In the age of Web2.0, various network services became critical. Exchange of messages between entities in the network is so frequent that information explosion is quite common nowadays. Volume of Information passed is growing up rapidly. With the wide development of web applications, people need to learn how to filter the important messages; service providers have urgent need to trace the ever changing role of users. This research studies the detections of the user interaction scenario, based on the result from the test function in the on-line learning platform. The learning platform users are divided into two groups, teachers and students, based on their roles. Usually students sit for an on-line examination at the end of each learning activity. The teachers are in charge of helping students with their presentations, encouraging those with good grades, and helping the weaker ones to reach their potential. But in the one-to-many teaching method, a teacher needs to face many students and the resultant grade of an examination becomes a heap of fuzzy and difficult to comprehend numbers. Even though some mathematical tools can help the teachers analyze the data, it is still very difficult to provide appropriate response to each student. The purpose of this research motives building an examination system which combines context-awareness and auto-notification, and bring the advantages of digital examination. An inference engine is used to calculate linear regression of learning curve for each student, then review the old data, and transfer the analysis into the learning context. Then the feedback is given to the students under the various learning context or the teacher will get notification after it compile the analysis. Besides analyzing the past data, the linear regression result will be adjusted to fit the characteristics of learning curve and infer the personal goal of the student. If result is better than expected goal, students should be encouraged. On the other hand, the remediable actions will be administered. Those events can be scheduled by the manager of auto-notification system, published in the appropriate time, and achieve the goal of variety, personalization, and automation.

Background. The German National Health Interview and Examination Survey (GHS) is the first government mandated nationwide study to investigate jointly the prevalence of somatic and mental disorders within one study in the general adult population in Germany. This paper reports results from its Mental Health Supplement (GHS-MHS) on 4-week 12-month, and selected lifetime prevalence of a broad range of DSM-IV mental disorders, their co-morbidity and correlates in the community. Methods. The sample of the GHS-MHS (n=4181; multistage stratified random sample drawn from population registries ; conditional response rate: 87.6%) can be regarded as representative for the German population aged 18–65. Diagnoses are based on fully structured computer assisted clinical interviews (M-CIDI), conducted by clinically trained interviewers. Results. 12-month prevalence for any DSM-IV study disorder is 31% (lifetime: 43%; 4-week: 20%) with anxiety disorders, mood disorders and somatoform syndromes being the most frequent diagnoses. Retrospective age of onset information reveals that most disorders begin early in life. Comorbidity rates among mental disorders range from 44% to 94%. Correlates of increased rates of mental disorders and co-morbidity were: female gender (except for substance disorders), not being married, low social class, and poor somatic health status. Health care utilization for mental disorders depended on co-morbidity (30% in ‘pure’, 76% in highly co-morbid cases) and varied from 33% for substance use disorders to 75% for panic disorder. Conclusions. Results confirm and extend results from other national studies using the same assessment instruments with regard to prevalence, co-morbidity and sociodemographic correlates, covering a broader range of DSM-IV disorders [i.e. somatoform disorders, all anxiety disorders (except PTSD), mental disorders due to substance or general medical factor, eating disorders]. Intervention rates were higher than in previous studies, yet still low overall.

Eighty-one patients in Planned Parenthood at East Central Indiana participated in the study. All patients were given a short quiz concerning female anatomy at their intake evaluation. All patients participated in the routine patient education session and intake history. The experimental group (N=41) was given a mirror through which to watch the pelvic examination. The control group (N=40) was given the same sort of examination without the mirror. The quiz was then repeated.Pre-test results were identical in the two groups. Both groups improved significantly on the post-test compared to the pre-test, showing the patient education session to be an effective tool. The experimental group improved more than the control group, however, and the difference was significant at the P=0.06 level.It is concluded that pelvic examinations which routinely include a hand-held mirror through which the patient may visualize her own genitalia are of significant benefit as a patient educational tool.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

