Av de före detta kriminella som avtjänat sitt straff återfaller hela 40 % i brottslighet inom tre år. Organisationen Krami arbetar för att minska antalet återfall genom att hjälpa målgruppen till sysselsättning. Med avstamp i detta är syftet med vår studie att undersöka hur anställda i Krami ser på sina arbeten med att värna om före detta kriminellas respekt och integritet i individernas process in på arbetsmarknaden och i att undvika återfall. Detta gör vi genom att undersöka hur åtta intervjupersoner A) ser på de före detta kriminellas möjligheter kontra begränsningar på arbetsmarknaden och B) hur dessa intervjupersoner ser på sina möjligheter att arbeta med de tidigare kriminellas värderingar för att motverka återfall i brott. De teorier som används i vår studie är: Värderingsbaserad teori med begreppet värderingar; Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) med begreppen självuppfattning, förväntade resultat och personliga mål; Känsla av sammanhang (KASAM) med begreppen begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet. Utöver ovanstående teorier har begreppen cooling down och pushing up använts. Studiens resultat visar att intervjupersonerna använder sig av cooling down och pushing up med avsikten att öka målgruppens möjligheter på arbetsmarknaden. Intervjupersonerna upplever att de behöver stötta målgruppen i att öka sin känsla av hanterbarhet för att kunna förändra vissa värderingar, vilka intervjupersonerna anser nödvändiga för att öka sina möjligheter på arbetsmarknaden och för att motverka återfall. Samtliga intervjupersoner upplever att det är viktigt att tro på varje enskild individ, och att alla förtjänar en andra chans. / 40 % of convicted criminals relapse to criminal behavior within three years. Krami is an organization working towards dwindling/reducing recoil numbers by providing alternative occupation. The purpose of this study is to investigate how Krami employees perceive their task in shielding ex-convicts’ respect and well being through their journey towards employment as well as dodging any form of criminal relapse. This will be examined by analyzing how eight interviewees A) experience ex-convicts’ opportunities counter the limitation through the labor market, and B) how they evaluate the prospect to work with ex-convict valuation to diminish criminal relapse. The theories used in this study is: Value based theory based on the concept of valuation; Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) with the conceptions of self-efficacy, outcome expectations and personal goals; Sense of coherence (SOC) in the concept of comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. In addition to aforementioned concepts, we have cooling down and pushing up. The results show that the interviewees make use of cooling down and pushing up with the intention to amplify the target audiences prospective as employees. The interviewees experience support requirements from the target audience to gain coping to handle and change certain values i.e. what the interviewees consider to be necessary to enhance employment opportunities and reduce criminal recoil. All interviewees feel that it is important to believe in every solitary individual and that everyone deserves a second chance.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis examines the psychological and social reasons for recidivism among women offenders of the law and explores the impact halfway houses could have on reducing recidivism in SA. Despite the problem of high crime and offender recidivism in SA there is a lack of research into projects within the country that are attempting to address the situation. This paper ascribes to be an authentic voice from one who has had the unique opportunity of observing the SA prison system from within, over a period of 15 years, and one who has sought to assist ex-offenders in their reintegration from prison to society by providing support once outside of prison over the past 10 years. The thesis is auto-ethnographic in design and method. This research examines the reasons for criminal acts among women and seeks to investigate and determine the unique complexities surrounding women and crime. A high prevalence of sexual and physical abuse is corroborated as common precursors to conduct problems in female offenders, while mental ill health is found to be marked among women in prison. Recommendations are made for the establishment of halfway houses in SA and strategies are suggested for the development of such halfway houses. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie verhandeling ondersoek die sielkundige en sosiale redes vir residivisme onder vroue oortreders van die wet en ondersoek die impak wat halfweghuise kan hê op die vermindering van residivisme in Suid-Afrika. Ten spyte van die probleem van hoë misdaad en residivisme in Suid-Afrika is daar nie baie geskryf oor projekte in die land wat probeer om die situasie aan te spreek nie. Hierdie verhandeeling is geskryf om 'n outentieke stem te wees van ‘n persoon wat ‘n unieke geleentheid het om die Suid-Afrikaanse gevangenis stelsel van binne af te sien oor 'n tydperk van 15 jaar, en wat poog om die probleem wat ex-oortreders vind met herintegrasie uit die tronk deur middel van ondersteuning buite die tronk vir die afgelope 10 jaar. Die verhandeling is outo-etnografies in ontwerp en metode. Hierdie tesis neem die redes in ag van kriminele dade onder vroue en poog om die unieke kompleksiteit rondom vroue en misdaad te ondersoek. Die navorsing staaf 'n hoë voorkoms van seksuele en fisiese mishandeling as 'n gemeenskaplike voorloper probleem in vroulike oortreders. Geestesgesondheid is waar geneem onder vroue in die tronk. Die idee van halfweghuise in die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap is op die been gebring. Die artikel stel verder strategie vir die ontwikkeling van die halfweghuise in Suid-Afrika voor.

