Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-05T15:39:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) everson_verissimo_dissertacao.pdf: 2502424 bytes, checksum: 0f98e5de2dc7eab2b63e0c0ccd1a6703 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-05T15:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) everson_verissimo_dissertacao.pdf: 2502424 bytes, checksum: 0f98e5de2dc7eab2b63e0c0ccd1a6703 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-14 / CAPES / Apesar dos avanços em técnicas da Aprendizagem de Máquina, muito esforço ainda é despendido na concepção de um classificador que consiga aprender bem uma dada tarefa. Váriasabordagenssurgiramparaatenuaresseesforçoatravésdacombinaçãodeclassificadores. A combinação de classificadores permite que o projetista do sistema não necessite escolher o classificador mais eficiente dentre vários, nem descartar classificadores que podem possuir informaçãoimportantesobreatarefa. Estratégiasdecombinaçãopermitemqueváriosalgoritmos trabalhem em conjunto a fim de melhorar a precisão de todo o sistema numa dada tarefa. O objetivodestetrabalhoéproporummétododecombinaçãodeclassificadoresqueagregueas vantagensdeduasabordagens: máquinasdecomitêemisturasdeespecialistas. Asmáquinasde comitêvisamcombinarclassificadoresqueresolvempadrõesdetodooespaçodecaracterísticas. Quandocombinados,lidammelhorcomsuperfíciesdedecisãocomplexasqueumclassificador individualmente e são capazes de incorporar novos classificadores mesmo após o uso. Nas MisturasdeEspecialistas,cadaumdosclassificadoreséumespecialistaemumadeterminada áreadoespaçodecaracterísticaseemboraresolvapadrõesdetodooespaçodecaracterísticas,se dedicaaresolverproblemasbemmaissimples,atingindoumdesempenhosuperioremrelaçãoa umclassificadorsópararesolveroproblematodo. OmétodopropostoéchamadodeComitê de Misturas de Especialistas e corresponde a uma máquina de comitês formada por misturas de especialistas. Assim, o método herda a escalabilidade e a tolerância a erros das máquinas decomitêeasimplicidadedetreinamentodasmisturasdeespecialistas. Experimentosforam realizadosparaverificarasuperioridadedocomitêdemisturasdeespecialistassobretrêsfatores de mudanças entre as misturas: técnicas de decomposição de tarefas, número de grupos e características. / Despite the advance of the techniques in Machine Learning, much effort is taken to conceiveaclassifierthatlearnswellaparticulartask. Severalapproacheshavebeenproposed to attenuate this effort through combination of classifiers. Combination of classifiers allows thatnotonlythemosteffectiveclassifiersbechosenamongseveral,nordiscardclassifiersthat mayhaveimportantinformationaboutthetask. Strategiesallowthatseveralalgorithmswork togetherinordertoimproveaccuracyofthewholesystemgivenatask. Thegoalofthiswork is to propose a method to combine classifiers that put together advantages of two approaches: committeemachinesandmixtureofexperts. CommitteeMachinesaimtocombineclassifiersthat solvepatternsfromalloverthespace. Whencombined,theydealbetterwithcomplexdecision boundaries than a single classifier and they are capable of incorporating new classifiers even aftertheuse. Inthemixtureofexperts,eachoneoftheclassifiersisanexpertinacertainregion ofthefeaturespaceand,althoughitsolvespatternsfromthewholefeaturespace,theclassifier is dedicated to solve well simpler problems, reaching a better performance in comparison to a unique classifier to solve the entire problem. Also, there is a hybrid approach, the mixture of experts, in which each classifier solves patterns from the entire space as a committe, but it is trained with patterns from a smaller region, similarly to modular neural networks. The proposedmethodisentitledCommitteeofMixtureofExpertsandcorrespondstoacommittee machineformedbymixtureofexperts. So,themethodinheritsscalabilityanderrortolerance from committee machines and training simplicity from the mixture of experts. Experiments weremadetoverifythesuperiorityofthecommitteeofmixturesofexpertsoverthreefactorsof changingamongthemixtures: taskdecompositionmethods,numberofgroupsandfeatures.