I föreliggande uppsats jämförs karaktärsdragen i den vetenskapliga bedömningsdiskursen med den politiska och offentliga diskursen utifrån frågorna: vad talas det om och vad talas det inte om när det gäller: elevers prestation och motivation, utvärdering av skolan, tydlighet/ rättvisa, lärande/examination/undervisning samt urval? Frågorna ställs till de lästa texterna inom de valda diskurserna. Läroplansteori har använts som begreppsligt verktyg och till att synliggöra talet om en flergradig betygsskala.   Jämförelsen av karaktärsdragen visar att båda diskurserna talar om en upplevd ökad motivation, prestation, tydlighet och rättvisa. Samtidigt rapporteras i den vetenskapliga bedömningsdiskursen om en ökad stress, svårigheter att språkligt uttrycka kunskapskrav och kriterier för sex betygssteg samt att variera examinationsformerna och samtidigt bedöma enligt en sexgradig skala. Det talas i båda diskurserna om en oro för ytinlärning och en större fokusering på detaljer, även om detta mest syns i den vetenskapliga bedömningsdiskursen. I realiseringen kan dessa svårigheter leda till en konflikt mellan läroplan och kursplan.   Diskursernas karaktärsdrag i förhållande till bakgrund och tidigare forskning visar på att en flergradig skala som F till A, kan vara en konsekvens av en sviktande tilltro till utbildningssystemet och fallande resultat i internationella undersökningar. En eventuell följd av detta är en förskjutning av makten, åt aktörer på formuleringsarenan. Fler steg faller också in i en historisk kontext där flergradiga skalor skiftat mellan få och fler grader.   Eftersom ett politiskt beslut är taget till ett nytt betygssystem, Lgr 11, kan det ses som att den politiska diskursen har makt att formulera det som sedan ska realiseras. Det kan dock inte utesluta att den diskursen inte lyssnat på den vetenskapliga.

I tidigare forskning har det talats om olika former av undervisning för att möjliggöra utvecklandet av elevers historiemedvetande. Men hur uppfattar eleverna själva vad som krävs av dem i historieämnet på gymnasiet? Syftet med denna uppsats är att utifrån ett elevperspektiv studera betyg och bedömningsprocessen inom historieämnet i relation till begreppet historiemedvetande. Uppsatsen bygger på en kvalitativ och fenomenografiskt inspirerad metod samt på konstruktivistiska tankar där elevers egna uppfattningar är av avgörande betydelse då kunskap förstås som något kvalitativt som ständigt skapas och konstrueras av varje individ i sitt sociala sammanhang. Öppna intervjuer med sex gymnasieelever har genomförts och dessa utgör uppsatsens material. I intervjuerna har tre olika problemområden; ”historisk kunskap”, ”betyg, mål och kriterier” samt ”examinationer och feedback” utgjort grunden för diskussion. Resultatet av studien visar att eleverna ofta har en genetisk historieförståelse i relation till historia och historieämnet. Fakta om dåtiden längs en i förväg bestämd tidslinje utgör grunden i elevernas tolkningar. Vidare visar resultaten av studien att det råder ett starkt samband mellan elevernas tolkningar av historisk kunskap och de tolkningar de gör av examinationsformer och betygsättning inom ämnet. Slutsatserna i uppsatsen är att resultatet bekräftar dels tidigare forskning som påpekat att historia i skolan är fakta och dåtid, samt dels påståendet ”alla vet att betygen styr”.

