The study investigates the relationship between the Johannesburg Stock Exchange Listing Status and performance of selected South African private Hospital Operators covering a 10- year period from 2008-2017. The selected proxies for the hospital performance measured were: Total Annual Revenue, Revenue per Bed per Day, Total Number of Hospital Beds, and EBITDA margin while controlling for Healthcare Inflation and Medically Insured Population, respectively. The specified regression equation was expanded to include simultaneous equations for the proxies of hospital performance. From this system of simultaneous equations, the study estimated the panel regression model using Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR). The findings showed that (1) JSE-listed Hospital Operators command higher Total Annual Revenues generated, superior Hospital Bed Numbers, and higher Revenue per Bed per Day compared to their unlisted peers, but their operating efficiency is not superior to that of their unlisted peers. In addition, the study found (2) a positive and statistically significant relationship between JSE Listing Status and Private Hospital Operator Performance for the performance proxies of Total Annual Revenue, Revenue per Bed per Day and Total Number of Hospital Beds, but a positive statistically insignificant relationship in respect of EBIDTA margin, the operating efficiency measure of performance; (3) a positive statistically significant relationship between Medically Insured Population and Private Hospital Operator Performance for the performance proxies of Total Annual Revenue, Revenue per Bed per Day, Total Number of Hospital Beds, but a positive statistically insignificant relationship in respect of the operating efficiency measure of performance; (4) a negative statistically insignificant relationship between Healthcare Inflation and Private Hospital Operator Performance for the performance proxies of Total Annual Revenue, Revenue per Bed per Day, Total Number of Hospital Beds, but a positive also statistically insignificant relationship in respect of the operating efficiency measure of performance. These results corroborate the theoretical predictions and are supported by previous studies. The study has important implications for public bourse listing as a strategic organisational consideration in terms of funding mobilisation for corporate performance and growth strategy. The sizeable macroeconomic contribution of the private hospital sector, and the importance of the medical insurance-private hospital performance nexus, behoves policy makers to ensure that the proposed universal health fund in South Africa must not totally crowd out the development of private health insurance.

Bakgrund: Ett SPAC-bolag är ett börsnoterat företag vars enda syfte är att genomföra ett förvärv. Genom förvärvet börsnoteras ett onoterat företag. Intresset för SPACs har ökat på den amerikanska marknaden och år 2020 stod SPAC-bolag för 55% av alla börsnoteringar i USA. Det svenska regelverket på marknaden för börsnoteringar har nyligen förändrats vilket möjliggör skapandet av SPAC-bolag. En viktig anledning till att genomföra studien är för att förstå om SPACs kan användas för att förenkla och förbättra arbetet med börsnoteringar i Sverige för såväl företag, som för finansiella rådgivare och försäkringsgivare. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att analysera hur den svenska marknaden för börsnoteringar kan komma att påverkas genom introduceringen av SPACs och analysera de hinder som kan försvåra etableringen. Studien ämnar även att analysera vad SPACs kan skapa för värde till den svenska marknaden för börsnoteringar. Metod: Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ design. Vidare har en abduktiv ansats använts för att behandla empiri och teori tillsammans i analysen. Data har samlats in från sju stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter som har kunskap från den svenska marknaden för börsnoteringar. Slutsats: Den svenska marknaden är en välfungerande och stark marknad. Trots detta finns det vissa möjligheter för SPAC-bolag i Sverige. IPO:s måste anpassas utifrån IPO-fönster. SPAC-bolag är inte påverkade av detta i samma utsträckning och kan då utgöra en alternativ väg till börsen. Vidare kan företag dela med sig av mer information vid SPAC-förvärv vilket reducerar informationsasymmetri och agentproblematik. Det finns även skydd etablerade som minskar risken för investerare. SPACs kan således ha en värdeskapande funktion på den svenska marknaden. Trots dessa fördelar finns det även nackdelar som skulle kunna hämma etableringen av SPACs i Sverige. I Sverige finns redan alternativa marknader som kan utgöra det komplement som SPACs utgör på utländska marknader. Vidare finns argument för att SPACs involverar risk för investerare i form av asymmetrisk information, alternativkostnad och ett okänt förvärvsmål. / Background: A SPAC is a listed company with one purpose, to merge with another company. Through the merger, the other company gets listed on the stock exchange. SPACs have seen an increased interest in the USA and in the year 2020 listings of SPACs amounted to 55% of all IPOs in USA. Due to changed regulations, SPACs are now able to list on the Swedish stock exchange. This study is critical to conduct in order to understand if SPACs can be used to simplify and improve stock exchange listings in Sweden. And if the work surrounding IPOs for companies as well as financial advisors and underwriters would benefit from the introduction of SPACs on the Swedish IPO-market. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze how the Swedish IPO-market can be affected by the introduction of SPACs and to analyze potential hurdles regarding its establishment. The study also aims to analyze value-creating opportunities for SPACs on the Swedish IPO-market. Methodology: The study was conducted with a qualitative design. An abductive approach was used to apply theory and empirical data in the analysis. Data has been collected from six semi-structured interviews with respondents from investment banks in Sweden. Conclusion: The Swedish market is a well-functioning and strong market. Despite this there are some opportunities for SPACs in Sweden. Traditional IPO:s is affected by an IPOwindow which severely limits the ability to do IPO:s during certain periods. When the IPOwindow is closed, SPACs could be another way to the stock market. Companies can share more information when merging with a SPAC which reduces information asymmetry and agency problems. The structure of SPACs also include protection for investors. SPACs can thus have a value creating function on the Swedish market. There are also disadvantages that could be a hurdle for the establishment of SPACs in Sweden. Alternative supportive markets already exist in Sweden. Thus, SPACs may not be needed to the same degree as in foreign markets. SPACs also involve risks for investors in the form of information asymmetry, alternative costs and an unknown acquisition target.

