The effectiveness of videotape recorded feedback on reducing the rate of inappropriate, bizarre mannerisms n hospitalized individuals was examined using a multiple baseline design across three subjects. Results indicate that the technique was effective in reducing the rate of these behaviors in the treatment setting. Data on generalization of treatment effects were inconclusive. Theoretical explanations for the procedure's effectiveness are discussed.

[pt] Injeção de CO2 em reservatórios depletados tem ocorrido nos últimos anos como uma forma efetiva de recuperação avançada de óleo e gás. Mais recentemente, a injeção de CO2 em depósitos geológicos vem sendo considerada uma alternativa viável para a redução da emissão de gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera. Nesses dois cenários, o CO2 injetado reage com a rocha, alterando algumas de suas propriedades petrofísicas e geomecânicas. Um dos principais depósitos são os reservatórios carbonáticos. O objetivo desta tese é aprimorar o entendimento em relação aos efeitos mecânicos da injeção de CO2 em rochas carbonáticas. Esse tópico é de grande interesse para a indústria de óleo e gás, devido aos procedimentos de sequestro de CO2 e recuperação avançada de óleo. Nesses dois cenários, o CO2 é injetado em reservatórios carbonáticos, alterando algumas das propriedades petrofísicas e geomecânicas da rocha reservatório. Essas alterações podem aumentar os riscos relacionados à produção, uma vez que essas mudanças na estrutura porosa da rocha tendem a modificar o fluxo de óleo e também de provocar a compactação do reservatório. Com o objetivo de melhorar a compreensão da interação CO2 e rochas carbonáticas, nesta tese foram feitos ensaios de laboratório e modelos numéricos. Para os ensaios de laboratório, uma solução de CO2 e água deionizada foi injetada em amostras de Indiana Limestone e coquina. Também foram executados ensaios mecânicos antes e depois da injeção de CO2, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos nas propriedades mecânicas das rochas carbonáticas. A caracterização mecânica foi realizada a partir de ensaios de compressão uniaxial e triaxial. Foram observadas consideráveis reduções nas resistências à compressão e nos módulos de Young das amostras de coquina e Indiana Limestone, quando submetidas ao ensaio de injeção de CO2. Houve também um aumento na porosidade medida pelo MicroCT e pelo porosímetro na amostra de coquina sujeita a injeção de solução de CO2. Os resultados experimentais foram utilizados para calibração e validação dos modelos numéricos. Com relação aos modelos numéricos, o método dos elementos discretos (DEM) foi utilizado. Para simular de forma adequada o comportamento do material, uma metodologia, englobando o modelo de contato, a geração da amostra e o procedimento de calibração foi apresentada. A calibração dos parâmetros do DEM foi feita considerando os resultados dos ensaios mecânicos realizados antes e depois do ensaio de dissolução. O modelo numérico foi capaz de simular corretamente os ensaios uniaxiais e triaxiais realizados nas amostras de Indiana Limestone e coquina. Adicionalmente, a metodologia apresentada para o modelo em DEM conseguiu gerar bons resultados considerando a degradação pela injeção de CO2 das propriedades mecânicas da Indiana Limestone, e resultados satisfatórios para a coquina. / [en] CO2 injection in depleted reservoirs has been largely employed over the past years as an effective process for oil and gas enhanced recovery. More recently, the injection of CO2 in geological deposits is considered a viable alternative to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In these two scenarios, the injected CO2 interacts with the rock deposit altering some petrophysical and geomechanical properties. One of the main deposits is carbonate reservoirs. The objective of this research is to improve the knowledge regarding the mechanical effects of CO2 injection on carbonate rocks. Changes to the rock pore structure may change oil flow, cause reservoir compaction and containment issues. In order to improve the insight on the interaction between CO2 and carbonate rocks, laboratory tests and numerical models were carried out in this study. For the laboratory tests, a solution of liquid CO2 and deionized water was injected through Indiana Limestone and coquina samples. In addition, mechanical tests were executed before and after CO2 injection, to evaluate the effects on the mechanical properties from the carbonate rocks. The mechanical characterization was conducted by performing uniaxial and triaxial compressive tests. From the laboratory results, significant reduction on the unconfined compressive strength and on Young s moduli from the coquina and Indiana Limestone samples when subjected to the CO2 injection test was observed. In addition, an increase in porosity was also noted from MicroCT scans and porosimetry measurements on the coquina sample after the injection of CO2 solution. These results were used for the numerical model calibration and validation. Regarding the numerical model, the Discrete Element Method (DEM) was adopted. To accurately simulate the material behavior, a methodology encompassing the contact model, the sample generation and the calibration procedure is presented. The calibration of the DEM parameters used the results from the mechanical tests on the rocks prior and after the dissolution tests. The numerical model was able to accurately simulate the uniaxial and triaxial tests on the Indiana Limestone and coquina samples. In addition, the methodology presented for the DEM model managed to accurately reproduce the mechanical degradation due to CO2 injection on Indiana Limestone and to a lesser degree, on coquina samples.