Context. Gene regulatory network (GRN) inference is an important and challenging problem in bioinformatics. A variety of machine learning algorithms have been applied to increase the GRN inference accuracy. Ensemble learning methods are shown to yield a higher inference accuracy than individual algorithms. Objectives. We propose an ensemble GRN inference method, which is based on the principle of Mixture-of-Experts ensemble learning. The proposed method can quantitatively measure the accuracy of individual GRN inference algorithms at the network motifs level. Based on the accuracy of the individual algorithms at predicting different types of network motifs, weights are assigned to the individual algorithms so as to take advantages of their strengths and weaknesses. In this way, we can improve the accuracy of the ensemble prediction. Methods. The research methodology is controlled experiment. The independent variable is method. It has eight groups: five individual algorithms, the generic average ranking method used in the DREAM5 challenge, the proposed ensemble method including four types of network motifs and five types of network motifs. The dependent variable is GRN inference accuracy, measured by the area under the precision-recall curve (AUPR). The experiment has training and testing phases. In the training phase, we analyze the accuracy of five individual algorithms at the network motifs level to decide their weights. In the testing phase, the weights are used to combine predictions from the five individual algorithms to generate ensemble predictions. We compare the accuracy of the eight method groups on Escherichia coli microarray dataset using AUPR. Results. In the training phase, we obtain the AUPR values of the five individual algorithms at predicting each type of the network motifs. In the testing phase, we collect the AUPR values of the eight methods on predicting the GRN of the Escherichia coli microarray dataset. Each method group has a sample size of ten (ten AUPR values). Conclusions. Statistical tests on the experiment results show that the proposed method yields a significantly higher accuracy than the generic average ranking method. In addition, a new type of network motif is found in GRN, the inclusion of which can increase the accuracy of the proposed method significantly. / Genes are DNA molecules that control the biological traits and biochemical processes that comprise life. They interact with each other to realize the precise regulation of life activities. Biologists aim to understand the regulatory network among the genes, with the help of high-throughput techonologies, such as microarrays, RNA-seq, etc. These technologies produce large amount of gene expression data which contain useful information. Therefore, effective data mining is necessary to discover the information to promote biological research. Gene regulatory network (GRN) inference is to infer the gene interactions from gene expression data, such as microarray datasets. The inference results can be used to guide the direction of further experiments to discover or validate gene interactions. A variety of machine learning (data mining) methods have been proposed to solve this problem. In recent years, experiments have shown that ensemble learning methods achieve higher accuracy than the individual learning methods. Because the ensemble learning methods can take advantages of the strength of different individual methods and it is robust to different network structures. In this thesis, we propose an ensemble GRN inference method, which is based on the principle of the Mixture-of-Experts ensemble learning. By quantitatively measure the accuracy of individual methods at the network motifs level, the proposed method is able to take advantage of the complementarity among the individual methods. The proposed method yields a significantly higher accuracy than the generic average ranking method, which is the most accurate method out of 35 GRN inference methods in the DREAM5 challenge. / 0769607980

This PhD thesis examines the status of ‘expert knowledge’ in the history of U.S. asymmetric, or ‘counterinsurgency’ (COIN), warfare during the last century. The historical rise of expert influence has so far been neglected in the study of wars within the field of International Relations and the thesis will give us an indication of the importance and utility of expert knowledge. With a specific focus on the campaigns in the Philippines (1899-1902), Vietnam (1954-75) and Iraq (2003-11), the central research question guiding the project is as follows: “What were the conditions for the evolution, the constitution and the use of ‘outside’ expert knowledge in U.S. counterinsurgency campaigns?” The thesis claims that military and academic ‘experts’ had a key role in framing and implementing the problem-sets and solutions to these conflicts. They have, in Iraq in particular, played an important part in developing the campaigns’ ex-post-facto justification of success. Within the framework of organisational knowledge production, this knowledge does not necessarily play an instrumental role for the military. Instead, it can also serve a merely symbolic function, demonstrating to the audience and stakeholders within the political environment that the organisation is willing to solve the problems the insurgents pose, but without any interest in long-term utilisation of the knowledge. This thesis argues that across time, from the beginning of the Philippine-American War in 1898 to the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq in 2011, ‘counterinsurgency’ has developed from a tactical and operational tool, used instrumentally to fight insurgencies, to a strategy or even ‘ideology’ in its own right. Whilst the methods or techniques of counterinsurgency remain basically the same, expert knowledge is increasingly used in modern – that is post-World War II – campaigns to support a politico-strategic narrative.