Submitted by Victor Bourroul Holloway Ribeiro (victor.holloway@outlook.com) on 2015-05-05T18:42:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Victor_Ribeiro-20150505.pdf: 1568158 bytes, checksum: c8a977529cac8af2a9ac6d67176b4caa (MD5) / Rejected by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde Victor Seu trabalho não condiz ao padrão. 1.FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS 2.ESCOLA DE DIREITO DE SÃO PAULO Qualquer dúvida estou à disposição. Att. Suzi 3799-7876 on 2015-05-06T17:42:57Z (GMT) / Submitted by Victor Bourroul Holloway Ribeiro (victor.holloway@outlook.com) on 2015-05-06T19:20:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Victor_Ribeiro-20150505.pdf: 1569735 bytes, checksum: 5e0fd4561bd7139ce19ee3654a4c8a31 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2015-05-06T19:36:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Victor_Ribeiro-20150505.pdf: 1569735 bytes, checksum: 5e0fd4561bd7139ce19ee3654a4c8a31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-06T19:40:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Victor_Ribeiro-20150505.pdf: 1569735 bytes, checksum: 5e0fd4561bd7139ce19ee3654a4c8a31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-07 / The goal of this research is to analyze in a decentered regulation perspective the creation of Brazilian premium Corporate Governance segments. The goal of analyzing the creation of Brazilian premium Corporate Governance segments includes the description of the phenomenon by recognizing factors that led companies to change their behavior and the prescription of a normative argument formulated from the recognition of those factors. In the Corporate Governance literature, regulation is usually defined as a state-centered conception. Researches about premium Corporate Governance segments (Novo Mercado, Level 1 and Level 2) created by São Paulo Stock Exchange – Bovespa often adopt the state-centered definition of regulation. As opposed to a mandatory state regulation, these premium segments were classified as a private and self-regulatory phenomenon, conducted by the market. This analysis was followed by a normative argument that prescripts contractual or self-regulatory arrangements for policy makers with intention to promote specific Corporate Governance rules. However, the assumption of a state-centered regulation was contested by a decentered perspective. The decentered perspective argued that not only states are increasingly involved in complex collaborations and delegations with non-state actors to exercise regulation, but also non-states actors are regulating, setting standards, gathering information and enforcing rules. To handle those complex regulatory events, Julia Black formulated the concept of decentralized regulation, which was grounded on systems theory and the governance literature. Regulation in a decentering perspective is implemented by a network of interdependent state and non-state actors. Embracing Julia Black’s concept of decentralized regulation, the present research describes the creation of Brazilian premium Corporate Governance segments and formulates a normative argument deriving from the decentered perspective. Based on the results, the research concludes that the creation of Brazilian premium Corporate Governance segments did not involve just the parties of the Participation Agreement. Instead, it involved many interdependent state and non-state actors, which shared many mechanisms for the application of the regulation. Therefore, it is not possible to indicate the self-regulation and private legal instruments as the only factors that led companies and shareholders to alter their behavior and to adopt specific Corporate Governance rules. Accordingly, the normative argument that follows this analysis, rather than the prescription of self-regulation, is the prescription of the mobilization of the regulatory power fragmented among many state and non-state actors. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar pela perspectiva da regulação descentralizada a criação dos segmentos de listagem do mercado de valores mobiliários administrado pela Bovespa. O objetivo de analisar a criação dos segmentos de listagem inclui a descrição do fenômeno para apontar fatores que levaram as companhias e controladores a alterarem seus comportamentos e a construção de um argumento normativo formulado a partir do reconhecimento desses fatores. No debate sobre regulação da Governança Corporativa, o conceito de regulação normalmente assume uma definição centrada no Estado. Grande parte da análise da criação dos segmentos de listagem do mercado administrado pela Bovespa seguiu essa perspectiva. A criação dos segmentos de listagem, então, foi classificada como um fenômeno autorregulatório, privado e de mercado. Dessa análise seguiu a formulação de um argumento normativo, o qual prescreveu o uso da autorregulação a atores que visassem estabelecer regras específicas de Governança Corporativa. Contudo, a perspectiva da regulação descentralizada questionou o pressuposto da centralidade do Estado no conceito de regulação. A perspectiva da regulação descentralizada sustentou que não só atores estatais estão cada vez mais envolvidos com atores não estatais em complexas colaborações e delegações para o exercício da regulação, como também sustentou que atores não estatais exercem regulação, incluindo, a formulação, monitoramento e