The civil servant are those who work for government by laws and get official salary. To improve the efficiency and honesty of the civil servant, the government should evaluate their performances and results, and conduct the following personnel affairs according to that. In order to improve the effect of the performance appraisal system, the Examination Yuan tried to revise the Law of Performance Appraisal of Civil Servant based on the modern management system. However, this caused dissenting view and objection from most of the civil servant. As a matter of fact, we already had the system of performance appraisal on officials since Tang-Yu dynasty and it kept changing and revising through dynasties. In spite the republic government closed the agelong emperor reigning system, the management of the huge bureaucrat body still inherit the way used before, not breaking down from this changing. Therefore, when the Examination Yuan, just considering the effect of performance appraisal, changed the performance appraisal system directly without thinking about the historical and cultural nature of existing way, it can¡¦t avoid the questioning and opposing from the civil servant. Therefore, this study, from the viewpoint of the historical and cultural nature, researches the sameness and differences of performance appraisal system between current and ancient times, with which it further compares the outlook and method of performance management. In the final part, it discusses the meaning of the existence of performance appraisal system of the civil servant.

The administrative reform in all of the countries, all depends on via "the government reform" making the government performance results able to improve, and the government service outsourcing has become the most important strategy for government reform. Along with the rapid development of the information tech, and the popularization of the applications, introducing information tech to the government service of the high-efficiency, low cost, flexibility, fast response is the basic conditions for the modern government forging ahead into 21 centuries. "The government information service outsourcing" results in how to establish availably amid in the "partner relationship" a new topic in the long term, as well as under the condition of parts of information service providers lacking of the information professional knowledge with government agency to the government service. How to construct and lead to a "cooperation mechanism" strategic goal and reinforces efficiency is a successful key point to the outsourcing. The target of "cooperation mechanism" is "the management of the conflict" in the aspects of negatively, in addition to solving the conflicts that have appeared, also ought to think twice about the reason of the conflict, and avoid the possible conflicts. In the aspects of aggressively, it is to "move forward towards the whole target", whose aims consist in reaching to team up the goal availably. The purpose of the cooperation does not depend on the none of the conflicts, also, within the scope of cooperation. In other words, the cooperative "effectiveness" of one of both sides¡¦ achievement must meet with the following objectives in the meantime: first, it can't deviate from the whole goal; second, it must ensure to accomplish the whole objective benefits. Confronted with the conflicts appearing in the interval, this research proposes a new point of view as well as food for thoughts: ¡§Is there any chance these regarded as the reformed objects "bureaupathologies " cause critical factor of the conflict?". We refer to various organization theories and methods, originated from feeling have on the spot "examination mechanism", and we wish we could break through politician system constituent "black box" mode of every kind of "shell" block, and find out not appropriate "processing" hidden under the politician post authority. We expect to expel " bureaupathologies " to solve and reduce the development of the conflict. Now we think of Kaohsiung City property management system outsourcing as the individual cases study. We can illustrate practical manipulation inspection, propose the concrete conclusion and suggestions, and raise the capability of "Cooperation mechanism", in order to promote the success of ¡§government information service outsourcing".

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-48).

Although the incidence of breast cancer is high among Caucasian women, African American women continue to experience higher breast cancer mortality and lower survival rate in comparison to Caucasian women of the same age. Research regarding breast cancer screening among ethnic minority women from lower socioeconomic groups is extensive, but there is a lack of research that investigates barriers to breast cancer screening among African American women of higher socioeconomic status. The purpose of this study was to compare health beliefs of African American and Caucasian women regarding perceived barriers to breast cancer screening. The sample for this study consisted of 80 women, 40 African American and 40 Caucasian women, who were between the ages 40 to 80 years. The study was conducted at two local community churches located in Tampa, Florida. The barriers subscale from the Health Belief scale was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze demographic data, and independent t-test were used to compare the two groups in their perceived barriers. Results revealed that both groups perceived barriers to breast cancer, there were more similarities than differences. However, African American women were significantly more likely to indicate that having a mammogram would make them worry about breast cancer (p= 0.39). Although previous research has shown differences African American and Caucasian women, this study did not support those results. The two groups of women were similar in age, education, and marital status and all were active in their churches. Perhaps these similarities led to the lack of differences in perceived barriers scores between the two groups. This finding lends support to the idea that socioeconomic status more than race leads to disparities in breast screening.

published_or_final_version / Medicine / Master / Doctor of Medicine