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Crime in South Africa is one of the serious challenges facing post- apartheid democracy. As a result, many people find themselves jailed for different crimes which impact their ability to obtain formal employment upon release from jail. Therefore, employment is considered to be a significant contributor to an ex-offender not returning to offending behaviour. It is thus proposed that society has an essential and active role to play in attempts to lower recidivism rates. The hypothesis of this research was that lack of job opportunities for ex-offenders contributes to them breaking parole conditions. Also, communities where ex-offenders come from are not well prepared to welcome them back as transformed people. This treatment of ex-offenders contributes to them reoffending. Furthermore, the brick making industry plays a crucial role in the lives of ex-offenders by giving them an opportunity to be employed after serving their sentences. Finally, employment in the brick making business brings dignity back to the lives of ex-offenders. This study used qualitative research methods to address the research questions and gather relevant data. The use of a qualitative approach was adopted as it allows a deeper exploration of the different research objectives and questions of the study. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings of this study have revealed that the brick making business in the Mthatha region, in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa, is making a big difference in the lives of ex-offenders by offering them the opportunity to gain paid employment, thus contributing to their proper reintegration in their communities.

This descriptive, statistical survey research design sought to identify factors that motivate individuals to stay crime free after serving time in prison. The purpose of this research study was to examine the factors that played a significant role in recidivism.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Criminology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / Community involvement in ex-offenders’ re-integration is an important issue in efforts to reduce recidivism and to control overcrowding in our correctional facilities. Crime is a social problem which requires society to come together to fight against. The Department of Correctional Services (DCS) introduced Community Corrections Forums (CCFs) with the aim of controlling re-offending by ex-offenders. CCFs were established in each region to bring the community, business and stakeholders together to facilitate rehabilitation and re-integration. This study was conducted in the Limpopo Province, in Vhembe District Municipality within four local municipalities, namely Musina, Makhado, Mutale and Thulamela. A total number of 30 participants were interviewed and all were members of Community Corrections Forums. This was necessitated by the fact that Musina is a very small area which compelled the Department of Correctional Services to combine the two (Musina and Makhado) into one social re-integration entity. This is a qualitative research study where participants were selected through the use of purposive sampling. Participants were selected based on the value they would add to this study in order to achieve objectives. The data collection method of this study was the focus group which comprised by 3 groups of 10 participants each. Thulamela and Mutale local municipalities formed a group with (10) participants each whereas Musina (2) and Makhado (8) formed another. Results indicate that the current situation is not conducive for re-integration to be successful. CCF members raised many factors that need serious redress, namely offenders’ discrimination, lack of forgiveness by members of the community which is fuelled by lack of community awareness due to lack of education of communities by the Department of Correctional Services on reduce space of ex-offenders’ re-integration. The relationship between CCF and DCS raises many questions based on the results. Without a good working relationship between these two offices, the study observed that there would be no successful re-integration policy. Theoretical implications of the investigation based on labelling theory are discussed, together with practical applications for ex-offenders. The latter face daunting barriers to successful re-integration. Successful re-entry requires strong community support networks and comprehensive services by DCS, both of which are lacking in Vhembe District.