enforcement de regras. Para lidar com essa complexidade dos fenômenos empíricos regulatórios, Julia Black, baseando-se na teoria dos sistemas e na literatura de Governança, formulou o conceito de regulação descentralizada. Pelo conceito de regulação descentralizada, a regulação é exercida por uma rede de atores interdependentes, estatais e não estatais, que utilizam mecanismos legais e extralegais para o exercício do poder e do controle. Diante disso, adotando esse conceito de regulação descentralizada de Julia Black, o presente trabalho pretendeu descrever a criação dos segmentos de listagem e formular um argumento normativo baseado nessa descrição. Como resultado da pesquisa realizada, foi possível concluir que a criação dos segmentos de listagem não se restringiu às partes que celebraram o Contrato de Participação, mas envolveu diversos atores, estatais e não estatais, os quais tinham uma relação de interdependência entre si e compartilharam diversos mecanismos no exercício da regulação. Com isso, não se pode resumir os fatores que fizeram com que companhias e controladores alterassem seus comportamentos e adotassem algumas regras de Governança Corporativa à voluntariedade e ao aspecto autorregulatório. Desta análise segue que, se é possível apontar para um argumento normativo do caso da criação dos segmentos de listagem, o argumento normativo não é a prescrição da autorregulação, mas sim a prescrição do uso do poder regulatório fragmentado entre diversos atores, estatais e não estatais.

Det finns ett flertal tidigare studier som undersöker listbyten och dess effekt på ett bolags aktieavkastning. Merparten av dessa studier är dock baserade på den amerikanska aktiemarknaden. De svenska studierna som har genomförts undersöker effekten av listbyte från alternativa marknadsplatser (MTF) till huvudmarknaden (reglerad marknad). Det har framkommit att det finns ett kunskapsgap vad gäller hur aktieavkastning reagerar på marknadsplatsbyten på Sveriges MTF-er. Genom att endast fokusera på MTFmarknadsplatserna,AktieTorget, First North och Nordic MTF i Sverige och effekten av bytenmellan dessa marknadsplatser blir denna studie ett komplement till den tidigare forskningen inom området. I studien undersöks 39 svenska bolag som mellan åren 2007-2016 valt att byta marknadsplats. OMXPI är det jämförelseindex som använts för att jämföra bolagens avkastning med marknaden. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det finns ett värdeför såväl bolagen som dess aktieägare att byta marknadsplats mellan AktieTorget, Nordic MTF och First North, istället för att stanna kvar på den ursprungliga listan. Detta syfte uppnås genom att studien undersöker bolagens aktieavkastning i samband med flytt till likvärdig, alternativ, marknadsplats för att ta reda på om bytet av marknadsplats skapar en negativ avkastning hos bolagen. Denna studie utförs i form av en kvantitativ eventstudie där marknadsplatsbytet utgör eventet. Studiens avsikt är inte att analysera de enskilda bolagen utan att istället ge en samlad bild av effekten på den aktiekursutveckling listbytet medför. Resultatet av studien visar att en negativ ackumulerad onormal avkastning (CAR) förekommer efter att marknadsplatsbytet genomförts. Vid beräkning av parametrarna imarknadsmodellen finner studien att den genomsnittliga ackumulerade onormala avkastningen (CAAR) för samtliga bolag är hela -47,88 %, 12 månader efter att marknadsplatsbytet genomförts. / There are several previous studies that examine switches between marketplaces and how these changes impact companies share performance. The most foregoing research made on the subject share performance is based on the US stock market. Swedish studies made to the subject examine the share performance when companies move from one of the SwedishMultilateral Trading Facilities (MTF) to main market. The authors of this paper have noted that there is a gap of knowledge regarding share performance when companies move between the Multilateral Trading Facilities. By only examining the Swedish Multilateral Trading Facilities, AktieTorget, First North and Nordic MTF, and how moving between the lists affects the share performance, this study is an addition to the previous research in the field.This study examines 39 Swedish companies, which have changed list between 2007-2016. OMXSPI is the benchmark used in this study to compare the companies return with the market return. The purpose of this study is to examine if there is a value for both the companies and its shareholders to exchange marketplaces between the Swedish Multilateral Trading Facilities, AktieTorget, First North and Nordic MTF. This purpose is achieved byexamine the company’s stock price development before and after the change of market place and identify if the change creates a negative share performance. This study is conducted in the form of a quantitative event study where the marketplace change represents the event. The purpose is not to analyze the individual companies but to provide a comprehensive picture ofthe effect the marketplace changes have on the stock price development. The result of the study indicates that a negative accumulated abnormal return (CAR) occurs after the marketplace change. When calculating the parameters in the market model the study finds that the average accumulated abnormal return (CAAR) for all companies is a total of -47,88 % twelve months after the marketplace change.