Exploring the relationship between prejudice and ethical decision-making within individuals that wish to pursue a career in the field of criminal justice has the potential to yield valuable insights on the ways that moral decisions may be impacted by extraneous factors. The objective of this thesis was to explore this relationship by means of quasi-experimental design and through examining 30 potential criminal justice candidates. Results suggested that significant associations between explicit racial attitudes and ethical decision-making are largely context-specific. Conversely, there was no significant relationship found between implicit racial attitudes and decision-making. In conducting this study, a better understanding of the role that explicit factors contribute within the decision-making process was revealed and a gap within the literature was identified. Also worthy of note, this study was the first known research inquiry into the relationship between both implicit and explicit attitudes and ethical decision-making within a Canadian criminological setting.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Psychology, 2005. / Title from second page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [2], vi, 113 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-87).

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Psychology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-62). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ99301

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1998. / Title from title page screen, viewed July 14, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Jeff Laurent, Salvatore J. Catanzaro (co-chairs), Connie B. Horton, Alvin E. House. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-83) and abstract. Also available in print.

Studiens syfte var att med ett historiskt perspektiv undersöka, utifrån ett förändrat behov i samhället gällande behoven av att kommunicera och förstå texter, synen på läsförståelse och framförallt hur undervisningen i detta har sett ut genom åren.  Studien utgick från den kvalitativa metodansatsen Livsberättelser och baserades på 7 intervjuer med pedagoger som varit verksamma i skolan i många år. Avsikten var att enligt den fenomenologiska erfarenhetsfilosofin söka kunskap och förståelse genom andra människors tolkningar och erfarenheter. Bakgrunden bestod av en beskrivning utifrån litteratur och befintlig forskning om lärarens roll i läsförståelseundervisning samt vikten av att undervisa både strukturerat och explicit i läsförståelsestrategier. Resultatet visade att undervisningen i många år enbart har handlat om att lära barn att läsa, avkoda och att förståelsen då troddes komma automatiskt. Forskning har visat att det krävs en mer explicit undervisning och studiens resultat visade att denna typ inte återfanns i skolan förrän de senaste åren. Slutsatsen var att det har hänt en hel del i skolan kring undervisning i läsförståelse men att det har tagit tid. Det visade sig även finnas en del kvar att utveckla och att den bästa utvecklingen skedde tillsammans i ett kollegialt lärande.

O uso de simulações computacionais no campo da engenharia vem se tornando cada vez mais freqüente. Este trabalho aplica diferentes tipos de análise, Método Multicorpos e Método dos Elementos Finitos, para estudos dinâmicos e estruturais, como ferramenta de auxílio no desenvolvimento de veículos terrestres. Através de métodos de integração numérica e posteriormente a utilização do método dos multicorpos, uma suspensão independente dianteira de um veículo foi isolada, considerada como um conjunto de corpos unidos por juntas, movidos por forças e restringidos por batentes. O comportamento dinâmico do sistema foi determinado submetendo o modelo a entradas provenientes do pavimento. O Método dos Elementos Finitos já é considerado como ferramenta potente para o cálculo estrutural. Para abordar tal tema, foi construído um modelo discretizado em Elementos Finitos de um veículo comercial completo. Este modelo foi submetido a simulações de situações de situações reais quasi-estáticas e dinâmicas, utilizando algoritmos implícito e explícito, dependendo do fenômeno considerado. A partir destes, puderam ser verificadas a performance estrutural e a segurança passiva do veículo arremessado a obstáculos cotidianos. O último estudo retrata que com a fusão dos métodos é possível, através de programas dedicados, prever a dinâmica de um modelo encriptado de um boneco tipo HYBRIDIII, quando submetido a um pulso de desaceleração no interior de um veículo com e sem bolsa de segurança(airbag). Todos os resultados obtidos foram comparados à realidade ou \"benchmark\". Os obstáculos enfrentados permitiram definir qual ferramenta melhor se encaixa num contexto de desenvolvimento dentro de uma corporação. / The use of computational tools in various engineering fields has increased over the last years. Mathematical modelling is identified as being the most adequate tool for simulating real service conditions along several product development phases. This work investigates different dynamic and structural analysis used for ground vehicle development tools. By numerical integration using the Multibody system method, an independent suspension was isolated from the car and considered as bodies connected by joints, moved by forces and constrained by stoppers. The dynamic behaviour of the systems was predicted when submitted to input exclusively from the ground. The Finite Element Method is already considered a very powerful simulation tool. In order to study the method, a full vehicle model was built and submitted to quasi-static and dynamic inputs. Both implicit and explicit methods were used to simulate different situations. The vehicle had its structural performance analysed related to durability and safety aspects. The last analysis that shows the fusion of methods is possible using dedicated computational tools to simulate the passenger kinematics by using an encrypted dummy and an airbag model under a deceleration pulse as input. AlI the results were compared to experimental and benchmark results. Also the difficulties emerged from each tool were pointed out in order to define which is the most appropriate within the development context.

Communication is an important part of any multi-agent system. There are different ways of communicating and they have different effects on a multi-agent system. This project describes and evaluates two different ways of communication, implicit and explicit. To compare the two methods, two experiments have been executed. The result of the experiments have been compared and discussed. There has also been an attempt made to combine the two methods.

The aim of this study is to examine how vocabulary instruction is treated in three different educational materials for the subject of Swedish aimed for the first year of upper secondary school. The guiding research questions are: What kind of vocabulary is selected for instruction? and How are the vocabulary exercises designed? In order to answer the first question, the vocabulary is compared to a corpus of press texts. The analysis shows that the three educational materials differ vastly when it comes to the vocabulary selected: while the books aimed for vocational education focus on words pertaining to political participation and work life, the book aimed for programs preparing for ensuing studies contains low-frequency, sometimes slightly archaic words of marked stylistic value. For the second question, the exercises are classified according to Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives. The majority of all exercises in all three books correspond to the category of remembering factual knowledge, which is the least cognitively complex and demanding category of the taxonomy.