[pt] Nas últimas décadas, tem-se observado um crescente número de pesquisas e aplicações envolvendo estruturas hiperelásticas, integrando diferentes áreas da engenharia de estruturas e de materiais, impulsionados pelos avanços tecnológicos do processo de manufatura por adição (impressões 3D e 4D), muitas envolvendo flambagem. Entretanto têm-se poucas informações sobre a estabilidade de elementos estruturais hiperelásticos. O objetivo desta tese é, pois, estudar a estabilidade de colunas e arcos hiperelásticos. Com esta finalidade, desenvolve-se inicialmente uma formulação variacional não linear pseudo-3d para vigas hiperelásticas incompressíveis, seguindo as hipóteses de Euler-Bernoulli. Para avaliar esta formulação, o problema de flexão pura de uma viga hiperelástica é investigado numericamente usando elementos finitos, e experimentalmente. Diversos modelos constitutivos para materiais hiperelásticos não lineares submetidos a deformações finitas são adotados. Ensaios uniaxiais são usados para determinação das constantes de cada modelo constitutivo e determinação do modelo mais preciso para o material considerado (polivinilsiloxano). Diversos elementos finitos uni- e tridimensionais são testados. A comparação entre resultados obtidos pela formulação proposta e por elementos finitos com os dados experimentais permitem determinar a precisão da formulação bem como o tipo de elemento e a discretização mais apropriada para as análises. Adicionalmente, estes resultados permitem aferir a importância das deformações axiais e cisalhantes e do peso próprio em barras hiperelásticas. O auxílio de um software de medição por correlação de imagem digital durante os ensaios permite uma análise aprofundada do campo de deformações, juntamente com as análises por elementos finitos tridimensionais. A seguir estuda-se a flambagem de colunas hiperelásticas com diferentes condições de contorno. Sob solicitações de flexo-compressão, observase que as deformações da estrutura ao longo do caminho não linear de equilíbrio são influenciadas pelas deformações axiais e cisalhantes, que se mostram importantes mesmo sob pequenas deformações. Tendo em vista a importância das imperfeições iniciais em problemas de estabilidade, propõe-se aqui uma modificação do método de Southwell para incluir tais deformações. Finalmente, analisa-se o comportamento multiestável de arcos hiperelásticos pré-tensionados considerando um ou múltiplos arcos associados em paralelo, obtendo-se boa correlação entre resultados numéricos e experimentais. Os resultados obtidos na análise experimental mostram que flexibilidade dos materiais hiperelásticos altera os caminhos de equilíbrio e que a estrutura é capaz de apresentar níveis elevados de deformação sem danos ao material, conferindo-as um grande potencial de absorção e armazenamento de energia. Observa-se também o papel importante do peso próprio nessas trajetórias. A compreensão do comportamento não linear e estabilidade desses sistemas estruturais são importantes em aplicações práticas como controle de vibrações, absorção e coleta de energia, desenvolvimento de metamateriais, bioengenharia e medicina e robôs flexíveis, dentre outras. / [en] In recent decades, there has been an increasing number of researches and applications involving hyperelastic structures, integrating different areas of engineering structures and materials, driven by technological advances in the manufacturing process by addition (3D and 4D printing), many involving buckling. However, there is little information about the stability of hyperelastic structural elements. The objective of this thesis is, therefore, to study the stability of hyperelastic columns and arches. For this purpose, a non-linear pseudo-3d variational formulation is initially developed for incompressible hyperelastic beams, following the Euler-Bernoulli hypotheses. To evaluate this formulation, a pure bending problem of a hyperelastic beam is investigated numerically using finite elements, and experimentally. Several constitutive models for nonlinear hyperelastic materials subjected to finite strains are adopted. Uniaxial tests are used to determine the constants of each constitutive model and to determine the most accurate model for the material considered (polyvinylsiloxane). Several one- and three-dimensional finite elements are tested. The comparison between results obtained by the proposed formulation and by finite elements with the experimental data allows determining the accuracy of the formulation as well as the type of element and the most appropriate discretization for the analyses. Additionally, these results allow evaluating the importance of axial and shear strains and self-weight in hyperelastic bars. The aid of a digital image correlation measurement software during the tests allows an in-depth analysis of the deformation field, along with three-dimensional finite element analyses. Next, the buckling of hyperelastic columns with different boundary conditions is studied. Under bending and compression actions, it is observed that the deformations of the structure along the non-linear path of equilibrium are influenced by axial and shear deformations, which are important even under small deformations. Bearing in mind the importance of initial imperfections in stability problems, a modification of the Southwell method is proposed here to include such deformations. Finally, the multistable behavior of pre-compressed hyperelastic arches is analyzed considering one or multiple archess associated in parallel, obtaining a good correlation between numerical and experimental results. The results obtained in the experimental analysis show that the flexibility of hyperelastic materials alters the equilibrium paths and that the structure is capable of presenting high levels of deformation without damage to the material, giving them a great potential for energy absorption and storage. It is also observed the important role of self-weight in these trajectories. Understanding the non-linear behavior and stability of these structural systems are important in practical applications such as vibration control, energy absorption and harvesting, metamaterial development, bioengineering and medicine and flexible robots, among others.