Jusqu’à présent, les travaux sur la réception de la théorie darwinienne en France ont surtout porté sur le monde savant. Ils ont conclu à un échec de sa diffusion. En élargissant cette étude à la société dans son ensemble, on découvre qu’il s’agit, en réalité, d’un succès. Le rôle du débat public dans l’introduction du darwinisme en France fait l’objet d’une première partie. Les thèses darwiniennes suscitent d’autant plus la curiosité d’un large public, à Paris et en province, qu’elles paraissent suggérer des réponses à des questions qui sont dans l’air du temps. Une deuxième partie analyse les enjeux soulevés par le darwinisme dans la société, qui expliquent pour une bonne part son audience. Au-delà des réflexions sur l’évolution suscitées par Darwin dans la plupart des pays, le contexte politique et social entraîne des interprétations et des peurs spécifiquement françaises. Une troisième partie étudie les réticences du monde savant. Malgré l’engouement public pour le darwinisme, la science officielle reste à l’écart du débat. Finalement, il a fallu qu’un vaste débat public s’instaure et que le darwinisme devienne l’enjeu d’affrontements politiques pour que Darwin soit reconnu par les institutions académiques parisiennes. / Most works on the reception of Darwin’s theory in France have heretofore chiefly focused on the scientific community. They conclude that the theory failed to spread to the whole country. By widening the scope of this analysis to French society as a whole, we realise that, in fact, Darwin’s theory had successfully circulated in most social circles. In the first part of this study, we will analyse how the public debate contributed to introducing Darwinism in France. Darwinian theories were all the more appealing to the wider public, both in Paris and in the rest of the country, as they seemed to suggest answers to topical concerns. Then, we will study the issues raised by Darwinism in French society, and how these issues can account for Darwinism’s wide audience. In addition to the reflexions on evolution triggered by Darwin’s theory in most countries, the social and political context paved the way for specifically French interpretations and fears. The third part of this work deals with the scientific reluctance to adopt Darwin’s theory. We can therefore conclude that it is precisely the fact that Darwinism triggered a vast public debate, and became a central political issue, that allowed this theory to be acknowledged by Parisian academic institutions.

This work focuses on the use of expert systems in engineering and medicine with the use of eHealth. The aim is the creation of an expert system that utilizes available systems for measuring physiological parameters of a patient, and helps him with the primary examination before visiting the doctor. Part of this work is a description of the problems of expert systems, descriptions of the eHealth and system testing in a doctor’s office. Work created in collaboration with Honeywell.

This thesis deals with the controversial species of the animal, the European beaver, which is perceived very differently in the human society. In the history, this especially protected animal was extincted on the territory of the Czech Republic and actually his activites frequently come into conflicts of human interests so the comeback of beavers is not always welcome. The thesis describes the process of changing situation of the population of beavers in the Czech Republic and important aspect of their existence. The practical part of the thesis is pursued on the research, which is focused on the perception of the problematic issues of the european beaver by the experts in the Czech Republic. This research is based on seven expert interviews and also on the survey. The goal of my research was to gain comprehensive informations about the perception of experts and about their recommendations how to moderate the situation and harmonize the human - beaver relationship. The main contribution of this thesis is the cooperation all key goups of experts and primary the most important is that results from the research can be used as a material for the future expert debates. Key words: European beaver, species protection, experts, nature preservation, Czech Republic

The diploma thesis focuses on so-called "experts on education". In simple terms, "experts on education" are speakers who comment on educational issues in the media. However, they are typically not experts on education in the true sense of the word but quasi-experts who have a strong media interest, who are often connected to politics, whose speech is often burdened by simplification or generalisation, and who often emphasise certain beliefs in their communications, which are individually challenged in detail by the diploma thesis. The thesis attempts to answer whether only the aforementioned quasi-experts comment on educational issues in the Czech media environment or whether true experts, meaning scientifically qualified professionals, can also be heard. The aim of the diploma thesis is therefore to identify who comments on educational issues in the Czech media space and to analyse how these speakers talk about education. The thesis is divided into a theoretical part and an analytical part. The theoretical part aims to define the basic concepts that are worked with in the thesis - specifically, the concepts of "expert on education" and "pedagogical discourse". The analytical part is based on the analysis of the outputs of the mass media, first presenting the methodology used and then the results...

