromaque, sous la pression des critiques et du goût du public. / The present work explores the history of the influence of Greek tragedies on France during the XVIth and XVIIth centuries, in order to demonstrate that this influence played a major role in French tragedy’s birth and development. Our work’s guiding thread is religion and history: XVIth- and XVIIth-century playwrights alternated between interest and lack of interest in Greek tragedy depending on the periods in which they lived and their religious beliefs. Their interest or lack thereof stemmed not from their literary preferences but from phenomena imposed on them by their environment, by what we can call the materiality of history: the access to manuscripts, the Council of Trent’s prohibitions, the spread of Greek, etc. Through the analysis of more than forty plays, this guiding thread helps to explain the fluctuations-hardly understandable otherwise-in the relationship with Euripides and Sophocles; the fact that in the first part of XVIth century, Greek tragedies, as compared with Seneca, monopolise the attention of translators (all linked to Evangelism); the fact that after 1550, with astonishing speed, the Latin author takes over (at least at first sight) for more than a century; and the fact that Greek tragedies come back on stage with Racine, whose Jansenist professors shared with Evangelists the dangerous passion for Greek. Racine stands out from the other authors because of his ability to rediscover the tragic hero’s secret, the cornerstone of his revolution in the art of writing tragedies-a revolution he will be forced by critics and audience taste to renounce, after Andromaque.

L’héroïne de tragédie joue-t-elle le même rôle aristotélicien que le héros?Cette thèse examine six pièces, les Andromaque, Iphigénie en Aulide et Hippolyte d’Euripide et les Andromaque, Iphigénie et Phèdre et Hippolyte de Racine. Les trois héroïnes, examinées dans les trois premiers chapitres, ont des limites de représentation tragique spécifiques, les rendant moins présentes à l’action héroïque que les héros-type. Mais leur présence, même contrainte, ouvre la question de la condition féminine, que les Grecs ont été les premiers à conceptualiser, et que le XVIIème siècle en France a également mise en avant, du moins pour les femmes éduquées.Ensuite sont étudiés quelques exemples plus ponctuels de représentation d’héroïnes tragiques.Au cinquième chapitre est considéré l’impact de la présence et des absences des héroïnes sur la tragédie en tant que forme culturelle récurrente (tenant compte des éléments du modèle aristotélicien de la tragédie, muthos, hamartia, hubris, anagnorisis, katharsis, et l’interaction des héroïnes avec ces valeurs), contribuant à l’évolution des mentalités. En conclusion, la transmission culturelle de l’héroïne (mythe, épopée, culte, tragédie antique et classique, récurrences contemporaines) peut se conceptualiser en employant une récente théorie syntaxique et cognitive, la théorie X-barre. La théorie de la structure et de la contrestructure est articulée, qui suggère un modèle cognitif, rendant compte de l’évolution sociale des rapports entre hommes et femmes, qui sortirait des oppositions binaires. Les stratégies contrestructurales que les héroïnes de tragédie mettent en œuvre, dans ces pièces, marquent une évolution cognitive de la condition humaine. Les « études héroïniques » sont une voie de nouvelles recherches et un apport potentiel au futur des études littéraires. / Does the tragic heroine play the same Aristotelian role as the hero? Six plays are examined: Euripides’ Andromache, Iphigeneia in Aulis and Hippolytos, and Racine’s Andromaque, Iphigénie and Phèdre et Hippolyte.The three pairs of heroines, considered in turn, have specific limits to their capacity for direct heroic action, compared to typical heroes. At the same time, their presence and actions, even constrained, open the question of women’s condition – which the Greeks were the first to conceptualise, and which the French XVIIth c. also foregrounded, at least for educated women. The fourth chapter looks at some further examples of heroines, illustrating aspects of their representation in tragedy.Fifthly is considered the impact, of the presence and absence of the tragic heroine, on tragedy as a form of cultural inscription which has contributed to the evolution of the imaginaire. Different aspects of the Aristotelian model of tragedy such as muthos, hamartia, hubris, anagnorisis, catharsis are explored in terms of how the tragic heroine represents these functions.The conclusions reflect on the cultural transmission of the heroine from myth to epic, cult, the tragedy of antiquity and of French classicism, to contemporary forms). A recent linguistics theory, the X-bar theory is mentioned as a possible cognitive model to conceptualise this continuity in discontinuity, through societies which have so differently validated the female, but may all have been affected by the performative heroine. The author’s own theory of structure and counterstructure is a possible model for observing the evolution of men-women relations, beyond polarising or binary-oppositional cognitive frames. Finally, “heroine studies” are a possible fruitful research area for literature and cultural studies.

The musical analysis of Greek tragedy has traditionally been limited to studies of meter and metatheatrical language. This dissertation seeks to establish a new approach to ancient dramatic song by demonstrating that the linguistic pitch accents of tragic lyrics often trace the melodic contours of their lost musical settings. In the papyri and inscriptions that preserve music notation alongside Greek lyrics, intonation and melody are often coordinated according to set principles, which are well established by previous scholarship. Through the creation of software that applies these historical principles to tragic texts, I demonstrate that stanzas sung to the same melody are significantly more similar in their accentual contours than control groups that do not share a melody. In many instances, the accents of these paired texts consistently trace the same pitch contours, allowing us to reconstruct the shape of the original melody with a high degree of confidence.After a general introduction, the dissertation’s first two chapters address the historical basis for this approach. Chapter 1 reviews the evidence for the musical structure of tragic song, confirming the widely held view that paired stanzas were generally set to the same melody. Chapter 2 turns to the evidence for the role of pitch accents in ancient Greek song, including the ancient testimony and musical documents, and a computational study of accent patterns across all the lyrics of Aeschylus’ surviving tragedies. The methodology developed in these first two chapters is applied in two case studies, in which I reconstruct and interpret the accentual melodies of select tragic lyrics. Chapter 3 analyzes the musical design of the chorus’ entrance song in Aeschylus’ Agamemnon, along with sections of the Kommos from Choephori. In both cases, I argue, melody would play an integral role in highlighting the themes of repetition and reversal within the Oresteia. Chapter 4 turns to the music of Euripides’ Medea, a play that has been central to previous discussions of accent in tragic music. Reading the lyrics and accentual melodies within the framework of musical history as understood in the fifth century bce, I argue that Euripides uses a contrast between ‘old’ and ‘new’ melodic styles to position his chorus at a turning point within literary history. In the dissertation’s final chapter, I address the reception of Medea’s music in a fragmentary comedy, the so-called Alphabet Tragedy of Callias. Together, these interpretive chapters provide a template for future work applying methods of musical analysis to the accentual melodies of ancient Greek song.