Most studies in South Africa focus on male offenders as they make up the majority of the offending population. With female offenders being in the minority, they receive less of the research attention. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the subjective experience of finding employment with a criminal record from the perspectives of six female former offenders who participated in the study. Participants were asked to share their accounts during semi-structured interviews. The transcripts were analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. A total of nine themes were identified, namely; confronting the labour market; it affected my life not my chances; experiences of vocational skills and labour in corrections; current financial status versus previous financial status; those left behind: the impact of incarceration on the family. I am Human too, entering and adjusting in the correctional system, finding God and oneself, and rehabilitation and reintegration programmes. The findings showed that the experience of incarceration cannot be separated from the experience of adjusting back into society and finding employment. Employment and unemployment had an effect on participants’ financial status but also affected self-esteem and the relationship with family. The findings illustrated how participants used different coping methods to deal with not being able to find employment, dealing with the stigma attached to being a former offender as well as adjusting back into the community. The analyses from the interviews were compared to existing literature, thus creating a rich discussion. An overview of the discussion and some recommendations were provided and the limitations of the study were also taken into account. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

A tese investiga o apoio a egressos do sistema penitenciário no Brasil, a partir do estudo das produções legislativas, das políticas públicas e da criação de programas de apoio, surgidos no país, a partir da década de 1990. Seu foco principal de análise recai sobre a atuação e o papel dos programas de apoio nas trajetórias de vida de egressos. Para tanto, realizamos um levantamento das iniciativas nacionais, pesquisa em profundidade em programas públicos (Agentes da Liberdade, no Rio de Janeiro-RJ e Programa de Acompanhamento Social, em Porto Alegre-RS) e da sociedade civil (FAESP em Porto Alegre-RS e Pró-Egresso em Maringá-PR) e uma análise das trajetórias de vida e do impacto do apoio na visão dos egressos. A metodologia de pesquisa incluiu analise legislativa, de políticas públicas, visita aos programas com realização de pesquisas documental e entrevistas. O referencial teórico foi constituído por abordagens de políticas públicas, sociais e penais - Delmas-Marty (2004), Adorno (1991), Souza (2007); trajetórias de vida, capital social, esperanças e oportunidades - Bourdieu (1980, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005); impactos do aprisionamento: disciplinamento, prisionização e estigma - Foucault (1996a, 1999, 2002a, 2002b, 2003), Baratta (1999), Goffman (1988); e inclusão/exclusão - redes sociais, religião e trabalho - Xiberras (1996), Barnes(1987), Quiroga (2005), Castel (2001). Nosso estudo parte da análise sobre a inserção, no Brasil, dos modelos de welfarismo penal - política criminal vigente nos países centrais na época dos Estados de Bem-Estar Social - e de Estado penal - política criminal surgida com a crise deste modelo estatal. Os programas de apoio investigados em profundidade revelam-se, à luz das teorias das políticas públicas e sociais, espaços de mediação para pequenas conquistas: acesso à cidadania formal, acesso aos meios de sobrevivência, como alimentação, transporte e vestuário, e à saúde. Em menor escala, as iniciativas permitem a inserção educacional e no trabalho, a partir de escassas e precárias, mas importantes concessões. Com relação aos egressos, suas trajetórias de vida revelam a existência de baixos níveis de capital econômico e cultural, responsáveis, na busca de sobrevivência, dinheiro fácil, aventura ou por fatalidade, pelo ingresso na criminalidade. Marcados pela experiência prisional e suas conseqüências, como a prisionização e o estigma, os egressos têm nos programas de apoio um local de construção de sociabilidade e de visibilidade. Neste aspecto, outros elementos são responsáveis por ampliar as esperanças e oportunidades dos egressos, como a formação de redes, a conversão religiosa