Der 4. Sachstandsbericht des IPCC im Jahre 2007 enthielt die deutliche Warnung an die globale Weltgemeinschaft, dass der Klimawandel bereits im Gange ist und umfassende Maßnahmen notwendig sein werden, um seine Folgen für Mensch und Umwelt im erträglichen Maß zu halten. Nicht zuletzt ist dies auch ein deutliches Signal an die Weltwirtschaft, sich intensiv mit dem Thema Klimawandel auseinander zu setzen und daraus geeignete Maßnahmen insbesondere zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel abzuleiten. Der Sachstandbericht des IPCC richtet seinen Appell aber auch an die Regionen, sich mit der Thematik auseinanderzusetzen, um Anpassungsstrategien an die besonderen klimatischen lokalen Besonderheiten zu entwickeln. Im Rahmen des Projektes REGKLAM, dem Regionalen Klimaanpassungsprogramm, werden in der Modellregion Sachsen eben diese Forderungen umgesetzt. Als ein für diese Region bedeutsamer Wirtschaftszweig ist unter anderem die Baubranche identifiziert worden. Zur Verschaffung eines ersten Überblicks über die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels und mögliche Anpassungsstrategien der Baubranche in der Modellregion Dresden sind Experteninterviews mit Vertretern von Bauunternehmen durchgeführt worden. Deren Aussagen werden mit Hilfe der Inhaltsanalyse untersucht, um neben den Erkenntnissen für die Region einen Abgleich mit der gegenwärtig existierenden Literatur zu diesem Thema vorzunehmen. In der wissenschaftlichen Literatur wird die Baubranche als Gewinner des Klimawandels angesehen. Die Ursache liegt in dem enormen Schadenspotential, das durch den Klimawandel verursacht wird und daher sich daher positiv auf den Absatz der Baubranche niederschlagen soll. Dass diese Aussage kritisch zu betrachten ist, zeigt die vorliegende wissenschaftliche Abhandlung, die die einzelnen Wertschöpfungsstufen, Stakeholder und unternehmerischen Rahmenbedingungen näher betrachtet, um daraus die von der Baubranche selber wahrgenommen Chancen und Risiken zu identifizieren.

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”Maktobalans i expertsamtal om fotboll” undersöker hur makt förhandlas genom språket i tre olika studiosamtal om fotboll, i vilka både manliga och kvinnliga experter deltar. Studien undersöker hur den manlige experten framställs i jämförelse med den kvinnlige, och om samtalsformerna mellan de olika plattformarna skiljer sig åt eller liknar varandra. Samt om det förekommer skillnader genom på vilket sätt man talar om dam respektive herrfotboll. Materialet som har hämtats in under våren 2023 är från SVT Sport och CMore Sport, ett av samtalen rör damfotboll och de andra två herrfotboll. Metoden som genomförts är en diskursanalys i vilken samtalsanalys ingått som ett understödjande verktyg. Det övergripande resultatet visar att det finns tydliga maktmönster och könsrelaterade skillnader där männen har en mer betydande roll än kvinnorna. Det finns en samtalsordning studiosamtalen rättar sig efter vilken påverkar maktbalansen och således även framställningen av kön, och ger den manlige experten en tyngre roll i jämförelse med sin kvinnlige motsvarighet. Det framkommer också att man talar om damfotboll och herrfotboll på olika sätt, och att herrspelare tilldelas en större betydelse än damspelare. / ”Power imbalance in expert discussion about football” examines how power is negotiated through the language of three different studio conversations about football which include both male and female football experts. The study examines how the male expert is portraited in comparison to the female one and if the forms of conversation between the platforms differ or are similar. As well as whether there are differences in how you talk about women's and men's football. The material that has been collected in the spring of 2023 is from SVT Sport and CMore Sport, one of the conversations relates to women's football and the other two men's football. The method implemented is a discourse analysis in which conversation analysis is included as a supporting tool. The overall result shows that there are clear power patterns and gender-related differences where men have a more significant role than women. There is a conversational order the studio conversations adhere to which affects the power balance and thus also the representation of gender, which gives the male expert a heavier role in comparison to his female counterpart. It also appears that women's football and men's football are spoken of in different ways, and that male players are given more importance than female players.