The Neighborhood Size Effect (NSE), characterized as the effect in word determination based on changing one orthographic aspect of that word. The amount of words that can be created through such manipulation is called a neighborhood size (NS). Number of other factors such as frequency, how often a word appears and morphology, the combination of meaningful word units, have been suggested to have an overriding effect on NSE. In addition, there is a lack of research on NSE with non-alphabetical languages such as Chinese, which uses characters comprising of a multitude of semantic or phonetic markers. In this experiment, participants coming from mainland China were presented with 60 individual characters and 59 characters with Chinese morphology made up of two characters which form single words. Both conditions, were manipulated with NS by adjusting the semantic or phonetical radical within a character and with frequency by using a website that measures how frequent a character appeared within the language. Both character conditions were found to have a significant effect with frequency and neighborhood size (NS) with characters with higher frequency and lower NS found to have higher accuracy and lower reaction times. With low frequency single characters, it was that those with higher neighborhood size had greater delay in reaction time and lower accuracy. With low frequency morphologically constructed characters, it was found that lower neighborhood size had higher accuracy, but no significant result with regards to reaction time. Due to differing accuracy results with NS and character condition, it is suggested that further factors such as morphological processing in single characters and bigram frequency in morphologically constructed characters might have an effect on word determination in conjunction with neighborhood size. Thus, it is a possibility that Chinese morphological may depend more on other factors than neighborhood size.

This study explores the link between the presence of childhood trauma and adult criminal behavior. In this study, four distinct categories of childhood trauma (physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, and neglect) were examined. In addition, this study conducts a comparative analysis of the United States crime rate with that of Switzerland and Japan. This study examines and compares the policies utilized in ensuring the protection of child welfare. The ultimate goal is to provide research which may build a foundation that will assist in creating and improving policies which will ensure a child's psychological health.

No description available.