e o acesso ao trabalho. Por fim, a passagem por programas de apoio implica em ganhos e frustrações. A temporariedade da condição de egresso, somada à temporariedade das próprias iniciativas, embora não permita inclusões sociais em sentido pleno, resulta em manutenções longe do crime e na redução do peso da condição de homens infames. / The present paper aims at studying the support granted to ex-convicts of the Brazilian penitentiary system based on legislative productions, public policies and programs from the 90´s onwards. It focuses mainly on the performance and role of support programs in relation to the life trajectory of ex-convicts. In order to accomplish such goal, national initiatives, public (Agentes da Liberdade, Rio de Janeiro, RJ and Programa de Acompanhamento Social, Porto Alegre, RS) and civil society programs (FAESP, Porto Alegre, RS, and Pro-Egresso, Maringá, Paraná) were deeply researched. Also, the life trajectory and the impact of support programs were analyzed from the viewpoint of ex-convicts. The research methodology comprised legislative and public policy analysis, and visits to programs so as to research documents and conduct interviews. The theoretical referential was based on public, social and criminal policies - Delmas-Marty (2004), Adorno (1991), Souza (2007); trajectories of life, social capital, hopes and opportunities - Bourdieu (1980, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005); imprisonment impacts: discipline, prisionization and stigma - Foucault (1996, 1999, 2002a, 2002b, 2003), Baratta (1999), Goffman (1988); and inclusion/exclusion - social networks, religion and work - Xiberras (1996), Barnes(1987), Quiroga (2005), Castel (1999). This study also highlights the insertion of the Penal Welfarism model in Brazil, which was the criminal policy adopted by the central countries at the time of the Welfare State and the Penal Sate - such criminal policy rose during the crisis of the Welfare State model. In the light of public and social theories, the support programs examined showed mediation spaces to the rising of small victories: access to formal citizenship, food, means of transportation, clothing and health. Although in a smaller scale, the initiatives also granted educational and work insertion. Notwithstanding, the life trajectories of ex-convicts reveal the existence of low economic and cultural capital levels which, in the struggle for survival, may lead to crime. Once entering the prison system and experiencing its consequences such as prisioning and stigma, the ex-convicts rely on the support programs to help rebuild their sociability and visibility. Moreover, there are other elements responsible for broadening the hope and opportunities of such people, for instance, the formation of social networks, religious conversion and work access. On the other hand, attending a support program involves victories and frustrations. Furthermore, the stigma of being an ex-convict and the temporality of initiatives might not bring full social inclusion, but they certainly help keep these people from committing crimes and help lessen the stigma of infamous men.

A tese investiga o apoio a egressos do sistema penitenciário no Brasil, a partir do estudo das produções legislativas, das políticas públicas e da criação de programas de apoio, surgidos no país, a partir da década de 1990. Seu foco principal de análise recai sobre a atuação e o papel dos programas de apoio nas trajetórias de vida de egressos. Para tanto, realizamos um levantamento das iniciativas nacionais, pesquisa em profundidade em programas públicos (Agentes da Liberdade, no Rio de Janeiro-RJ e Programa de Acompanhamento Social, em Porto Alegre-RS) e da sociedade civil (FAESP em Porto Alegre-RS e Pró-Egresso em Maringá-PR) e uma análise das trajetórias de vida e do impacto do apoio na visão dos egressos. A metodologia de pesquisa incluiu analise legislativa, de políticas públicas, visita aos programas com realização de pesquisas documental e entrevistas. O referencial teórico foi constituído por abordagens de políticas públicas, sociais e penais - Delmas-Marty (2004), Adorno (1991), Souza (2007); trajetórias de vida, capital social, esperanças e oportunidades - Bourdieu (1980, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005); impactos do aprisionamento: disciplinamento, prisionização e estigma - Foucault (1996a, 1999, 2002a, 2002b, 2003), Baratta (1999), Goffman (1988); e inclusão/exclusão - redes sociais, religião