Cette analyse littéraire examine le mythe de Médée et ses redites par Euripide et Christa Wolf. Depuis les années 1950, de nombreuses autrices occidentales révisionnistes se sont replongées dans la mythologie pour trouver l’inspiration artistique afin de combler le manque de représentation du genre dans l'héritage culturel de l’Occident. L'un des objectifs de ces écrivaines est de raconter l'histoire du point de vue de l'Autre réduit au silence, une façon de déconstruire l'apriorité du genre et les stéréotypes imposés par ce qu'Adorno appelle la raison formelle. Explorer les mythes, c'est les adapter à notre époque et détecter leur insistance et leur pertinence intemporelle. Cet exercice permet aux femmes d'exprimer leur version de l'histoire afin de déstabiliser la rhétorique et les archétypes patriarcaux. Pour ébranler et déconstruire les stéréotypes de la féminité fabriqués par la raison formelle occidentale, il est essentiel de se tourner vers la figure mythique de Médée en tant que femme. En effet, comment la comparaison entre la Médée de Christa Wolf et celle d'Euripide peut-elle produire une esthétique permettant d'émanciper la princesse de Colchide et les femmes de la domination de la raison masculine occidentale ? Pour répondre à cette question, la théorie dialectique d'Adorno et l'esthétique de Christa Wolf sont prises comme axe analytique entre les versions d'Euripide et de Wolf du mythe de Médée. Comme le montre cette étude comparative, la Médée d'Euripide, la mère meurtrière dépourvue de sophrosyne, reste un archétype vivant de la féminité à la fin des années 90 en Allemagne. De même, Euripide et Wolf brossent un portrait cohérent des femmes en tant que servantes de la nature, mais contrairement à son homologue grecque, Christa Wolf insiste sur le caractère naturel du corps en tant qu'esthétique épistémologique qui permet au non-identique et aux différences de surgir. Medea : A Modern Retelling juxtaposé à la tragédie d'Euripide crée un dialogue qui explore l'écriture corporelle et son utilité pour évaluer l'agentivité de chacun dans le monde des significations. / This literary analysis examines the Medea myth and its retellings by Euripides and Christa Wolf. Since the 1950s, many Western revisionist mythmaking authors have dived back into mythology to find artistic inspiration to fill the gender gap within the Western world’s overly masculinized cultural heritage. One of the purposes of these authors is to tell the story from the silenced Other’s vantage point of view, a way to deconstruct gender apriority and stereotypes imposed by what Adorno calls formal reason. To explore myths is to recast them into modern days and detect their timeless insistence and relevance. This exercise allows women to voice their side of the story to destabilize the patriarchal rhetoric and archetypes. To shake and deconstruct stereotypes of womanhood made by Western formal reason, it is essential to turn toward Medea’s mythical figure as a woman. Indeed, how can the comparison between Christa Wolf’s and Euripides’ Medea produce an aesthetics that emancipates the princess of Colchis and women from Western males’ domination? To answer this interrogation, this literary research takes Adorno’s dialectical theory and Wolf’s aesthetics as the analytical axis of comparison between Euripides’ and Wolf’s versions of the Medea myth. As this comparison concludes, Euripides’ Medea, the murderous mother devoid of sophrosyne, remains an archetype of womanhood in the late 90s’ imagnation. Also, Euripides and Wolf draw a consistent image of women as nature’s minions. However, unlike the Greek tragedian, Christa Wolf insists on the naturalness of the body as an epistemological aesthetics that allows the non-identical to shine forth. Medea: A Modern Retelling juxtaposed with Euripides’ tragedy creates a dialogue that explores corporeal writing and its usefulness in assessing one’s agency into the world of meanings.

Because of the great importance of the human element in the drama of today we shall attempt to trace it from its first great exponent down to our times. Therefore, within the following pages we shall conduct an analysis of the humanism of Euripides as expressed in his plays and reflected in selected plays of modern drama. Our analysis, by necessity, shall have a six-fold purpose; (1) to analyze briefly the characteristics of the Attic theatre for which Euripides wrote; (2) to study the life and philosophy of Euripides in order to determine the presence of humanism; (3) to conduct an analytical study of plays by Euripides in order to detect the presence of humanism; (4) to establish a connecting-link between Euripides and the modern era; (5) to analyze selected plays of the modern era for the presence of humanism; and (6) to present a comparative analysis between the humanism found in Euripides and the humanism found in the selected plays of modern drama. We shall endeavor to present the findings in a manner of particular interest to students of the theatre. At all times we shall try to present the material from a production stand-point so that it may be utilized by student-actors and directors in their background preparation for a dramatic presentation. All student actors and directors should begin their study of a part or a play in the light of background material. In a play the shallowness of an actor or director's background is often revealed by the shallowness of interpretations.

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