[pt] A ascensão da tecnologia dos automóveis elétricos no mercado mundial induz a pequena indústria dos karts recreativos a percorrer caminhos semelhantes. O comércio dos karts recreativos com motorização elétrica já existe, mas ainda é incipiente. A propulsão elétrica no kart proporcionaria, entre outras vantagens, a possibilidade de inserção de tecnologias automotivas já conhecidas, tais como um sistema de frenagem sem bloqueio e um sistema de controle de estabilidade. O sucesso da inserção destas tecnologias em um kart seria um avanço muito significativo para um produto que apresenta avanços tecnológicos modestos desde a sua criação. Contudo, para obter o sucesso tecnológico do kart tradicional, o modelo elétrico depende da aplicação de métodos modernos de engenharia e da metrologia, tal como a modelagem matemática computadorizada, objetivo principal desta dissertação. Assim, esta dissertação apresenta inicialmente as características físicas e dinâmicas de um kart movido à combustão, obtidas por meio de ensaios e medições realizadas em pista e em bancada. Utilizou-se como instrumento principal de medição o equipamento Alfano (marca registrada) Pro III Evo, cujas indicações foram submetidas a processos simplificados de validação. Desenvolveram-se então, com base nos dados experimentais, modelos matemáticos computadorizados em Matlab/Simulink (marca registrada) que simulam o comportamento dinâmico do kart, e os resultados das simulações foram comparados aos resultados das medições feitas em pista, para fins de validação. A propulsão à combustão do modelo computacional validado foi então substituída por propulsão elétrica, e simulações do novo modelo foram realizadas, permitindo a observação do comportamento dinâmico simulado de um kart elétrico. / [en] The rise of electric car technology on the world market induces the small recreational go-karts industry to follow similar paths. The trade of recreational gokarts with electric motorization already exists but is still incipient. The electric drive in the go-kart would provide, among other advantages, the possibility of insertion of known automotive technologies, such as an Anti-lock Braking System and a Stability Control System. The successful insertion of these technologies into a gokart would be a very significant breakthrough for a product that has undergone modest technological advances since its inception. However, to obtain the technological success of traditional go-kart, the electric model depends on the application of modern methods of engineering and metrology, such as computerized mathematical modeling, the main objective of this dissertation. Thus, this dissertation initially presents the physical and dynamic characteristics of a combustion driven go-kart, obtained through tests and measurements made on track and bench. The Alfano (registered) Pro III Evo equipment, whose indications were submitted to simplified validation procedures, was used as the main measuring instrument. Based on the experimental data, Matlab / Simulink (registered) computerized mathematical models simulating the dynamic behavior of the go-kart were then developed, and the results of the simulations were compared to the results of the measurements made on the track for validation purposes. The combustion propulsion of the validated computational model was then replaced by electric propulsion, and simulations of the new model were performed, allowing the observation of the simulated dynamic behavior of an electric go-kart.

Opportunities for aggression occur frequently and unpredictably, but little research to our knowledge has investigated the impact of the mere presence of multiple opportunities on aggression over time. Two studies, one with a Canadian sample (163 participants) and one with an American sample (103 participants) were conducted to analyze the impact of the number of opportunities for aggression on justified and unjustified aggressive thoughts, behaviors, and motivations. Individually, these studies yielded the result that justified aggression remains stable over time, but that unjustified aggression decreases when an individual is given multiple opportunities. Combined, they indicated that justified aggression increased when participants had a second opportunity. Future research is proposed to understand the impact of moral licensing on aggression over time, and to understand why unjustified aggression occurs.