e trabalho - Xiberras (1996), Barnes(1987), Quiroga (2005), Castel (2001). Nosso estudo parte da análise sobre a inserção, no Brasil, dos modelos de welfarismo penal - política criminal vigente nos países centrais na época dos Estados de Bem-Estar Social - e de Estado penal - política criminal surgida com a crise deste modelo estatal. Os programas de apoio investigados em profundidade revelam-se, à luz das teorias das políticas públicas e sociais, espaços de mediação para pequenas conquistas: acesso à cidadania formal, acesso aos meios de sobrevivência, como alimentação, transporte e vestuário, e à saúde. Em menor escala, as iniciativas permitem a inserção educacional e no trabalho, a partir de escassas e precárias, mas importantes concessões. Com relação aos egressos, suas trajetórias de vida revelam a existência de baixos níveis de capital econômico e cultural, responsáveis, na busca de sobrevivência, dinheiro fácil, aventura ou por fatalidade, pelo ingresso na criminalidade. Marcados pela experiência prisional e suas conseqüências, como a prisionização e o estigma, os egressos têm nos programas de apoio um local de construção de sociabilidade e de visibilidade. Neste aspecto, outros elementos são responsáveis por ampliar as esperanças e oportunidades dos egressos, como a formação de redes, a conversão religiosa e o acesso ao trabalho. Por fim, a passagem por programas de apoio implica em ganhos e frustrações. A temporariedade da condição de egresso, somada à temporariedade das próprias iniciativas, embora não permita inclusões sociais em sentido pleno, resulta em manutenções longe do crime e na redução do peso da condição de homens infames. / The present paper aims at studying the support granted to ex-convicts of the Brazilian penitentiary system based on legislative productions, public policies and programs from the 90´s onwards. It focuses mainly on the performance and role of support programs in relation to the life trajectory of ex-convicts. In order to accomplish such goal, national initiatives, public (Agentes da Liberdade, Rio de Janeiro, RJ and Programa de Acompanhamento Social, Porto Alegre, RS) and civil society programs (FAESP, Porto Alegre, RS, and Pro-Egresso, Maringá, Paraná) were deeply researched. Also, the life trajectory and the impact of support programs were analyzed from the viewpoint of ex-convicts. The research methodology comprised legislative and public policy analysis, and visits to programs so as to research documents and conduct interviews. The theoretical referential was based on public, social and criminal policies - Delmas-Marty (2004), Adorno (1991), Souza (2007); trajectories of life, social capital, hopes and opportunities - Bourdieu (1980, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005); imprisonment impacts: discipline, prisionization and stigma - Foucault (1996, 1999, 2002a, 2002b, 2003), Baratta (1999), Goffman (1988); and inclusion/exclusion - social networks, religion and work - Xiberras (1996), Barnes(1987), Quiroga (2005), Castel (1999). This study also highlights the insertion of the Penal Welfarism model in Brazil, which was the criminal policy adopted by the central countries at the time of the Welfare State and the Penal Sate - such criminal policy rose during the crisis of the Welfare State model. In the light of public and social theories, the support programs examined showed mediation spaces to the rising of small victories: access to formal citizenship, food, means of transportation, clothing and health. Although in a smaller scale, the initiatives also granted educational and work insertion. Notwithstanding, the life trajectories of ex-convicts reveal the existence of low economic and cultural capital levels which, in the struggle for survival, may lead to crime. Once entering the prison system and experiencing its consequences such as prisioning and stigma, the ex-convicts rely on the support programs to help rebuild their sociability and visibility. Moreover, there are other elements responsible for broadening the hope and opportunities of such people, for instance, the formation of social networks, religious conversion and work access. On the other hand, attending a support program involves victories and frustrations. Furthermore, the stigma of being an ex-convict and the temporality of initiatives might not bring full social inclusion, but they certainly help keep these people from committing crimes and help lessen the stigma of infamous men.