L’analyse de la pratique et de la jurisprudence démontre qu’indépendamment de l’existence ou non d’un acteinstrumentaire, certaines obligations dont le contenu n’est pas retranscrit par écrit et qui ne relèvent pas de lacatégorie des obligations imposées contraignent les parties. L’identification d’une double condition de qualificationrévèle l’existence d’une catégorie obligationnelle particulière qui, n’étant pas envisagée en tant que telle par le droitpositif, invite à l’analyse. L’étude des obligations non matérialisées se révèle nécessaire afin de comprendre tant leur mécanique de fonctionnement que les fondements de leur effet contraignant. Les unes, qualifiées d’obligations non matérialisées par renvoi explicite, s’identifient par la stipulation, par les parties, d’une clause par référence dans l’instrumentum qui fait expressément référence à leur caractère obligatoire. Si leur effet contraignant est, donc, justifié par la forceobligatoire du contrat dans lequel la stipulation contractuelle est prévue, le contenu imposable à la relationcontractuelle n’est, toutefois, pas retranscrit dans l’écrit principal. Les autres, qualifiées d’obligations non matérialiséespar renvoi implicite, sont celles qui s’ordonnent aux contractants sans que ces derniers ne justifient d’une volontéexplicite de s’y soumettre. Si cette définition est similaire à celle des obligations imposées en ce qu’elles ne sont pasnécessairement rattachables à la commune intention des parties, ces obligations non matérialisées s’en distinguent parleur fondement. Lorsque les obligations imposées se justifient par la lettre ou la mise en oeuvre d’une dispositionlégale, les obligations non matérialisées par renvoi implicite s’expliquent par la notion d’utilité. La révélation des obligations non matérialisées dans les contrats s’attache à un intérêt pratique puisqu’au terme decette démarche, une visibilité relative à leurs effets permet d’identifier les lacunes que leur effet obligatoire suscite et,partant, les solutions qu’il apparaît opportun d’appliquer. La nature et l’importance des difficultés révélées justifient,alors, la nécessité d’établir un traitement juridique, mais également, de déceler les éléments indispensables à uneproposition qui leur est adaptée. Il se constate que les insuffisances liées au caractère obligatoire des obligations non matérialisées ne leur sont pas spécifiques en ce qu’elles peuvent, du fait de leur caractère général, être décelées dans d’autres situations contractuelles. Les traitements proposés dans la présente étude ont, ainsi, vocation à s’appliquer à l’ensemble de la matière contractuelle. / The analysis of practice and of case-law shows that, independent of the existence or not of a legal instrument, certain obligations the contents of which have not been made in writing and which do not fall under the category of imposed obligations are binding on the parties. The identification of a double condition of qualification shows the existence of a specific obligational category which, not having been envisaged as such by positive law, calls for analysis.The analysis of their exteriorisation proves to be necessary in order to understand not only the way they function but also the foundations of their enforceability. Some, qualified as non-materialized obligations by explicit reference, are identified by the stipulation, by the parties, of a clause by reference in the instrumentum which expressly refers to their enforceability. If their binding nature is, therefore, justified by the binding nature of the contract in which the contractual stipulation is provided, the contents binding vis-à-vis the contractual relationship is not, however, transcribed in the main instrument in writing. The others, qualified as non-materialized obligations by implicit reference, are those which are binding on the contracting parties without the latter justifying any explicit wish to comply with them. If this definition is similar to that of imposed obligations in that they are not necessarily expressly bound to the common intention of the parties, these non-materialized obligations can be distinguished by their foundation. Whereas imposed obligations are justified by the letter or the carrying out of a legal provision, non-materialized obligations by implicit reference can be explained by the notion of utility. The revelation of non-materialized obligations in contracts can be linked to a practical interest as, at the end of this process, a certain visibility concerning their effects enables both the shortcomings caused by their binding nature and hence the seemingly appropriate solutions to apply to be identified. The nature and the importance of the difficulties revealed justify, therefore, the necessity of setting up legal treatment, but also, of identifying the elements indispensable to find a proposition adapted to them. It can be seen that the insufficiencies related to the binding nature of non-materialized obligations are not specific to them in that they can, because of their general nature, be found in other contractual situations. The ways of treating this put forward in this study can therefore be applied to all contractual matters.

The objective of this study was to establish and define the theological alterations made to the Masoretic Text of the biblical book of Esther (MTE) by the translators of the Septuagint (LXX) and the Josephus (J) texts, focusing on the explicit references made to God in these texts. This objective was reached by means of three working objectives: a. Comparing key passages from the MTE with the LXX and J texts; b. Indicating differences and similarities between the various accounts; and<p c. Making some inferences about the theological implications of these insertions. The comparison of the texts was introduced by an excursion into the reconstruction of the Esther text. The texts that were compared were divided into two groups, namely canonical insertions (2.20; 4.8, 14; 6.1, 13; and 7.10), and non-canonical additions (add. A, C, D and E). From this comparison, differences and similarities became apparent, and especially those that were theologically explicit were investigated. The conclusion was reached that the LXX and J texts’ theological alterations limit the theological creativeness and open-endedness of the MTE. The depth and strength of the MTE’s theological silence about the activity of God have been removed in these translations to make space for a more ‘traditional’ theology. The investigation serves to caution modern translators of the book of Esther to refrain from translating the book in a way that is theologically more explicit than the source document, since this would damage the communicative potential of the book. / Dissertation (MA (Ancient Languages and Culture))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Ancient Languages / MA / unrestricted