Les alliages de titane α/β ont beaucoup d’applications dans des domaines industriels divers comme l’aéronautique. Le phénomène de globularisation qui se produit lors de traitements thermomécaniques est un phénomène important dans la mesure où une microstructure globulaire présente une tenue mécanique et une ductilité accrues.Les microstructures lamellaires sont constituées de colonies de lamelles de phase α parallèles qui se développent dans les grains β au cours de leur refroidissement. La globularisation se fait en deux étapes : les lamelles se subdivisent d’abord en segments plus courts, puis ces segments globularisent, au cours de la déformation à chaud et des traitements thermiques. La subdivision des lamelles se fait au niveau des sous-joints formés au cours de la déformation à chaud. Lors de traitements thermiques prolongés, les plus gros globules de phase α grossissent au détriment des plus petits. La formation des sous-joints et le grossissement des globules n’ont pas été étudiés en détail dans ce travail. L’accent a été mis sur les mécanismes de migration des interfaces α/β et α/α qui conduisent à la subdivision des lamelles et à leur globularisation.Des essais de compression à chaud et des traitements thermiques appliqués à des échantillons de Ti-6Al-4V ont permis de confirmer que l’épaisseur des lamelles et de leur orientation sont des facteurs importants pour la globularisation. Les lamelles plus fines et celles orientées parallèlement à l’axe de compression globularisent plus facilement. Ce travail expérimental a permis de mieux appréhender la complexité du phénomène de globularisation et d’introduire un cadre numérique adapté pour sa simulation. Une méthode à champ complet, basée sur la méthode Level-Set dans un cadre Eléments Finis, a ainsi été testée pour simuler les mécanismes physiques de migration interfaciale menant à la subdivision des lamelles et à l'évolution vers une forme globulaire. Les premiers résultats sont très prometteurs et illustrent le potentiel du cadre numérique proposé. / Α/β titanium alloys have many industrial applications in various fields such as aeronautics. Spheroidization is a phenomenon that occurs in initially lamellar α/β titanium alloys during thermomechanical processing and receives considerable attention as spheroidized microstructures exhibit enhanced strength and ductility.Lamellar microstructures are made of colonies of parallel α lamellae developed inside β grains while they are cooled down. Spheroidization actually proceeds in two successive steps: the lamellae first split into smaller α laths, which subsequently undergo spheroidization. This occurs during hot-deformation and subsequent annealing. Lamella splitting occurs where subboundaries were formed inside lamellae during hot-deformation. Over long term annealing the spheroidized α phase particles undergo coarsening. The formation of subboundaries and coarsening were not addressed in this work. The focus has been placed on the interfacial kinetics mechanisms leading α lamellae splitting during the first stages of spheroidization.Hot compression tests and subsequent annealings carried out on Ti-6Al-4V samples confirmed that the thickness and the orientation of the lamellae are important factors with regards to spheroidization. Thinner lamellae and lamellae oriented parallel to the compression axis spheroidize faster. Those experiments contributed to a better understanding of the phenomenon and allowed to introduce a suitable numerical framework to simulate the early stages of spheroidization. A full field method in a Finite Element/ Level Set framework has thus been tested for simulating the involved physical mechanisms of interface migration that lead to lamellae splitting and the subsequent shape evolution of the α laths towards a spheroidal shape. First results are promising and illustrate the potential of this numerical framework

Este trabalho aborda o estudo de pilares preenchidos flexo-comprimidos e algumas ligações viga-pilar preenchido. Para ambos, são realizadas experimentações com modelos físicos e numéricos, sendo que para os pilares preenchidos um amplo estudo paramétrico foi desenvolvido. Ao todo, foram ensaiados 13 pilares preenchidos flexo-comprimidos, cujos valores de força última são comparados com aqueles provenientes da simulação numérica via programa CFT e, os demais resultados, comentados e discutidos. Aferido, o programa CFT foi utilizado no estudo paramétrico com o intuito de avaliar a influência de parâmetros como resistência dos materiais, excentricidade da força axial, eixo de flexão e relação lado/espessura na capacidade resistente do pilar preenchido. Quanto às ligações viga-pilar, foram ensaiadas 4 tipologias de ligação, sendo duas compostas por chapas de extremidade e parafusos passantes e duas soldadas, sendo uma delas enrijecida por cantoneiras soldadas no interior do perfil tubular. Discutem-se os resultados, sobretudo quanto ao comportamento momento-rotação das tipologias investigadas. As ligações também foram investigadas via simulação numérica e os resultados obtidos permitiram elaborar diretrizes para o aprimoramento de tais simulações. Por fim, são apresentadas as conclusões pertinentes a este trabalho e recomendações para novas pesquisas / This research thesis presents a study of concrete filled steel columns subjected to combined bending and compression and beam-column connections. In both cases, tests were conducted on physical and numerical models, resulting in the development of a wide range of parametric studies for the case of the concrete filled steel columns. 13 concrete filled steel columns were tested under combined bending and compression loads whose ultimate values were compared to ultimate forces obtained from numerical simulations using the CFT computer program. After calibration, the computer program was used in the parametric study with the aim of verifying the influence of parameters, such as the material strength, eccentricity of the axial force, bending axis and breadth/thickness relation, on the ultimate load carrying capacity of the concrete filled steel columns. With respect to the beam-column connections, four types of connections were tested, two of them composed of endplate and bolts, while the other two were welded, with one of them stiffened by an angle steel placed inside the steel tube. The obtained results are discussed, giving more emphasis to the bending moment-rotation behaviour of the tested specimens. The beam-column connections were also investigated numerically. The obtained results permit the laying out of important directives for the improvement of such numerical simulation tools as the one employed in the present thesis. Lastly, pertinent conclusions relative to this thesis and recommendations for future research are presented