A tese investiga o apoio a egressos do sistema penitenciário no Brasil, a partir do estudo das produções legislativas, das políticas públicas e da criação de programas de apoio, surgidos no país, a partir da década de 1990. Seu foco principal de análise recai sobre a atuação e o papel dos programas de apoio nas trajetórias de vida de egressos. Para tanto, realizamos um levantamento das iniciativas nacionais, pesquisa em profundidade em programas públicos (Agentes da Liberdade, no Rio de Janeiro-RJ e Programa de Acompanhamento Social, em Porto Alegre-RS) e da sociedade civil (FAESP em Porto Alegre-RS e Pró-Egresso em Maringá-PR) e uma análise das trajetórias de vida e do impacto do apoio na visão dos egressos. A metodologia de pesquisa incluiu analise legislativa, de políticas públicas, visita aos programas com realização de pesquisas documental e entrevistas. O referencial teórico foi constituído por abordagens de políticas públicas, sociais e penais - Delmas-Marty (2004), Adorno (1991), Souza (2007); trajetórias de vida, capital social, esperanças e oportunidades - Bourdieu (1980, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005); impactos do aprisionamento: disciplinamento, prisionização e estigma - Foucault (1996a, 1999, 2002a, 2002b, 2003), Baratta (1999), Goffman (1988); e inclusão/exclusão - redes sociais, religião e trabalho - Xiberras (1996), Barnes(1987), Quiroga (2005), Castel (2001). Nosso estudo parte da análise sobre a inserção, no Brasil, dos modelos de welfarismo penal - política criminal vigente nos países centrais na época dos Estados de Bem-Estar Social - e de Estado penal - política criminal surgida com a crise deste modelo estatal. Os programas de apoio investigados em profundidade revelam-se, à luz das teorias das políticas públicas e sociais, espaços de mediação para pequenas conquistas: acesso à cidadania formal, acesso aos meios de sobrevivência, como alimentação, transporte e vestuário, e à saúde. Em menor escala, as iniciativas permitem a inserção educacional e no trabalho, a partir de escassas e precárias, mas importantes concessões. Com relação aos egressos, suas trajetórias de vida revelam a existência de baixos níveis de capital econômico e cultural, responsáveis, na busca de sobrevivência, dinheiro fácil, aventura ou por fatalidade, pelo ingresso na criminalidade. Marcados pela experiência prisional e suas conseqüências, como a prisionização e o estigma, os egressos têm nos programas de apoio um local de construção de sociabilidade e de visibilidade. Neste aspecto, outros elementos são responsáveis por ampliar as esperanças e oportunidades dos egressos, como a formação de redes, a conversão religiosa e o acesso ao trabalho. Por fim, a passagem por programas de apoio implica em ganhos e frustrações. A temporariedade da condição de egresso, somada à temporariedade das próprias iniciativas, embora não permita inclusões sociais em sentido pleno, resulta em manutenções longe do crime e na redução do peso da condição de homens infames. / The present paper aims at studying the support granted to ex-convicts of the Brazilian penitentiary system based on legislative productions, public policies and programs from the 90´s onwards. It focuses mainly on the performance and role of support programs in relation to the life trajectory of ex-convicts. In order to accomplish such goal, national initiatives, public (Agentes da Liberdade, Rio de Janeiro, RJ and Programa de Acompanhamento Social, Porto Alegre, RS) and civil society programs (FAESP, Porto Alegre, RS, and Pro-Egresso, Maringá, Paraná) were deeply researched. Also, the life trajectory and the impact of support programs were analyzed from the viewpoint of ex-convicts. The research methodology comprised legislative and public policy analysis, and visits to programs so as to research documents and conduct interviews. The theoretical referential was based on public, social and criminal policies - Delmas-Marty (2004), Adorno (1991), Souza (2007); trajectories of life, social capital, hopes and opportunities - Bourdieu (1980, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005); imprisonment impacts: discipline, prisionization and stigma - Foucault (1996, 1999, 2002a, 2002b, 2003), Baratta (1999), Goffman (1988); and inclusion/exclusion - social networks, religion and work - Xiberras (1996), Barnes(1987), Quiroga (2005), Castel (1999). This study also highlights the insertion of the Penal Welfarism model in Brazil, which was the criminal policy adopted by the central countries at the time of the Welfare State and the Penal Sate - such criminal policy rose during the crisis of the Welfare State model. In the light of public and social theories, the support programs examined showed mediation spaces to the rising of small victories: access to formal citizenship, food, means of transportation, clothing and health. Although in a smaller scale, the initiatives also granted educational and work insertion. Notwithstanding, the life trajectories of ex-convicts reveal the existence of low economic and cultural capital levels which, in the struggle for survival, may lead to crime. Once entering the prison system and experiencing its consequences such as prisioning and stigma, the ex-convicts rely on the support programs to help rebuild their sociability and visibility. Moreover, there are other elements responsible for broadening the hope and opportunities of such people, for instance, the formation of social networks, religious conversion and work access. On the other hand, attending a support program involves victories and frustrations. Furthermore, the stigma of being an ex-convict and the temporality of initiatives might not bring full social inclusion, but they certainly help keep these people from committing crimes and help lessen the stigma of infamous men.